<w lemma="%2Aoi%28">Οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%3Doi">Ζακανθαῖοι</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpempon">ἔπεμπον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29gwniw%3Dntes">ἀγωνιῶντες</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="sfw%3Dn">σφῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proorw%2Fmenoi">προορώμενοι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="lanqa%2Fnein">λανθάνειν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ginome%2Fnhn">γινομένην</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Froian">εὔροιαν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>.
<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pleona%2Fkis">πλεονάκις</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="parakhkoo%2Ftes">παρακηκοότες</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilan">ἐξαπέστειλαν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29piskeyome%2Fnous">ἐπισκεψομένους</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="prospipto%2Fntwn">προσπιπτόντων</w>.
<w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="pepoihme%2Fnos">πεποιημένος</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="proe%2Fqeto">προέθετο</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dn">παρῆν</w> <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmewn">δυνάμεων</w> <w lemma="paraxeima%2Fswn">παραχειμάσων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Akainh%5Cn">Καινὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>, <w lemma="h%28%2Ftis">ἥτις</w> <w lemma="w%28sanei%5C">ὡσανεὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fsxhma">πρόσχημα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="basi%2Fleion">βασίλειον</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpois">τόποις</w>.
<w lemma="katalabw%5Cn">καταλαβὼν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fan">πρεσβείαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dou%5Cs">δοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnteucin">ἔντευξιν</w> <w lemma="dih%2Fkoue">διήκουε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%2Ftwn">ἐνεστώτων</w>.
<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="diemartu%2Fronto">διεμαρτύροντο</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%2Fwn">Ζακανθαίων</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxesqai">ἀπέχεσθαι</w> — <w lemma="kei%3Dsqai">κεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="sfete%2Fra%7C">σφετέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstei">πίστει</w> — <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhra">Ἴβηρα</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="diabai%2Fnein">διαβαίνειν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asdrou%2Fbou">Ἀσδρούβου</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnas">γενομένας</w> <w lemma="o%28mologi%2Fas">ὁμολογίας</w>.
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fte">ἅτε</w> <w lemma="ne%2Fos">νέος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="w%29%2Fn">ὤν</w>, <w lemma="plh%2Frhs">πλήρης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polemikh%3Ds">πολεμικῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%3Ds">ὁρμῆς</w>, <w lemma="e%29pituxh%5Cs">ἐπιτυχὴς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolai%3Ds">ἐπιβολαῖς</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flai">πάλαι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="parwrmhme%2Fnos">παρωρμημένος</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxqran">ἔχθραν</w>,
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnous">ἐκείνους</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="khdo%2Fmenos">κηδόμενος</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%2Fwn">Ζακανθαίων</w>, <w lemma="e%29neka%2Flei">ἐνεκάλει</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="mikroi%3Ds">μικροῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmprosqen">ἔμπροσθεν</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w>, <w lemma="stasiazo%2Fntwn">στασιαζόντων</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w>, <w lemma="labo%2Fntes">λαβόντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pitroph%5Cn">ἐπιτροπὴν</w> [<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="dialu%3Dsai">διαλῦσαι</w>] <w lemma="a%29di%2Fkws">ἀδίκως</w> <w lemma="e%29pane%2Flointo%2F">ἐπανέλοιντό</w> <w lemma="tinas">τινας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proestw%2Ftwn:">προεστώτων·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="perio%2Fyesqai">περιόψεσθαι</w> <w lemma="parespondhme%2Fnous:">παρεσπονδημένους·</w> <w lemma="pa%2Ftrion">πάτριον</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mhde%2Fna">μηδένα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29dikoume%2Fnwn">ἀδικουμένων</w> <w lemma="periora%3Dn:">περιορᾶν·</w>
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="diepe%2Fmpeto">διεπέμπετο</w>, <w lemma="punqano%2Fmenos">πυνθανόμενος</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%3Doi">Ζακανθαῖοι</w> <w lemma="pisteu%2Fontes">πιστεύοντες</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fa%7C">συμμαχίᾳ</w> <w lemma="tina%5Cs">τινὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="tattome%2Fnwn">ταττομένων</w> <w lemma="a%29dikou%3Dsi">ἀδικοῦσι</w>.
<w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="plh%2Frhs">πλήρης</w> <w lemma="a%29logi%2Fas">ἀλογίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qumou%3D">θυμοῦ</w> <w lemma="biai%2Fou:">βιαίου·</w> <w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinai%3Ds">ἀληθιναῖς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fais">αἰτίαις</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29xrh%3Dto">ἐχρῆτο</w>, <w lemma="kate%2Ffeuge">κατέφευγε</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="profa%2Fseis">προφάσεις</w> <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgous:">ἀλόγους·</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fper">ἅπερ</w> <w lemma="ei%29w%2Fqasi">εἰώθασι</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="proegkaqhme%2Fnas">προεγκαθημένας</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28rma%5Cs">ὁρμὰς</w> <w lemma="o%29ligwrou%3Dntes">ὀλιγωροῦντες</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kaqh%2Fkontos">καθήκοντος</w>.
<w lemma="po%2Fsw%7C">πόσῳ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fmeinon">ἄμεινον</w> <w lemma="oi%29%2Fesqai">οἴεσθαι</w> <w lemma="dei%3Dn">δεῖν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="a%29podou%3Dnai">ἀποδοῦναι</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="%2Asardo%2Fna">Σαρδόνα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29pitaxqe%2Fntas">ἐπιταχθέντας</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="fo%2Frous">φόρους</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w> <w lemma="sunepiqe%2Fmenoi">συνεπιθέμενοι</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%29di%2Fkws">ἀδίκως</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flabon:">ἔλαβον·</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mh%2F">μή</w>, <w lemma="fa%2Fnai">φάναι</w> <w lemma="polemh%2Fsein">πολεμήσειν</w>;
<w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dsan">οὖσαν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fan">αἰτίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinh%5Cn">ἀληθινὴν</w> <w lemma="parasiwpw%3Dn">παρασιωπῶν</w>, <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxousan">ὑπάρχουσαν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%2Fwn">Ζακανθαίων</w> <w lemma="pla%2Fttwn">πλάττων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgws">ἀλόγως</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ma%3Dllon">μᾶλλον</w> <w lemma="a%29di%2Fkws">ἀδίκως</w> <w lemma="kata%2Frxein">κατάρχειν</w> <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="polemhte%2Fon">πολεμητέον</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29do%2Ftes">εἰδότες</w>, <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fpleusan">ἀπέπλευσαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fna">Καρχηδόνα</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsia">παραπλήσια</w> <w lemma="qe%2Flontes">θέλοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29pimartu%2Frasqai">ἐπιμαρτύρασθαι</w> <w lemma="ka%29kei%2Fnous:">κἀκείνους·</w>
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fa%7C">Ἰταλίᾳ</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="polemh%2Fsein">πολεμήσειν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Flpisan">ἤλπισαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fa%7C">Ἰβηρίᾳ</w>, <w lemma="xrh%2Fsesqai">χρήσεσθαι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="o%28rmhthri%2Fw%7C">ὁρμητηρίῳ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%2Fwn">Ζακανθαίων</w> <w lemma="po%2Flei">πόλει</w>.
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<head>Hannibal Defies the Romans</head>But the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Saguntum&groupId=938&placeId=1673">Saguntum</a> kept sending ambassadors<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note30">Saguntum appeals to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. Winter of B. C. 220-219.</note>to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, partly because they foresaw what was coming, and trembled for their own existence, and partly that the Romans might be kept fully aware of the growing power of the Carthaginians in Iberia. For a long time the Romans disregarded their words: but now they sent out some commissioners to see what was going on. Just at that time Hannibal had finished the conquests which he intended for that season, and was going into winter quarters at the New Town again, which was in a way the chief glory and capital town of the Carthaginians in Iberia. He found there the embassy from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, granted them an interview, and listened to the message with which they were charged. It was a strong injunction to him to leave <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Saguntum&groupId=938&placeId=1673">Saguntum</a> alone, as being under the protection of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>; and not to cross the Iber, in accordance with the agreement come to in the time of Hasdrubal.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note31">Hannibal's defiance.</note>To this Hannibal answered with all the heat of youth, inflamed by martial ardour, recent success, and his long-standing hatred of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. He charged the Romans with having a short time before, when on some political disturbances arising in the town they had been chosen to act as arbitrators, seized the opportunity to put some of the leading citizens to death; and he declared that the Carthaginians would not allow the Saguntines to be<pb n="179" />thus treacherously dealt with, for it was the traditional policy of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> to protect all persons so wronged. At the same time he sent home for instructions as to what he was to do "in view of the fact that the Saguntines were injuring certain of their subject allies." And altogether he was in a state of unreasoning anger and violent exasperation, which prevented him from availing himself of the real causes for war, and made him take refuge in pretexts which would not admit of justification, after the manner of men whose passions master all considerations of equity. How much better it would have been to demand of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> the restoration of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a>, and the remission of the tribute, which she had taken an unfair opportunity to impose on pain of a declaration of war. As it was, he said not a word of the real cause, but alleged the fictitious one of the matter of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Saguntum&groupId=938&placeId=1673">Saguntum</a>; and so got the credit of beginning the war, not only in defiance of reason, but still more in defiance of justice. The Roman ambassadors, finding that there must undoubtedly be a war, sailed to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> to enter the same protest before the people there. They expected, however, that they would have to fight not in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, but in Iberia, and that they would have <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Saguntum&groupId=938&placeId=1673">Saguntum</a> as a base of operations.
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Walbank Commentary