<w lemma="ga%2Fsato">γάσατο</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmesi">δυνάμεσι</w>. <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29piginome%2Fnw%7C">ἐπιγινομένῳ</w> <w lemma="qe%2Frei">θέρει</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%2Fsas">ὁρμήσας</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29akkai%2Fous">Οὐακκαίους</w> <w lemma="%2A%28elmantikh%5Cn">Ἑλμαντικὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%29fo%2Fdou">ἐφόδου</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenos">ποιησάμενος</w> <w lemma="prosbola%5Cs">προσβολὰς</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fsxen">κατέσχεν</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29arbouka%2Flhn">Ἀρβουκάλην</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="gennaio%2Fthta">γενναιότητα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="oi%29khto%2Frwn">οἰκητόρων</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="pollh%3Ds">πολλῆς</w> <w lemma="talaipwri%2Fas">ταλαιπωρίας</w> <w lemma="poliorkh%2Fsas">πολιορκήσας</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w> <w lemma="ei%28%3Dle">εἷλε</w>.
<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="parado%2Fcws">παραδόξως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fstous">μεγίστους</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dlqe">ἦλθε</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnous">κινδύνους</w> <w lemma="e%29pana%2Fgwn">ἐπανάγων</w>, <w lemma="sundramo%2Fntwn">συνδραμόντων</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarphsi%2Fwn">Καρπησίων</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="i%29sxuro%2Ftato%2Fn">ἰσχυρότατόν</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnos">ἔθνος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnous">ἐκείνους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w>,
<w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29stugeito%2Fnwn">ἀστυγειτόνων</w> <w lemma="a%28qroisqe%2Fntwn">ἁθροισθέντων</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="h%29re%2Fqisan">ἠρέθισαν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29olka%2Fdwn">Ὀλκάδων</w> <w lemma="fuga%2Fdes">φυγάδες</w>, <w lemma="sunece%2Fkausan">συνεξέκαυσαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28elmantikh%3Ds">Ἑλμαντικῆς</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="diaswqe%2Fntes">διασωθέντες</w>.
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="parata%2Fcews">παρατάξεως</w> <w lemma="h%29nagka%2Fsqhsan">ἠναγκάσθησαν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="diakinduneu%2Fein">διακινδυνεύειν</w>, <w lemma="o%28mologoume%2Fnws">ὁμολογουμένως</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="h%28tth%2Fqhsan">ἡττήθησαν</w>.
<w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pragmatikw%3Ds">πραγματικῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nounexw%3Ds">νουνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="u%28postrofh%3Ds">ὑποστροφῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29naxwrh%2Fsantos">ἀναχωρήσαντος</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbou">Ἀννίβου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fblhma">πρόβλημα</w> <w lemma="poihsame%2Fnou">ποιησαμένου</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Ata%2Fgon">Τάγον</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenon">καλούμενον</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="potamou%3D">ποταμοῦ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fbasin">διάβασιν</w> <w lemma="susthsame%2Fnou">συστησαμένου</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sugxrhsame%2Fnou">συγχρησαμένου</w> <w lemma="sunagwnisth%3D%7C">συναγωνιστῇ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="potamw%3D%7C">ποταμῷ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="qhri%2Fois">θηρίοις</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tettara%2Fkonta">τετταράκοντα</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29riqmo%2Fn">ἀριθμόν</w>, <w lemma="sune%2Fbh">συνέβη</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fla">ὅλα</w> <w lemma="parado%2Fcws">παραδόξως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="xwrh%3Dsai">χωρῆσαι</w>.
<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="barba%2Frwn">βαρβάρων</w> <w lemma="e%29pibalome%2Fnwn">ἐπιβαλομένων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="bia%2Fzesqai">βιάζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peraiou%3Dsqai">περαιοῦσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="potamo%2Fn">ποταμόν</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="diefqa%2Frh">διεφθάρη</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29kba%2Fseis">ἐκβάσεις</w>, <w lemma="paraporeuome%2Fnwn">παραπορευομένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="qhri%2Fwn">θηρίων</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="xei%3Dlos">χεῖλος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29kbai%2Fnontas">ἐκβαίνοντας</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="prokatalambano%2Fntwn:">προκαταλαμβανόντων·</w>
<w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="a%29pw%2Flonto">ἀπώλοντο</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kratei%3Dn">κρατεῖν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ma%3Dllon">μᾶλλον</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="r%28eu%2Fmatos">ῥεύματος</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fppous">ἵππους</w>, <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="u%28perdeci%2Fou">ὑπερδεξίου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhn">μάχην</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fas">ἱππέας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pezou%2Fs">πεζούς</w>.
<w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%29%2Fmpalin">τοὔμπαλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pidiaba%2Fntes">ἐπιδιαβάντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fban">Ἀννίβαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="barba%2Frous">βαρβάρους</w> <w lemma="e%29tre%2Fyanto">ἐτρέψαντο</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="muria%2Fdas">μυριάδας</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w>.
<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%28tthqe%2Fntwn">ἡττηθέντων</w> <w lemma="ou%29dei%5Cs">οὐδεὶς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nto%5Cs">ἐντὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhros">Ἴβηρος</w> <w lemma="potamou%3D">ποταμοῦ</w> <w lemma="r%28a%7Cdi%2Fws">ῥᾳδίως</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29ntofqalmei%3Dn">ἀντοφθαλμεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29to%2Flma">ἐτόλμα</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Azakanqai%2Fwn">Ζακανθαίων</w>.
<w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="e%29peira%3Dto">ἐπειρᾶτο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxesqai">ἀπέχεσθαι</w>, <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenos">βουλόμενος</w> <w lemma="mhdemi%2Fan">μηδεμίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29formh%5Cn">ἀφορμὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28mologoume%2Fnhn">ὁμολογουμένην</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dnai">δοῦναι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="ta%29%2Flla">τἄλλα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="bebai%2Fws">βεβαίως</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsaito">ποιήσαιτο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ami%2Flkou">Ἀμίλκου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="patro%5Cs">πατρὸς</w> <w lemma="u%28poqh%2Fkas">ὑποθήκας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraine%2Fseis">παραινέσεις</w>.
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<head>Hannibal Attacks the Vaccaei</head>Next summer he set out on another expedition against the Vaccaei, in which he took <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Salmantica&groupId=940&placeId=1675">Salmantica</a> by<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note29">B. C. 220 Hannibal attacks the Vaccaei.</note>assault, but only succeeded in storming <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Arbucala&groupId=354&placeId=677">Arbucala</a>, owing to the size of the town and the number and valour of its inhabitants, after a laborious siege. After this he suddenly found himself in a position of very great danger on his return march: being set upon by the Carpesii, the strongest tribe in those parts, who were joined also by neighbouring tribes, incited principally by refugees of the Olcades, but roused also to great wrath by those who escaped from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Salmantica&groupId=940&placeId=1675">Salmantica</a>. If the Carthaginians had been compelled to give these people regular battle, there can be no doubt that they would have been defeated: but as it was, Hannibal, with admirable skill and caution, slowly retreated until he had put the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tagus&groupId=1000&placeId=1762">Tagus</a> between himself and the enemy; and thus giving battle at the crossing of the stream, supported by it and the elephants, of which he had about forty, he gained, to every one's surprise, a complete success. For when the barbarians attempted to force a crossing at several points of the river at once, the greater number of them were killed as they left the water by<pb n="178" />the elephants, who marched up and down along the brink of the river and caught them as they were coming out. Many of them also were killed in the river itself by the cavalry, because the horses were better able than the men to stand against the stream, and also because the cavalry were fighting on higher ground than the infantry which they were attacking. At length Hannibal turned the tables on the enemy, and, recrossing the river, attacked and put to flight their whole army, to the number of more than a hundred thousand men. After the defeat of this host, no one south of the Iber rashly ventured to face him except the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Saguntum&groupId=938&placeId=1673">Saguntum</a>. From that town Hannibal tried his best to keep aloof; because, acting on the suggestions and advice of his father Hamilcar, he did not wish to give the Romans an avowed pretext for war until he had thoroughly secured the rest of the country.
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Walbank Commentary