<w lemma="%2A%28%2Fina">Ἵνα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="a%29gnooume%2Fnwn">ἀγνοουμένων</w> <w lemma="panta%2Fpasin">παντάπασιν</w> <w lemma="a%29safh%3D">ἀσαφῆ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnh%7C">συμβαίνῃ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dih%2Fghsin">διήγησιν</w>, <w lemma="r%28hte%2Fon">ῥητέον</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="po%2Fqen">πόθεν</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%2Fsas">ὁρμήσας</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fnas">τίνας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fsous">πόσους</w> <w lemma="dielqw%5Cn">διελθὼν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="poi%3Da">ποῖα</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="kath%3Dre">κατῆρε</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w>.
<w lemma="r%28hte%2Fon">ῥητέον</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%5Cs">αὐτὰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="o%29nomasi%2Fas">ὀνομασίας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="potamw%3Dn">ποταμῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fper">ὅπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnioi">ἔνιοι</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dsi">ποιοῦσι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="suggrafe%2Fwn">συγγραφέων</w>, <w lemma="u%28polamba%2Fnontes">ὑπολαμβάνοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="panti%5C">παντὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="gnw%3Dsin">γνῶσιν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="safh%2Fneian">σαφήνειαν</w> <w lemma="au%29totele%5Cs">αὐτοτελὲς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w>.
<w lemma="oi%29%3Dmai">οἶμαι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="gnwrizome%2Fnwn">γνωριζομένων</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mikra%5C">μικρὰ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Fla">μεγάλα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sumba%2Fllesqai">συμβάλλεσθαι</w> <w lemma="pepoi%2Fhke">πεποίηκε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fmnhsin">ἀνάμνησιν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29noma%2Ftwn">ὀνομάτων</w> <w lemma="para%2Fqesis:">παράθεσις·</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29gnooume%2Fnwn">ἀγνοουμένων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fan">ὁμοίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29noma%2Ftwn">ὀνομάτων</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%2Fghsis">ἐξήγησις</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29dianoh%2Ftois">ἀδιανοήτοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="krousmatikai%3Ds">κρουσματικαῖς</w> <w lemma="le%2Fcesi">λέξεσι</w>.
<w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="dianoi%2Fas">διανοίας</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29pereidome%2Fnhs">ἀπερειδομένης</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="duname%2Fnhs">δυναμένης</w> <w lemma="e%29farmo%2Fttein">ἐφαρμόττειν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="gnw%2Frimon">γνώριμον</w>, <w lemma="a%29nupo%2Ftaktos">ἀνυπότακτος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kwfh%5C">κωφὴ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fneq%27">γίνεθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="dih%2Fghsis">διήγησις</w>.
<w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="u%28podeikte%2Fos">ὑποδεικτέος</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpos">τρόπος</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="dunato%5Cn">δυνατὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fstai">ἔσται</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29gnooume%2Fnwn">ἀγνοουμένων</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgontas">λέγοντας</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="poso%5Cn">ποσὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqina%5Cs">ἀληθινὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gnwri%2Fmous">γνωρίμους</w> <w lemma="e%29nnoi%2Fas">ἐννοίας</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgein">ἄγειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29kou%2Fontas">ἀκούοντας</w>. <w lemma="%2Aprw%2Fth">Πρώτη</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fsth">μεγίστη</w> <w lemma="gnw%3Dsis">γνῶσις</w>,
<w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="koinh%5C">κοινὴ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsin">πᾶσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpois">ἀνθρώποις</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxontos">περιέχοντος</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="diai%2Fresis">διαίρεσις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcis">τάξις</w>, <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mikro%5Cn">μικρὸν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Ffelos">ὄφελος</w>, <w lemma="a%29natola%2Fs">ἀνατολάς</w>, <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w>, <w lemma="meshmbri%2Fan">μεσημβρίαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29%2Frkton">ἄρκτον</w> <w lemma="gnwri%2Fzomen:">γνωρίζομεν·</w>
<w lemma="deute%2Fra">δευτέρα</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w>, <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fsth%7C">ἑκάστῃ</w> <w lemma="diafora%3D%7C">διαφορᾷ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gh%3Ds">γῆς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="u%28pota%2Fttontes">ὑποτάττοντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frontes">φέροντες</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="dianoi%2Fa%7C">διανοίᾳ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2F">ἐπί</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="gnwri%2Fmous">γνωρίμους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunh%2Fqeis">συνήθεις</w> <w lemma="e%29pinoi%2Fas">ἐπινοίας</w> <w lemma="e%29mpi%2Fptomen">ἐμπίπτομεν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29gnw%2Fstwn">ἀγνώστων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w>
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<head>Geography of Hannibal's March</head>But as a knowledge of topography is necessary for the right understanding of my narrative, I must state the places from which Hannibal started, through which he marched, and into which he descended when he arrived in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>. Nor must I, like some historians, content myself with mentioning the mere names of places and rivers, under the idea that that is quite sufficient to give a clear knowledge. My opinion is that, in the case of well-known places, the mention of names is of great assistance; but that, in the case of unknown countries, names are no better than unintelligible and unmeaning sounds: for the understanding having nothing to go upon, and being unable by referring to something known to translate the words into thought, the narrative becomes confused and vague, and conveys no clear idea. A plan therefore must be discovered, whereby it shall be possible, while speaking of unknown countries, to convey real and intelligible notions.The first, most important, and most general conception is that of the division of the heaven into four quarters, which all of us that are capable of a general idea at all know as east, west, south, and north. The next is to arrange the several parts of the globe according to these points, and always to refer in thought any place mentioned to one or other of them. We shall thus get an intelligible and familiar conception of places which we do not know or have never seen.<pb n="198" />
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Walbank Commentary