<w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="proe%2Ftace">προέταξε</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="fa%2Flaggos">φάλαγγος</w>, <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="potamou%3D">ποταμοῦ</w> <w lemma="r%28e%2Fontos">ῥέοντος</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="stratopedei%2Fan">στρατοπεδείαν</w>, <w lemma="dusxere%5Cs">δυσχερὲς</w> <w lemma="katanoh%3Dsai">κατανοῆσαι</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqei">πλήθει</w> <w lemma="tosou%2Ftwn">τοσούτων</w> <w lemma="u%28parxo%2Fntwn">ὑπαρχόντων</w>.
<w lemma="trismu%2Frioi">τρισμύριοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28ph%3Drxon">ὑπῆρχον</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Akallisqe%2Fnhs">Καλλισθένης</w> <w lemma="fhsi%2F">φησί</w>, <w lemma="trismu%2Frioi">τρισμύριοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Froi:">μισθοφόροι·</w> <w lemma="po%2Fsou">πόσου</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxon">εἶχον</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpou">τόπου</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w>, <w lemma="eu%29xere%5Cs">εὐχερὲς</w> <w lemma="katamaqei%3Dn">καταμαθεῖν</w>.
<w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fttetai">τάττεται</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqos">βάθος</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%29ktw%5C">ὀκτὼ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinh%5Cn">ἀληθινὴν</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29lw%3Dn">ἰλῶν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fsths">ἑκάστης</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fson">ἴσον</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fsthma">διάστημα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="metw%2Fpois">μετώποις</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pistrofai%3Ds">ἐπιστροφαῖς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnasqai">δύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="perispasmoi%3Ds">περισπασμοῖς</w> <w lemma="eu%29xrhstei%3Dn">εὐχρηστεῖν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdion">στάδιον</w> <w lemma="o%29ktakosi%2Fous">ὀκτακοσίους</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnei">λαμβάνει</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%29ktakisxili%2Fous">ὀκτακισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttara">τέτταρα</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fous">τρισχιλίους</w> <w lemma="diakosi%2Fous">διακοσίους</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fwn">μυρίων</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fwn">χιλίων</w> <w lemma="diakosi%2Fwn">διακοσίων</w> <w lemma="peplhrw%3Dsqai">πεπληρῶσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="tettareskai%2Fdeka">τετταρεσκαίδεκα</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w>.
<w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="e%29kta%2Ftth%7C">ἐκτάττῃ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="trismuri%2Fous">τρισμυρίους</w>, <w lemma="braxu%5C">βραχὺ</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fpei">λείπει</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="trifalaggi%2Fan">τριφαλαγγίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fllhlon">ἐπάλληλον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="poi%3Don">ποῖον</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="e%29ta%2Ftteto">ἐτάττετο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frwn">μισθοφόρων</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w>; <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="nh%5C">νὴ</w> <w lemma="%2Adi%2Fa">Δία</w> <w lemma="kato%2Fpin">κατόπιν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w>. <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2F">οὔ</w> <w lemma="fhsin">φησιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="sumpeptwke%2Fnai">συμπεπτωκέναι</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fsi">Μακεδόσι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pagwgh%2Fn">ἐπαγωγήν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkh">ἀνάγκη</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kdoxh%5Cn">ἐκδοχὴν</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fmisu">ἥμισυ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpou">τόπου</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="qa%2Flattan">θάλατταν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="e%29pei%3Dxe">ἐπεῖχε</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcis">τάξις</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fmisu">ἥμισυ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fresin">ὄρεσιν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frwn">μισθοφόρων</w>.
<w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="eu%29sullo%2Fgiston">εὐσυλλόγιστον</w> <w lemma="po%2Fson">πόσον</w> <w lemma="u%28ph%3Drxe">ὑπῆρχε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqos">βάθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poi%3Don">ποῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdei">ἔδει</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxein">ἀπέχειν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="stratopedei%2Fas">στρατοπεδείας</w>.
<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="suneggizo%2Fntwn">συνεγγιζόντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w> <w lemma="fhsi%5C">φησὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Adarei%3Don">Δαρεῖον</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fn">αὐτόν</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fshn">μέσην</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxonta">ὑπάρχοντα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcin">τάξιν</w>, <w lemma="kalei%3Dn">καλεῖν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frous">μισθοφόρους</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fratos">κέρατος</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%28to%2Fn">αὑτόν</w>.
<w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgetai">λέγεται</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w>, <w lemma="diaporei%3Dn">διαπορεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsti:">ἔστι·</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frwn">μισθοφόρων</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkh">ἀνάγκη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="sunafh%5Cn">συναφὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fson">μέσον</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="w%29%5Cn">ὢν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frois">μισθοφόροις</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Adarei%3Dos">Δαρεῖος</w> <w lemma="pou%3D">ποῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29ka%2Flei">ἐκάλει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frous">μισθοφόρους</w>;
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="teleutai%3Do%2Fn">τελευταῖόν</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="deciou%3D">δεξιοῦ</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fratos">κέρατος</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pagago%2Fntas">ἐπαγαγόντας</w> <w lemma="e%29mbalei%3Dn">ἐμβαλεῖν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ale%2Fcandron">Ἀλέξανδρον</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="gennai%2Fws">γενναίως</w> <w lemma="decame%2Fnous">δεξαμένους</w> <w lemma="a%29ntepa%2Fgein">ἀντεπάγειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhn">μάχην</w> <w lemma="i%29sxura%2Fn">ἰσχυράν</w>.
<w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cs">ποταμὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fsw%7C">μέσῳ</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cs">ποταμὸς</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="a%29rti%2Fws">ἀρτίως</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dpen">εἶπεν</w>, <w lemma="e%29pela%2Fqeto">ἐπελάθετο</w>.
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<head>The Battle of Issus</head>Now it is difficult to understand how he could have drawn up these troops in front of his phalanx, considering that the river ran immediately under the camp:<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note31">Both Curtius and Arrian seem to have found in their authorities that Darius crossed the Pinarus. Curt. 3, 8;<bibl n="Arr. 2.8" default="NO" valid="yes">Arrian, 2, 8</bibl>.</note>especially as their numbers were so great, amounting, on Callisthenes's own showing, to thirty thousand cavalry and thirty thousand mercenaries. Now it is easy to calculate how much ground such a force would require. At the most cavalry in a regular engagement is drawn up eight deep, and between each squadron a clear space must be left in the line to enable them to turn or face about. Therefore eight hundred will cover a stade of front; eight thousand, ten stades;<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note32">Reckoning the stade at 600 feet (Greek).</note>three thousand two hundred, four stades; and so eleven thousand two hundred would cover the whole of fourteen stades. If therefore he were to put his whole thirty thousand on the ground, he would have to mass his cavalry alone nearly three times the usual depth; and then what room is left for his large force of mercenaries? None, indeed, unless on the rear of the cavalry. But Callisthenes says this was not the case, but that these latter engaged the Macedonians first. We must therefore understand half the front, that nearest the sea, to have been occupied by the cavalry; the other half, that nearest the mountains, by the mercenaries. We may by these data easily calculate the depth of the cavalry, and the distance the river must have been from the camp to allow of it.Again, he says that "on the approach of the enemy Darius himself, who was on the centre, ordered up the mercenaries from the wing." It is difficult to see what he means by this: for the point of junction of the mercenaries and the cavalry<pb n="97" />must have been at the centre. Where and how then, and to what point could Darius, who was himself actually among the mercenaries, be said to "order them up"?Lastly, he says that "the cavalry on the right wing charged Alexander; and that his men stood the charge gallantly, and, making a counter charge, kept up an obstinate fight." But he quite forgets that there was a river between them, a river, too, of the nature that he had just himself described.<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note33">See note to previous chapter.</note>
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Walbank Commentary