Polybius, Histories

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Book 1 - Chapter 67

1
<w lemma="me%2Fnhs">μένης</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29panorqw%2Fsews">ἐπανορθώσεως</w>. <w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="sullexqh%3Dnai">συλλεχθῆναι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Asi%2Fkkan">Σίκκαν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenon">παραγενόμενον</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fannwna">Ἄννωνα</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxonta">ὑπάρχοντα</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cn">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fh%7C">Λιβύῃ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29paggeli%2Fas">ἐπαγγελίας</w> <w lemma="e%29kplhrou%3Dn">ἐκπληροῦν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%29nanti%2Fon">τοὐναντίον</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgonta">λέγοντα</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fros">βάρος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="fo%2Frwn">φόρων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="stenoxwri%2Fan">στενοχωρίαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeirei%3Dn">ἐγχειρεῖν</w> <w lemma="paraitei%3Dsqai">παραιτεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="o%28molo%2Fgou">ὁμολόγου</w> <w lemma="prosofeilome%2Fnwn">προσοφειλομένων</w> <w lemma="o%29ywni%2Fwn">ὀψωνίων</w>,
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<w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="diafora%5C">διαφορὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fsis">στάσις</w> <w lemma="e%29genna%3Dto">ἐγεννᾶτο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sundromai%5C">συνδρομαὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexei%3Ds">συνεχεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29gi%2Fnonto">ἐγίνοντο</w>, <w lemma="pote%5C">ποτὲ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnh">γένη</w>, <w lemma="pote%5C">ποτὲ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w>.
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<w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fq%27">μήθ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28moeqnw%3Dn">ὁμοεθνῶν</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fq%27">μήθ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28moglw%2Fttwn">ὁμογλώττων</w> <w lemma="u%28parxo%2Fntwn">ὑπαρχόντων</w>, <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29mici%2Fas">ἀμιξίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qoru%2Fbou">θορύβου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnhs">λεγομένης</w> <w lemma="tu%2Frbhs">τύρβης</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dres">πλῆρες</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpedon">στρατόπεδον</w>.
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<w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="xrw%2Fmenoi">χρώμενοι</w> <w lemma="poiki%2Flais">ποικίλαις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="misqoforikai%3Ds">μισθοφορικαῖς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmesin">δυνάμεσιν</w>, <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="sumfronh%2Fsantas">συμφρονήσαντας</w> <w lemma="a%29peiqei%3Dn">ἀπειθεῖν</w> <w lemma="mhde%5C">μηδὲ</w> <w lemma="duskataplh%2Fktous">δυσκαταπλήκτους</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnois">ἡγουμένοις</w> <w lemma="o%29rqw%3Ds">ὀρθῶς</w> <w lemma="stoxa%2Fzontai">στοχάζονται</w>, <w lemma="poiou%3Dntes">ποιοῦντες</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="genw%3Dn">γενῶν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w>,
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<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%3Ds">ὀργῆς</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="diabolh%3Ds">διαβολῆς</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fsews">στάσεως</w> <w lemma="dida%2Fcai">διδάξαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prau+%3Dnai">πραῧναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="metaqei%3Dnai">μεταθεῖναι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%29gnohko%2Ftas">ἠγνοηκότας</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerw%3Ds">ὁλοσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="a%29stoxou%3Dsin">ἀστοχοῦσιν</w>.
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<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrwpi%2Fnh%7C">ἀνθρωπίνῃ</w> <w lemma="xrh%3Dsqai">χρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="kaki%2Fa%7C">κακίᾳ</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Ftas">τοιαύτας</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpac">ἅπαξ</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%5Cn">ὀργὴν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diabolh%5Cn">διαβολὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29mpe%2Fswsi">ἐμπέσωσι</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="tinas">τινας</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29poqhriou%3Dsqai">ἀποθηριοῦσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="teleutai%3Don">τελευταῖον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parastatikh%5Cn">παραστατικὴν</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnein">λαμβάνειν</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fqesin">διάθεσιν</w>.
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<w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbh">συνέβη</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%2Fs:">αὐτούς·</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhres">Ἴβηρες</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltoi%2F">Κελτοί</w>, <w lemma="tine%5Cs">τινὲς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aligusti%3Dnoi">Λιγυστῖνοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Abaliarei%3Ds">Βαλιαρεῖς</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgoi">ὀλίγοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mice%2Fllhnes">μιξέλληνες</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fmoloi">αὐτόμολοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dloi:">δοῦλοι·</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="%2Ali%2Fbues">Λίβυες</w>.
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<w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Ft%27">οὔτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kklhsia%2Fsai">ἐκκλησιάσαι</w> <w lemma="sunaqroi%2Fsanta">συναθροίσαντα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="dunato%5Cn">δυνατὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Ft%27">οὔτ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhn">ἄλλην</w> <w lemma="ou%29demi%2Fan">οὐδεμίαν</w> <w lemma="eu%28re%2Fsqai">εὑρέσθαι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="mhxanh%2Fn">μηχανήν</w>.
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<w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Do%2Fn">οἷόν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w>; <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cn">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="diale%2Fktous">διαλέκτους</w> <w lemma="a%29du%2Fnaton:">ἀδύνατον·</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="pleio%2Fnwn">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28rmhne%2Fwn">ἑρμηνέων</w> <w lemma="e%29kklhsia%2Fzein">ἐκκλησιάζειν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tetra%2Fkis">τετράκις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="penta%2Fkis">πεντάκις</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%29tou%3D">ταὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgonta">λέγοντα</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmatos">πράγματος</w>, <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ei%29pei%3Dn">εἰπεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fsqen">πρόσθεν</w> <w lemma="a%29dunatw%2Fteron">ἀδυνατώτερον</w>.
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<w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fnwn">ἡγεμόνων</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29ciw%2Fseis">ἀξιώσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraklh%2Fseis:">παρακλήσεις·</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fper">ὅπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29peira%3Dto">ἐπειρᾶτο</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> [<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w>] <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fannwn">Ἄννων</w>.
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<w lemma="a%29kmh%5Cn">ἀκμὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbainen">συνέβαινεν</w> <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="ai%29sqa%2Fnesqai">αἰσθάνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnwn">λεγομένων</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunaine%2Fsantas">συναινέσαντας</w> <w lemma="e%29ni%2Fote">ἐνίοτε</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3D%7C">στρατηγῷ</w> <w lemma="ta%29nanti%2Fa">τἀναντία</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29nagge%2Fllein">ἀναγγέλλειν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="kaki%2Fan:">κακίαν·</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29safei%2Fas">ἀσαφείας</w>, <w lemma="a%29pisti%2Fas">ἀπιστίας</w>, <w lemma="a%29mici%2Fas">ἀμιξίας</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpanta">ἅπαντα</w> <w lemma="plh%2Frh">πλήρη</w>.
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<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="w%29%2F%7Conto">ᾤοντο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fthdes">ἐπίτηδες</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29do%2Ftas">εἰδότας</w> <w lemma="strathgou%5Cs">στρατηγοὺς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="gegenhme%2Fnas">γεγενημένας</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fas">χρείας</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fan">Σικελίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pepoihme%2Fnous">πεποιημένους</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29paggeli%2Fas">ἐπαγγελίας</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29caposte%2Fllein">ἐξαποστέλλειν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%2Fs">αὐτούς</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mhdeni%5C">μηδενὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="parhkolouqhko%2Fta">παρηκολουθηκότα</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="e%29kpepomfe%2Fnai">ἐκπεπομφέναι</w>.
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<w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="a%29paciw%2Fsantes">ἀπαξιώσαντες</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fannwna">Ἄννωνα</w>, <w lemma="diapisth%2Fsantes">διαπιστήσαντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fsin">ἡγεμόσιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29corgisqe%2Fntes">ἐξοργισθέντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Frmhsan">ὥρμησαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin:">πόλιν·</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katestratope%2Fdeusan">κατεστρατοπέδευσαν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxontes">ἀπέχοντες</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi">εἴκοσι</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdia">στάδια</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnos">Καρχηδόνος</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="kaloume%2Fnw%7C">καλουμένῳ</w> <w lemma="%2Atu%2Fnhti">Τύνητι</w>, <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntes">ὄντες</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dismuri%2Fwn">δισμυρίων</w>.
<head>The Beginning of the Outbreak</head>When the whole army had mustered at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicca&groupId=971&placeId=1721">Sicca</a>, and Hanno,<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note168">The beginning of the outbreak, B. C. 241.</note>now appointed general in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Libya&groupId=686&placeId=427">Libya</a>, far from satisfying these hopes and the promises they had received, talked on the contrary of the burden of the taxes and the embarrassment of the public finances; and actually endeavoured to obtain from them an abatement even from the amount of pay acknowledged to be due to them; excited and mutinous feelings at once began to manifest themselves. There were constant conferences hastily got together, sometimes in separate nationalities, sometimes of the whole army; and there being no unity of race or language among them, the whole camp became a babel of confusion, a scene of inarticulate tumult, and a veritable revel of misrule. For the Carthaginians being always accustomed to employ mercenary troops of miscellaneous nationalities, in securing that an army should consist of several different races, act wisely as far as the prevention of any rapid combinations for mutiny, or difficulty on the part of the commanders in overawing insubordination, are concerned: but the policy utterly breaks down when an outburst of anger, or popular delusion, or internal dissension, has actually occurred; for it makes it impossible for the commander to soothe excited feelings, to remove misapprehensions, or to show the ignorant their error. Armies in such a state are not usually content with mere human wickedness; they end by assuming the ferocity of wild beasts and the vindictiveness of insanity.This is just what happened in this case. There were in the army Iberians and Celts, men from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Liguria&groupId=689&placeId=1259">Liguria</a> and the Balearic<pb n="76" />Islands, and a considerable number of half-bred Greeks, mostly deserters and slaves; while the main body consisted of Libyans. Consequently it was impossible to collect and address them<foreign lang="fr">en masse,</foreign>or to approach them with this view by any means whatever. There was no help for it: the general could not possibly know their several languages; and to make a speech four or five times on the same subject, by the mouths of several interpreters, was almost more impossible, if I may say so, than that. The only alternative was for him to address his entreaties and exhortations to the soldiers through their officers. And this Hanno continually endeavoured to do. But there was the same difficulty with them. Sometimes they failed to understand what he said: at others they received his words with expressions of approval to his face, and yet from error or malice reported them in a contrary sense to the common soldiers. The result was a general scene of uncertainty, mistrust, and misunderstanding. And to crown all, they took it into their heads that the Carthaginian government had a design in thus sending Hanno to them: that they purposely did not send the generals who were acquainted with the services they had rendered in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>, and who had been the authors of the promises made to them; but had sent the one man who had not been present at any of these transactions. Whether that were so or not, they finally broke off all negotiations with Hanno; conceived a violent mistrust of their several commanders; and in a furious outburst of anger with the Carthaginians started towards the city, and pitched their camp about a hundred and twenty stades from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>, at the town of Tunes, to the number of over twenty thousand.