Polybius, Histories

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Book 4 - Chapter 1

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<w lemma="%2A%29en">Ἐν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblw%7C">βύβλῳ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w> <w lemma="e%29dhlw%2Fsamen">ἐδηλώσαμεν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Frou">δευτέρου</w> <w lemma="susta%2Fntos">συστάντος</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29sbolh%3Ds">εἰσβολῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbou">Ἀννίβου</w> <w lemma="dih%2Flqomen">διήλθομεν</w>,
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<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29chghsa%2Fmeqa">ἐξηγησάμεθα</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnous">γενομένους</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dnas">ἀγῶνας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhs">μάχης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aau%29%2Ffidon">Αὔφιδον</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fnnan">Κάνναν</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w>.
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<w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnika%5Cs">Ἑλληνικὰς</w> <w lemma="die%2Fcimen">διέξιμεν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29pitelesqei%2Fsas">ἐπιτελεσθείσας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28katosth%3Ds">ἑκατοστῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tettarakosth%3Ds">τετταρακοστῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29lumpia%2Fdos">ὀλυμπιάδος</w>,
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<w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%29namnh%2Fsantes">ἀναμνήσαντες</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="braxe%2Fwn">βραχέων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ntugxa%2Fnontas">ἐντυγχάνοντας</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pragmatei%2Fa%7C">πραγματείᾳ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3Ds">κατασκευῆς</w>, <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Fra%7C">δευτέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblw%7C">βύβλῳ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnikw%3Dn">Ἑλληνικῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29poihsa%2Fmeqa">ἐποιησάμεθα</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnous">ἔθνους</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="para%2Fdocon">παράδοξον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fdosin">ἐπίδοσιν</w> <w lemma="labei%3Dn">λαβεῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fs">εἴς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="h%28mw%3Dn">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="kairou%2Fs">καιρούς</w>.
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<w lemma="a%29rca%2Fmenoi">ἀρξάμενοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Atisamenou%3D">Τισαμενοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ore%2Fstou">Ὀρέστου</w> <w lemma="pai%2Fdwn">παίδων</w> <w lemma="e%28no%2Fs">ἑνός</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fh%2Fsantes">φήσαντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="basileuqh%3Dnai">βασιλευθῆναι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnos">γένος</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fwgugon">Ὤγυγον</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="kalli%2Fsth%7C">καλλίστῃ</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsei">προαιρέσει</w> <w lemma="xrhsame%2Fnous">χρησαμένους</w> <w lemma="dhmokratikh%3Ds">δημοκρατικῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fas">Μακεδονίας</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fwn">βασιλέων</w> <w lemma="diaspasqh%3Dnai">διασπασθῆναι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kw%2Fmas">κώμας</w>,
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<w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29pebalo%2Fmeqa">ἐπεβαλόμεθα</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein">λέγειν</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Frcanto">ἤρξαντο</w> <w lemma="sumfronei%3Dn">συμφρονεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fte">πότε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fnes">τίνες</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dtoi">πρῶτοι</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fsthsan">συνέστησαν</w>.
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<w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28pome%2Fnws">ἑπομένως</w> <w lemma="e%29dhlw%2Fsamen">ἐδηλώσαμεν</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fni">τίνι</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpw%7C">τρόπῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poi%2Fa%7C">ποίᾳ</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsei">προαιρέσει</w> <w lemma="prosago%2Fmenoi">προσαγόμενοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="e%29peba%2Flonto">ἐπεβάλοντο</w> <w lemma="%2Apeloponnhsi%2Fous">Πελοποννησίους</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgein">ἄγειν</w> <w lemma="o%29nomasi%2Fan">ὀνομασίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fan">πολιτείαν</w>.
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<w lemma="kaqolikw%3Ds">καθολικῶς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnhs">προειρημένης</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%3Ds">ἐπιβολῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29pofhna%2Fmenoi">ἀποφηνάμενοι</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="e%29piyau%2Fontes">ἐπιψαύοντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnous">Κλεομένους</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fkptwsin">ἔκπτωσιν</w> <w lemma="kathnth%2Fsamen">κατηντήσαμεν</w>.
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<w lemma="sugkefalaiwsa%2Fmenoi">συγκεφαλαιωσάμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prokataskeuh%3Ds">προκατασκευῆς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antigo%2Fnou">Ἀντιγόνου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aseleu%2Fkou">Σελεύκου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%2Fou">Πτολεμαίου</w> <w lemma="teleuth%3Ds">τελευτῆς</w>, <w lemma="e%29peidh%5C">ἐπειδὴ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="meth%2Fllacan">μετήλλαξαν</w>, <w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29phggeila%2Fmeqa">ἐπηγγειλάμεθα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="pragmatei%2Fas">πραγματείας</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai">ποιήσασθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w>,
<head>Review of Achaean History</head>IN my former book I explained the causes of the second<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note1">B.C. 220-216.</note>war between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>; and described Hannibal's invasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, and the engagements which took place between them up to the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a>, on the banks of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aufidus&groupId=384&placeId=723">Aufidus</a>. I shall now take up the history of Greece during the same period, ending at the same date, and commencing from the 140th Olympiad. But I shall first recall to the recollection of my readers what I stated in my second book on the subject of the Greeks, and especially of the Achaeans; for the league of the latter has made extraordinary progress up to our own age and the generation immediately preceding.I started, then, from Tisamenus, one of the sons of Orestes,<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note2">Recapitulation of Achaean history, before B.C. 220, contained in Book II., cc. 41-71.</note>and stated that the dynasty existed from his time to that of Ogygus: that then there was an excellent form of democratical federal government established: and that then the league was broken up by the kings of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> into separate towns and villages. Then I tried to describe how these towns began to form a league once more: which were the first to join; and the policy subsequently pursued, which led to their inducing all the Peloponnesians to adopt the general title of Achaeans, and to be united under one federal government.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note3">Ending with the deaths of Antigonus Doson, Seleucus Ceraunus, and Ptolemy Euergetes, before the 140th Olympiad, B.C., 220-216.</note>Descending to particulars, I brought my story up to the flight of Cleomenes, King of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>: then briefly summarising the events included in my prefatory sketch up to the deaths of Antigonus Doson, Seleucus Ceraunus, and Ptolemy Euergetes, who all three died at about the same time, I announced that my main history was to begin from that point.<pb n="277" />