Polybius, Histories
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(3)
Author: Reid, J. S.
Year: 1913
Title: Problems of the Second Punic War
Source type: Journal Article
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Author: Kramer, Frank R.
Year: 1948
Title: Massilian Diplomacy before the Second Punic War
Source type: Journal Article
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Author: Baronowski, Donald Walter
Year: 1993
Title: Roman Military Forces in 225 B.C. (Polybius 2.23-4)
Source type: Journal Article
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Archaeology

Places

Book 2 - Chapter 23

1
<w lemma="%2Aoi%28">Οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Agaisa%2Ftai">Γαισάται</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftai">Γαλάται</w> <w lemma="susthsa%2Fmenoi">συστησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="polutelh%3D">πολυτελῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="barei%3Dan">βαρεῖαν</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dkon">ἧκον</w> <w lemma="u%28pera%2Frantes">ὑπεράραντες</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Falpeis">Ἄλπεις</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apa%2Fdon">Πάδον</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftei">ἔτει</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fdosin">διάδοσιν</w> <w lemma="o%29gdo%2Fw%7C">ὀγδόῳ</w>.
2
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29inso%2Fmbrwn">Ἰνσόμβρων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aboi%2Fwn">Βοίων</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnos">γένος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmeine">ἔμεινε</w> <w lemma="gennai%2Fws">γενναίως</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolai%3Ds">ἐπιβολαῖς</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29e%2Fnetoi">Οὐένετοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Agonoma%2Fnoi">Γονομάνοι</w>, <w lemma="diapresbeusame%2Fnwn">διαπρεσβευσαμένων</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="ei%28%2Flonto">εἵλοντο</w> <w lemma="summaxei%3Dn">συμμαχεῖν</w>.
3
<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="katalipei%3Dn">καταλιπεῖν</w> <w lemma="h%29nagka%2Fsqhsan">ἠναγκάσθησαν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="basilei%3Ds">βασιλεῖς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltw%3Dn">Κελτῶν</w> <w lemma="fulakh%3Ds">φυλακῆς</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbon">φόβον</w>.
4
<w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29ca%2Frantes">ἐξάραντες</w> <w lemma="panti%5C">παντὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="strateu%2Fmati">στρατεύματι</w> <w lemma="katateqarrhko%2Ftws">κατατεθαρρηκότως</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Frmhsan">ὥρμησαν</w>, <w lemma="poiou%2Fmenoi">ποιούμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan">πορείαν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhni%2Fas">Τυρρηνίας</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="pentakismuri%2Fous">πεντακισμυρίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunwri%2Fdas">συνωρίδας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="dismuri%2Fous">δισμυρίους</w>.
5
<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="qa%3Dtton">θᾶττον</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fkousan">ἤκουσαν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltou%5Cs">Κελτοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28perbeblhke%2Fnai">ὑπερβεβληκέναι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Falpeis">Ἄλπεις</w>, <w lemma="%2Aleu%2Fkion">Λεύκιον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29mi%2Flion">Αἰμίλιον</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fpaton">ὕπατον</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilan">ἐξαπέστειλαν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arimi%2Fnou">Ἀριμίνου</w>, <w lemma="thrh%2Fsonta">τηρήσοντα</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fwn">ἐναντίων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fna">ἕνα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%28capele%2Fkewn">ἑξαπελέκεων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhni%2Fan">Τυρρηνίαν</w>.
6
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteros">ἕτερος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="%2Aga%2Fios">Γάιος</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ati%2Flios">Ἀτίλιος</w> <w lemma="proecelhluqw%5Cs">προεξεληλυθὼς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftuxen">ἔτυχεν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Asardo%2Fna">Σαρδόνα</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdwn">στρατοπέδων</w>,
7
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmh%7C">Ῥώμῃ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="perideei%3Ds">περιδεεῖς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w>, <w lemma="me%2Fgan">μέγαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fobero%5Cn">φοβερὸν</w> <w lemma="au%28toi%3Ds">αὑτοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28polamba%2Fnontes">ὑπολαμβάνοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29pife%2Fresqai">ἐπιφέρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w>. <w lemma="e%29%2Fpasxon">ἔπασχον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Ftws">εἰκότως</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Agalatw%3Dn">Γαλατῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29gkaqhme%2Fnou">ἐγκαθημένου</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="yuxai%3Ds">ψυχαῖς</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="palaiou%3D">παλαιοῦ</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbou">φόβου</w>.
8
<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Frontes">ἀναφέροντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnnoian">ἔννοιαν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="sunh%2Fqroizon">συνήθροιζον</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fgrafon">κατέγραφον</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpeda">στρατόπεδα</w>, <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmois">ἑτοίμοις</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="parh%2Fggellon">παρήγγελλον</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxwn">συμμάχων</w>.
9
<w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28potetagme%2Fnois">ὑποτεταγμένοις</w> <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Frein">ἀναφέρειν</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Ftacan">ἐπέταξαν</w> <w lemma="a%29pografa%5Cs">ἀπογραφὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fais">ἡλικίαις</w>, <w lemma="spouda%2Fzontes">σπουδάζοντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpan">σύμπαν</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="u%28parxou%2Fshs">ὑπαρχούσης</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w>.
11
<w lemma="si%2Ftou">σίτου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="belw%3Dn">βελῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhs">ἄλλης</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdeio%2Fthtos">ἐπιτηδειότητος</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="thlikau%2Fthn">τηλικαύτην</w> <w lemma="e%29poih%2Fsanto">ἐποιήσαντο</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%5Cn">κατασκευὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28li%2Fkhn">ἡλίκην</w> <w lemma="ou%29dei%2Fs">οὐδείς</w> <w lemma="pw">πω</w> <w lemma="mnhmoneu%2Fei">μνημονεύει</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>.
12
<w lemma="sunhrgei%3Dto">συνηργεῖτο</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pantaxo%2Fqen">πανταχόθεν</w> <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmws">ἑτοίμως</w>.
13
<w lemma="katapeplhgme%2Fnoi">καταπεπληγμένοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kou%3Dntes">οἰκοῦντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Agalatw%3Dn">Γαλατῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w> <w lemma="ou%29ke%2Fti">οὐκέτι</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="h%28gou%3Dnto">ἡγοῦντο</w> <w lemma="summaxei%3Dn">συμμαχεῖν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="h%28gemoni%2Fas">ἡγεμονίας</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="sfw%3Dn">σφῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29no%2Fmizon">ἐνόμιζον</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkastoi">ἕκαστοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fas">ἰδίας</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="e%29pife%2Fresqai">ἐπιφέρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w>. <w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmws">ἑτοίμως</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="paraggellome%2Fnois">παραγγελλομένοις</w> <w lemma="u%28ph%2Fkouon">ὑπήκουον</w>.
14
<w lemma=""></w>
The Gaesatae, having collected a richly equipped and formidable force, crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Alps&groupId=313&placeId=609">Alps</a>, and descended into the plain of the Po in the eighth year after the partition of Picenum.
The Insubres and Boii held stoutly to their original purpose; but the Veneti and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cenomani&groupId=448&placeId=834">Cenomani</a>, on the Romans sending an embassy to them, decided to give them their support;
so that the Celtic chiefs were obliged to leave part of their forces behind to protect their territory from invasion by these tribes.
They themselves marched confidently out with their whole available army, consisting of about fifty thousand foot and twenty thousand horse and chariots, and advanced on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>.
The Romans, the moment they heard that the Gauls had crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Alps&groupId=313&placeId=609">Alps</a>, sent Lucius Aemilius, their Consul, with his army to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ariminum&groupId=362&placeId=691">Ariminum</a> to await here the attack of the enemy, and one of their Praetors to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>,
their other Consul, Gaius Atilius having already gone to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a> with his legions.
There was great and general alarm in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, as they thought they were in imminent and serious peril, and this indeed was but natural, as the terror the old invasion had inspired still dwelt in their minds.
No one thought of anything else therefore, they busied themselves mustering and enrolling their own legions and ordered those of the allies to be in readiness.
All their subjects in general were commanded to supply lists of men of military age, as they wished to know what their total forces amounted to.
Of corn, missiles and other war material they had laid such a supply as no one could remember to have been collected on any previous occasion.
On every side there was a ready disposition to help in every possible way;
for the inhabitants of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, terror-struck by the invasion of the Gauls, no longer thought of themselves as the allies of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> or regarded this war as undertaken to establish Roman supremacy, but every man considered that the peril was descending on himself and his own city and country.
So there was great alacrity in obeying orders.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
2.13.0 - 2.35.0
<p><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and the Gauls</p> <p>The Gallic invasion of 225 gives P. occasion to outline the previous history of the Gauls in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, prefixing a geographical survey of Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (14–17). In i. 6. 8 the Celts were excepted from the peoples of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> mastered before the Roman crossing into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>. Thus the present digression falls into place as part of the story of how the Romans amassed sufficient resources to justify their ambitions for world-dominion (i. 3. 10); in addition it is relevant to Hannibal's invasion (14. 2).</p>
2.17.0 - 2.35.0
<p>The Gallic Wars. 18–20 cover the earlier conflicts (390–282), 21–35 those from 237 to 221 including the tumultus of 225. The source for most of this is probably Fabius Pictor (cf. i. 14. 1 n.), who himself took part in the war of 225 (cf. Oros. iv. 13. 6, qui eidem bello inter- fuit); consequently P. reproduces Fabius' tendency to depict the Romans as the victims of aggression, and acting in self-defence. See De Sanctis, iii. 1. 305 n. 103; Leuze, Jahrzhlung, 142–5; Beloch, RG, 139–40; Gelzer, Hermes, 1933, 147; Bung, 151 ff. (who, however, argues for the use of other sources besides Fabius).</p> <p rend="Plain Text">The chronology of the Gallic Wars is discussed in detail by Pdech (CRAI, 1955, 367–74; Mthode, 475–84), who argues that P.'s system is based on Olympiad years and that cardinal numbers imply an interval one year longer than that indicated by ordinals. He gives the following table (Mthode, 477):</p> <table cols="4" rows="8"> <row> <cell>1.</cell> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, basic date</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 98, 2 = 387/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>2.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ ῷ</w> after this, the Celts advance to Alba (ii. 18. 6)</cell> <cell>30</cell> <cell>Ol. 105, 4 = 357/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>3.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ</w> after this, a new invasion (ii. 18.7)</cell> <cell>12</cell> <cell>Ol. 108, 4 = 345/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>4.</cell> <cell>Thirteen years' quiet ( <w lang="el-GR">ἔ)</w>, then the Gauls treat with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 18. 9)</cell> <cell>13 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 112, 2 = 331/0</cell> </row> <row> <cell>5.</cell> <cell>Thirty years' peace <w lang="el-GR">(ἔ</w> ), then invavasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (ii. 19. 1)</cell> <cell>301</cell> <cell>Ol. 120, 1 = 300/299</cell> </row> <row> <cell>6.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μὰ ὲ ῦα ἔ ῳ</w> a Gallo-Samnite coalition; battle of Sentinum (ii. 19. 5)</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>Ol. 121, 1 = 296/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>7.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μέ ἐ ῶ έ</w>, a new invasion, siege of Arretium, Etrusco-Boian coalition, battle of Lake Vadimo (ii. 19. 8)</cell> <cell>10 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 123, 4 = 285/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>8.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ? ὰ ἐῷ</w>, new attack and treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 20. 4)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 124, 1 = 284/3</cell> </row> </table> <table cols="4" rows="7"> <row> <cell>9.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ έ ὶ</w> quiet, then war between the transalpine Gauls and the Boii (ii. 21. 1)</cell> <cell>451</cell> <cell>Ol. 135, 3 = 238/7</cell> </row> <row> <cell>10.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ έμῳ</w> after this, colonization of Picenum (ii. 21. 7)</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>Ol. 136, 4 = 233/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>11.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ ὀῳ</w> after this, invasion of the Gaesatae, battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (ii. 23. 16)</cell> <cell>8</cell> <cell>Ol. 138, 4 = 225/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>12.</cell> <cell>Campaign of Q. Fulvius and T. Manlius, coss. 224, in Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (ii. 31. 8)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 1 = 224/3</cell> </row> <row> <cell>13.</cell> <cell>Campaigns of P. Furius and C. Flaminius, coss.s 223, against the Anares (ii. 32. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 2 = 223/2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>14.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ᾽ ἑ ῆ ἔ</w>, campaign of Cn. Cornelius and M. Claudius, coss. 222, against the Insubres (ii. 34. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 3 = 222/1</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell /> </row> </table> <p rend="Plain Text">For criticism of the chronology of Pdech for the Gallic wars (set out in Vol. II, addendum on pp. 631–2), and of that proposed by Werner, Der Beginn der römischen Republik (Munich, 1963), 58 ff., see R. M. Errington, JRS, 1967, 101–2, 105. See also Forni, Athen. 1953, 204 ff.</p>
2.23.24 - 2.23.24
<p>Roman and Italian forces in 225. P.'s figures evidently go back through Fabius to the actual <w lang="el-GR">καταγραφαί</w>, and are mainly reliable (cf. §§ 11–12 nn.):</p> <p>(a) Troops in arms (§§ 3–9, 13)</p> <table cols="5" rows="10"> <row> <cell /> <cell>Romans</cell> <cell>Allies</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> </row> <row> <cell>With the consuls (four legions)</cell> <cell>20,800</cell> <cell>1,200</cell> <cell>30,000</cell> <cell>2,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Sabines and Etruscans</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>50,000+</cell> <cell>4,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Umbrians and Sarsinates</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>20,00020,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Veneti and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cenomani&groupId=448&placeId=834">Cenomani</a></cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell>In <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> and Tarentum (two legions)</cell> <cell>8,400</cell> <cell>400</cell> <cell>?</cell> <cell>?</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Reserve at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (four legions)</cell> <cell>20,000</cell> <cell>1,500</cell> <cell>30,000</cell> <cell>2,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Total <emph rend="bold" /> <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> </cell> <cell>49,200</cell> <cell>3,100</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>52,300</cell> <cell>158,000+</cell> </row> <milestone unit="page" n="196">[196]</milestone> (b) Men capable of bearing arms (§§ 10–12, 14) </table> <table cols="5" rows="9"> <row> <cell /> <cell>Romans</cell> <cell>Allies</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Romans and Campanians</cell> <cell>250,000</cell> <cell>23,000</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> </row> <row> <cell>Latins</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>80,000</cell> <cell>5,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Samnites</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>70,000</cell> <cell>7,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Iapygians and Messapians</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>50,000</cell> <cell>16,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Lucanians</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>30,000</cell> <cell>3,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Marsi, Marrucini, Frentani, Vestini <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. .</emph> </cell> <cell>20,000</cell> <cell>4,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Total <emph rend="bold" /> <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> </cell> <cell>25,000</cell> <cell>23,000</cell> <cell>250,000</cell> <cell>35,000</cell> </row> </table> <p>(c) Polybius' total (§ 16: for the figures in § 15 see ad loc.)</p> <table cols="2" rows="2"> <row> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> </row> <row> <cell>700,000+</cell> <cell>70,000</cell> </row> </table> <p>For discussion see Mommsen (Röm. Forsch. ii. 382–406; St.-R. iii. 575 n. 2), Beloch (Bevölkerung, 355–70; IB, 93 ff.), Strachan-Davidson (22–32), De Sanctis (ii. 385 n. 1, 462; iii. 330), T. Frank (CAH, vii. 811–12; ES, i. 58–59), Veith (Heerwesen, 305–7), Gelzer (Hermes, 1935, 273 ff.), and earlier works quoted by Liebenam (RE, 'dilectus', cols. 608 ff.).</p> <p>The main problem is whether the troops in arms are included in, or additional to, those capable of bearing arms. On the assumption that the latter is the case, the sum of the separate items adds up to P.'s total, viz.</p> <table cols="3" rows="6"> <row> <cell /> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Romans: in arms <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> </cell> <cell>49,200</cell> <cell>3,100</cell> </row> <row> <cell> not summoned <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>250,000</cell> <cell>23,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Allies: in arms <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> </cell> <cell>150,000</cell> <cell>8,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell> not summoned <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>250,000</cell> <cell>35,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>699,000</cell> <cell>69,100</cell> </row> </table> <p> Whether or no any addition be made to allow for allies with the legions in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>, and for cavalry of the Umbrians, Sarsinates, Veneti, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cenomani&groupId=448&placeId=834">Cenomani</a> (omitted by P.), clearly these totals correspond closely to P.'s 700,000 infantry and 70,000 cavalry. On this assumption, which is Mommsen's, the whole levy of north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> was called out, and therefore did not figure under (b); and the contingents actually serving from south <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> are included in the figures of allies with the consuls or in reserve at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (§§ 4 and 9), since these forces <milestone unit="page" n="197">[197]</milestone> represented contingents from all parts of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> in addition to the leve en masse in the north. </p> <p> On the other hand, the phrasing of §§ 10 and 14 <w lang="el-GR">(καταγραφαὶ δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἀνηνέχθησαν . . ., Ῥωμαίων δὲ καὶ Καμπανῶν ἡ πληθὺς</w> . . .) suggests that P. is recording the full muster for the areas in question, not that muster less troops already serving; and the round figures (250,000 Roman and Campanian infantry, 250,000 south Italian infantry) look like a maximum based on the <w lang="el-GR">καταγραφή</w> rather than such a maximum less a specific number already serving. Further, it is improbable that the figures under (a) represent a 100-per-cent. turn-out, for instance, the 54,000 Sabines and Etruscans who marched to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (§ 5). Consequently Strachan-Davidson supposes the figures in (a) to be included in (b), but suggests that P. has omitted those from north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> who were liable to serve but not actually on service; by subtracting the 558,000 Romans, Campanians, and south Italians from P.'s total of 770,000, he reaches a figure of 212,000 north Italians liable for service. <note type="footnote" id="note1"> One may ignore Orosius (iv. 13. 7) who gives the number of Roman and Campanian infantry as CCCXXXXVIIICC, i.e. 348,200. Mommsen emends this to CCLXXXXVIIIICC, i.e. 299,200, which exactly fits his calculations. But Beloch (Bevölkerung, 363) follows Niebuhr (RG, ii <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> . 81) in emending to CCXXXXVIIICC, which on the assumption that (b) includes (a) is perhaps a more accurate version of P.'s 250,000. And indeed Orosius' figure of 23,600 Roman cavalry is closer to P.'s 23,000 than the 26,100 required by Mommsen's theory. </note> </p> <p> The truth seems to be that P. has been less logical than either Mommsen or Strachan-Davidson demands. His totals must represent the sum of his individual itemsthe correspondence is too close for any other assumption; but what he has given is this. For the north Italians who fought as national armies (Sabines, Etruscans, Umbrians, Sarsinates, Veneti, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cenomani&groupId=448&placeId=834">Cenomani</a>) he records the numbers actually fighting (probably a high percentage of the whole); here he has drawn no distinction between the number fighting and the possible maximum. He also gives the number of Romans serving in the legions, and of the allied auxiliaries attached thereto, whether from north or south <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (§§ 3–4, 9, 13). Further he gives the total number of Roman adult male citizens (§ 14), perhaps from the census lists. But for south <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, which had to be included in a picture of the full strength of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> at the time of the Second Punic War (§§ 1–2), his only figures were those of the <w lang="el-GR">καταγραφαί</w>, and these he gave unaltered (for he cannot have known how many of these were serving as auxiliaries with legions). Finally, P. added up all these figures to give a grand total for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>. This total omits all north Italians not on service and counts south Italians acting as auxiliaries with the legions twice over; it also counts twice over those Romans and Campanians actually serving in the legions, and <milestone unit="page" n="198">[198]</milestone> the Sabines may also be counted twice since they were full citizens (24. 5 n.). </p> <p rend="Body Text Indent 2">Can the real total be recovered? There are the following basic figures:</p> <table cols="3" rows="7"> <row> <cell /> <cell>Infantry</cell> <cell>Caualry</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Romans and Campanians</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell>available . . .</cell> <cell>250,000</cell> <cell>23,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>South Italians available .</cell> <cell>250,000</cell> <cell>35,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>500,000</cell> <cell>58,000</cell> </row> <row> <cell>North Italians on service .</cell> <cell>90,000+</cell> <cell>8,000 (estimating the cavalry for Umbrians, etc., at 4,000)</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>590,000+</cell> <cell>66,000</cell> </row> </table> <p rend="Plain Text">To these totals add (a) an unknown proportion of the 60,000 foot and 4,000 horse serving with the consuls and at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, to represent north Italians included in those figures; (b) a similarly unknown, but probably smaller, proportion of the auxiliaries attached to the legions guarding <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> and Tarentum, representing north Italians; perhaps the total for all these auxiliaries, whatever their origin, may be reckoned at about 10,000 foot and 1,000 horse, though this is a guess (Mommsen estimated the total number of north Italians under both these heads as 19,000 out of 75,000, but this is also a guess); (c) the adult males of military age from north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> not on service. It is clear that these figures are past recovery; but P.'s total looks like a slight overestimate. P.'s source was Fabius; and his total of 800,000, as recorded by Eutropius (iii. 5) and Orosius (iv. 13. 6) is clearly a rounding off of P.'s 770,000. Ultimately going back to Fabius too are Diodorus (xxv. 13: 700,000 foot and 70,000 horse under arms), Pliny (Nat. hist. iii. 138: 700,000 foot and 80,000 horse under arms) and Livy (ep. 20: 800,000 in all). This suggests that P. has followed Fabius closely, and that he too gave a picture of the potential power of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> at the time of the Hannibalic War. The errors of calculation probably also go back to Fabius. For the relation of P.'s figures to the third century census lists see § 14 n. Fabius' figures omit the Greeks of south <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (who were exempt from all military service) and the Bruttians (who were used in a menial capacity); cf. Frank (ES, i. 58), who does not, however, consider the real problems of this chapter. See on these A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal's Legacy (Oxford, 1965), i. 479–505.</p>
Specifics
2.23.1 - 2.23.1
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δύναμιν πολυτελῆ καὶ βαρεῖαν</w>:</emph> 'a richly-equipped and powerful army', cf. xxxi. 17. 4, <w lang="el-GR">ξενικὴν χεῖρα βαρεῖαν</w>. Naturally some were light-armed (cf. 27. 6); hence <w lang="el-GR">βαρεῖαν</w> is not 'heavy-armed'. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔτει . . . ὀγδόῳ</w>:</emph> the year is 225 (cf. 23. 5 n.), the eighth after 232 by inclusive reckoning. See 21. 1 n., 21. 7. </p>
2.23.2 - 2.23.2
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">Οὐένετοι καὶ Γονομάνοι . . . τούτοις εἵλοντο συμμαχεῖν</w>:</emph> probably some time before 225. The Veneti (17. 5 n.), who had intervened so providentially in 387/6 (cf. 18. 3), were Italians; the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cenomani&groupId=448&placeId=834">Cenomani</a> (17. 4 n.) were Celts, perhaps with an Alpine admixture (De Sanctis, iii. 1. 306), and in any case were jealous of the Insubres. Both peoples seem to have become lasting allies of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>: Strabo, v. 216. </p>
2.23.4 - 2.23.4
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὡς ἐπὶ Τυρρηνίας</w>:</emph> as in 299 (19. 2) they crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a>, hoping to attract allies in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> in their march south. Though less than Diodorus' 200,000 (xxv. 13), P.'s figures are also exaggerated. The chariots <w lang="el-GR">(συνωρίδες)</w> carried each a driver and a warrior who, after hurling his javelin, descended to fight at close quarters (Diod. v. 29. 1; cf. Livy, x. 28. 8 ff.). <milestone unit="page" n="195">[195]</milestone> </p>
2.23.5 - 2.23.6
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Λεύκιον . . . Αἰμίλιον κτλ</w>:</emph> the consuls for A.U.C. 529 = 225 B.C. were L. Aemilius Q.f. Cn.n. Papus and C. Atilius M.f. M.n. Regulus (§ 6). Cf. Klebs, RE, 'Aemilius (108)', cols. 575–6; 'Atilius (48)', cols. 2085–6. Aemilius was sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ariminum&groupId=362&placeId=691">Ariminum</a> to defend the ager Gallicus; he triumphed in 224 'de Galleis III nonas mart.' (act. tr.). Atilius was son of the famous Regulus of the First Punic War (i. 26. 11 ff.). His presence in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a> creates a problem. There seems no good reason to question P.'s statement (so Beloch, Hermes, 1922, 128 f., criticized by Meyer, Kl. Schr. ii. 396 n. 2); and though the Romans may have been taken by surprise, either through neglect of the northern danger (Holleaux, 123 n. 3) or because they did not foresee where the blow would fall (Gelzer, Hermes, 1933, 150 n. 5), it seems more likely that Atilius was sent to guard against a possible Punic attack (cf. 24. 13 n.). He will have been recalled when the news of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> treaty, sworn probably between autumn 226 and spring 225 (13. 7 n.), secured the Romans against any move by Hasdrubal (27. 1): see Treves ad loc. Zonaras (viii. 19) records a rising in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a> which may also connect with Atilius' presence there. The name of the praetor <w lang="el-GR">(ἑξαπέλεκυς</w> in Greek, since he had six axes and fasces) in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> is not recorded. </p>
2.23.9 - 2.23.9
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀναφέρειν . . . ἀπογραφὰ?ς τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἡλικίαις</w>:</emph> 'to supply lists of men of military age', viz. of the iuniores, from 18 to 46 years inclusive; cf. vi. 19. 5; Mommsen (Röm. Forsch. ii. 404), and Strachan-Davidson (28). The details of Roman preparations do not suggest that they were caught by surprise. </p>
2.23.3 - 2.23.3
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ μὲν δὴ τῶν ὑπάτων . . . τέτταρα στρατόπεδα</w>:</emph> i.e. each consul had an army of two legions (Paton's error ('four legions each') is reproduced by Frank, ES, i. 58). The normal complement at this time was 4,000–4,200 foot and 300 horse (i. 16. 2, vi. 20. 8–9); these legions are over-strength, an indication of the crisis (cf. vi. 20. 8). <milestone unit="page" n="199">[199]</milestone> </p>
2.23.4 - 2.23.4
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σύμμαχοι δὲ μεθ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἑκατέρων . . . οἱ συνάμφω</w>:</emph> 'the allied forces in both consular armies together' (not 'in each consular army': so Paton, and Frank, loc. cit.). According to P. (vi. 26. 7) the allied infantry normally equalled the Roman in number, and the cavalry were three times as many; but before the Social War the allies complained that 'duplici numero se militum equitumque fungi' (Vell. Pat. ii. 15. 3). Here the allies provide 30,000 foot and 2,000 horse to the Romans' 20,800 and 1,200; at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (§ 9) the proportions are similar, and for the infantry fit Velleius rather than P. In the second century the later books of Livy show two allies being normally enrolled to one citizen (cf. vi. 26. 6–9 n.; Strachan-Davidson, 27); and calculations based on Livy, Appian, and P. (F. Fröhlich, Die Gardetruppen der römischen Republik (Aarau Programm, 1882), 6) show that between 296 and 168 allied infantry usually preponderated. </p>
2.23.5 - 2.23.5
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ</w>:</emph> 'at once, in haste' (cf. x. 43. 9, xviii. 26. 8). Schweighaeuser corrected in his Lex. Polyb. his translation 'necessario tempore'; but this has misled Treves ('in quel frangente'), while Paton mis-translates 'temporary assistance'. Shuckburgh's 'for that special occasion', can be supported from vi. 32. 3. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Σαβίνων καὶ Τυρρηνῶν ἱππεῖς κτλ</w>:</emph> the Sabines, an ancient people of central <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (cf. Strabo, v. 228, <w lang="el-GR">παλαιότατον γένος . . . καὶ αὐτό- χθονες)</w> and the reputed forebears of the Samnites, dwelt in the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a> east of the Tiber and Nar, and north of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Anio&groupId=331&placeId=642">Anio</a> (Nissen, It. Land. ii. 463 ff.; Beloch, RG, 552). Since they had possessed ciuitas sine suffragio since 290 (Livy, ep. 11; Vell. Pat. i. 14. 5; Florus, i. 10; auct. de uir. ill. 33. 3) and full citizenship since 268 (Vell. Pat. i. 14. 7), their mention along with the Etruscans (on whom see 17. 1 n.) suggests that in the crisis of this year geographical considerations were paramount and led to the calling out of the Sabini along with the socii (so Mommsen, St.-R. iii. 575 n. 2). The calling out of the Sabines along with the socii is discussed by L. R. Taylor, The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic (American Academy at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>: Papers and Monographs, 20), <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 1960, 60 f. She suggests that in 268 not all the Sabines received full citizenship (so Vell. i. 14) but only the 'old Sabines' of Cures (cf. Livy, xxviii. 45. 19 for Sabine allied volunteers of Scipio in 205). On this hypothesis the Sabines as a whole were enfranchised only in the second century. This theory is favourably considered by Badian, JRS, 1962, 203. But Toynbee, op. cit. i. 484 ff., argues plausibly that these Sabines are Sapini, the inhabitants of the tribus Sapinia (Livy, xxxi. 2. 6, xxxiii. 37. 1), living astride the Faesulae–Bononia route over the Futa pass. </p>
2.23.6 - 2.23.6
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τούτους . . . προεκάθισαν</w>:</emph> an army of 50,000 foot and 4,000 horse (the equivalent of five legions with their auxiliaries) seems very large to entrust to a praetor (cf. De Sanctis, iii. 1. 307 n. 107). It is possible that Fabius has confused the praetor's force with the maximum levy; but reductions in number (Beloch, IB, 94, would reduce the praetor's army to two legions) must be wholly arbitrary. </p>
2.23.7 - 2.23.7
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ . . . Ὄμβροι καὶ Σαρσινάτοι</w>:</emph> see 16. 3 n. (Umbrians). Sarsina, Plautus' home (cf. Mostell. 770), lay on the head-waters of the R. Sapis, to the north of the ager Gallicus, in Umbria; its inhabitants (usually Sarsinates though Pliny (Nat. hist. iii. 114, etc.) and inscriptions have Sassinates) were forcibly enrolled in the alliance and separated from Umbria in 266. Perhaps they originally controlled the whole Sapis valley, with the (later extinct) Sappinates and the tribus Sapinia (cf. Livy, xxxi. 2. 6, xxxiii. 37. 1). See Nissen, It. Land. ii. 378, and Philipp, RE, 'Sarsina', cols. 50–51. Beloch (IB, 99) <milestone unit="page" n="200">[200]</milestone> would raise P.'s figure of 20,000 for these tribes. On the Veneti and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cenomani&groupId=448&placeId=834">Cenomani</a> see 17. 4–5 n., 23. 2 n. P. has omitted the cavalry of all these four peoples; on the normal ratio this would come to about 4,000 horse in all. Their function in the Roman plan (§ 8) was to carry out a diversionary offensive against the Boii in Emilia. </p>
2.23.10 - 2.23.10
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καταγραφαὶ δ᾿ ἀνηνέχθησαν</w>:</emph> the <w lang="el-GR">ἀπογραφαί</w> of 23. 9. The subsequent figures represent maximum levies: see 24 n. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Λατίνων . . . Σαυνιτῶ?ν</w>:</emph> after the dissolution of the Latin League in 338, Latini (nomen Latinum, socii nominis Latini) included (a) the original Latin and Hernican states which had not been incorporated in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, (b) the Latin colonies scattered throughout <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, whose citizens had Latin status. 'Since the Latin Name lacked a specific territorial unity, the term was inevitably interpreted in a political and social sense alone, as meaning persons of a certain status' (Sherwin-White, 95; see especially 91 ff.). It seems unlikely, therefore, that only Latin colonies are here included (Beloch, IB, 99). Samnite territories (cf. i. 6. 4 n.) had been much limited since the Samnite and Tarentine Wars by the planting of Roman and Latin colonies (Beloch, RG, 539–44); Beloch argues (IB, 98) that their numbers here include the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Hirpini&groupId=634&placeId=1165">Hirpini</a>, and perhaps the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nola&groupId=796&placeId=1439">Nola</a>, Nuceria, and even Sidicinum. </p>
2.23.11 - 2.23.11
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἰαπύγων καὶ Μεσσαπίων</w>:</emph> terms with a somewhat fluid connotation. In iii. 88. 3 the Messapians are part of the Iapygians; here <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iapygia&groupId=642&placeId=1176">Iapygia</a> probably signifies Apulia (with the Apuli, Daunii, and Peucetii), and Messapia Calabria (with the Sallentini). All these tribes are closely related in tongue and culture. See Philipp, RE, 'Iapyges', cols. 727 ff.; M. Mayer, RE, 'Messapia', cols. 1175 ff.; De Sanctis, ii. 462 n. 3. Since 16,000 horse is disproportionate to 50,000 foot, it has been widely emended to 6,000 (Beloch, Bevölkerung, i. 359; IB, 97; De Sanctis, ii. 462 n. 3; Treves ad loc.). </p>
2.23.12 - 2.23.12
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Λευκανῶν</w>:</emph> the Lucanians, Roman allies since the late fourth century, dwelt among the southern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a> between the R. Silarus (modern Sele) just north of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paestum&groupId=1088&placeId=1912">Paestum</a> and the R. Laos (Laino) on the west coast, and between the R. Crathis (Crati) and the R. Bradanus (Bradano) on the Gulf of Tarentum. They had already lost <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paestum&groupId=1088&placeId=1912">Paestum</a>, where a Latin colony was founded in 273; and their small levy may be due to many of the people's being subject to the Greek cities of the gulf (Nissen, It. Land. i. 535). P.'s figure was questioned by Beloch (Rh. Mus., 1877, 247), but unjustifiably (Mommsen, Röm. Forsch. ii. 394 n. 12). See further Beloch, RG, 591 ff.; Honigmann, RE, 'Lucania', cols. 1541 ff. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μαρσῶν . . . Μαρρουκίνων . . . Φερεντά?νων . . . Οὐεστίνων</w>:</emph> tribal confederations of the central <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a>. The Marsi, of Sabine origin, lived around the Fucine Lake and the upper Liris valley. The Marrucini were to the north-east of the Marsi, between the mountains <milestone unit="page" n="201">[201]</milestone> and the Adriatic, south of the R. Aternus; their capital was Teate (modern Chieti). The Oscan-speaking Frentani dwelt along the coast south of the Marrucini, as far as the R. Tifernus (or the R. Frento, if one includes the Larinates Frentani). These peoples joined the confederacy in 304 (Diod. xx. 101. 5; Livy, ix. 45. 18; Beloch, RG, 403), and the Vestini, who lived along and to the north of the R. Aternus, in 302/1 (Livy, x. 3. 1). The Paeligni, who lived between the Marsi and Marrucini (cf. Livy, viii. 29. 4; De Sanctis, ii. 462 n. 3), though not mentioned here, are probably included in P.'s calculations (Beloch, Bevölkerung, 365). Twenty thousand infantry seems a small number for these Abruzzi tribes, and Beloch (Bevölkerung, 360; IB, 97–98; cf. De Sanctis, ii, 462 n. 3) suggests that it should be changed to 40,000, which would restore the normal ratio of 1 : 10 between horse and foot. See further Nissen (It. Land. i. 515–18, 527–8). </p>
2.23.13 - 2.23.13
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ ἐν Σικελίᾳ καὶ Τάραντι</w>:</emph> Tarentum, the principal harbour in south <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (x. 1), and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> both needed protection in case of any move from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>. These legions were slightly under strength in cavalry. </p>
2.23.14 - 2.23.14
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ῥωμαίων δὲ καὶ καμπανῶν ἡ πληθύς</w>:</emph> these figures probably include those serving in the legions (24 n.). They must be considered in conjunction with the third-century census figures for Roman citizens: </p> <table cols="4" rows="7"> <row> <cell>265/4</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>292,234</cell> <cell>(Livy, ep. 16; cf. Eutrop. ii. 18 (text uncertain; cf. De Sanctis, ii. 425 n. 3).)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>252/1</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>297,297</cell> <cell>(Livy, ep. 18.)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>247/6</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>241,212</cell> <cell>(Livy, ep. 19.)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>241/0</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>260,000</cell> <cell>(Hieron. in Euseb. Chron. ii. 123 (Euseb. ibid. 122 gives 250,000).)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>234/3</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>270,713</cell> <cell>(Livy, ep. 20 (text uncertain).)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>209/8</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>137,108</cell> <cell>(Livy, xxvii. 36. 7; cf. Frank, ES, i. 56–57.)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>204</cell> <cell> <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>214,000</cell> <cell>(Livy, xxix. 37. 5–6.)</cell> </row> </table> <p> Against Mommsen's view that these are figures for iuniores only, i.e. men between 18 and 46 (Röm. Forsch. ii. 398 f.; St.-R. ii. 411 n. 1) see the arguments of Strachan-Davidson (28 ff.) and Beloch (Bevöl- kerung, 312 ff., 343 ff.). Beloch discusses other theories; and recently Schultz (Mnem., 1937, 161 ff.) has argued that the figures excluded men over 60. But the most probable view is that they include all adult male citizens. The likelihood is that P.'s figures here are on the same basis, and include both seniores and iuniores (unlike those for the allies: 23. 9 n.); but whether the ciues sine suffragio (Campanians, Hernicans, etc.) were included in the census is not certain. Clearly P. has given a round figure, and it is possible that he (or his source) has adjusted the census figure to allow for ciues sine suffragio and <milestone unit="page" n="202">[202]</milestone> men serving abroad (and so excluded from the census). But these would probably more or less cancel out the number of men over military age included in the census figures, which is what P. most likely gives. His total would fit very well into the list of figures for the third century, 273,000 compared with 270,713 in 234. See Frank (CAH, vii. 811; ES, i. 58–59), Beloch (op. cit., supra; IB, 96), De Sanctis (ii. 463 n. 1), Gelzer (Hermes, 1935, 273). On Orosius (iv. 13. 7) see footnote to 24 n.; clearly it must be omitted from consideration in this context. On the census figures see Toynbee, op. cit. i. 438–79, especially 454 ff.; he agrees that P.'s figures include all adult male citizens. </p>
2.23.15 - 2.23.15
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν μὲν προκαθημένων τῆς Ῥώμης δυνάμεων</w>:</emph> how these 150,000+ foot and 6,000 horse 'stationed before <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>' are to be calculated is not clear; and on any method this figure for the cavalry seems too small. Beloch (IB, 94) argues that the 150,000 are a reduction of the twelve legions with their auxiliaries which P. found in Fabius (assuming two under the praetor in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>: see 24. 6 n.); but (a) the total of twelve is only achieved by a forced reckoning, (b) P. speaks of over 150,000 foot, (c) Beloch himself admits 6,000 horse to be too few. Mommsen (Röm. Forsch. ii. 389–90) observed that these figures are not relevant to an account of the strength of the forces facing Hannibal; hence they are best regarded as a gloss (with Hultsch, Bttner-Wobst, and Strachan-Davidson). The words to be bracketed are <w lang="el-GR">[κεφάλαιον . . . τὸ δέ]</w> or (with Strachan-Davidson) <w lang="el-GR">[ὥστ᾽ εἶναι . . . ἑξακισχιλίους]</w>. </p>
2.23.17 - 2.23.17
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐλάττους . . . δισμυρίων</w>:</emph> on Hannibal's numbers see iii. 35. 1 n.; cf. iii. 33. 18. Here P. neglects his 6,000 cavalry. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σαφέστερον ἐκποιήσει κατανοεῖν</w>:</emph> 'it will be possible to win a clearer understanding'; for the impersonal use of <w lang="el-GR">ἐκποιεῖ</w> cf. xxix. 8. 10. </p>
Addenda & corrigenda
2.18.0 - 2.35.0
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold">18–35.</emph> The chronology of the Gallic Wars. This is discussed in detail by Pdech (CRAI, 1955, 367–74; Mthode, 475–84), who argues that P.'s system is based on Olympiad years and that cardinal numbers imply an interval one year longer than that indicated by ordinals. He gives the following table (Mthode, 477): </p> <table cols="4" rows="8"> <row> <cell>1.</cell> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, basic date</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 98, 2 = 387/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>2.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ ῷ</w> after this, the Celts advance to Alba (ii. 18. 6)</cell> <cell>30</cell> <cell>Ol. 105, 4 = 357/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>3.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ</w> after this, a new invasion (ii. 18.7)</cell> <cell>12</cell> <cell>Ol. 108, 4 = 345/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>4.</cell> <cell>Thirteen years' quiet ( <w lang="el-GR">ἔ)</w>, then the Gauls treat with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 18. 9)</cell> <cell>13 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 112, 2 = 331/0</cell> </row> <row> <cell>5.</cell> <cell>Thirty years' peace <w lang="el-GR">(ἔ</w> ), then invavasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (ii. 19. 1)</cell> <cell>301</cell> <cell>Ol. 120, 1 = 300/299</cell> </row> <row> <cell>6.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μὰ ὲ ῦα ἔ ῳ</w> a Gallo-Samnite coalition; battle of Sentinum (ii. 19. 5)</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>Ol. 121, 1 = 296/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>7.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μέ ἐ ῶ έ</w>, a new invasion, siege of Arretium, Etrusco-Boian coalition, battle of Lake Vadimo (ii. 19. 8)</cell> <cell>10 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 123, 4 = 285/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>8.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ὰ ἐῷ</w>, new attack and treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 20. 4)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 124, 1 = 284/3</cell> </row> <milestone unit="page" n="631">[631]</milestone> <row> <cell>9.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ έ ὶ</w> quiet, then war between the transalpine Gauls and the Boii (ii. 21. 1)</cell> <cell>451</cell> <cell>Ol. 135, 3 = 238/7</cell> </row> <row> <cell>10.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ έμῳ</w> after this, colonization of Picenum (ii. 21. 7)</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>Ol. 136, 4 = 233/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>11.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ ὀῳ</w> after this, invasion of the Gaesatae, battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (ii. 23. 16)</cell> <cell>8</cell> <cell>Ol. 138, 4 = 225/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>12.</cell> <cell>Campaign of Q. Fulvius and T. Manlius, coss. 224, in Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (ii. 31. 8)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 1 = 224/3</cell> </row> <row> <cell>13.</cell> <cell>Campaigns of P. Furius and C. Flaminius, coss.s 223, against the Anares (ii. 32. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 2 = 223/2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>14.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ᾽ ἑ ῆ ἔ</w>, campaign of Cn. Cornelius and M. Claudius, coss. 222, against the Insubres (ii. 34. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 3 = 222/1</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell /> </row> </table>
2.18.0 - 2.35.0
<p rend="Plain Text">for criticism of the chronology of Pdech for the Gallic wars (set out in Vol. II, addendum on pp. 631–2), and of that proposed by Werner, Der Beginn der römischen Republik (Munich, 1963), 58 ff., see R. M. Errington, JRS, 1967, 101–2, 105. See also Forni, Athen. 1953, 204 ff.</p>

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