Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 39 - Chapter 3

<w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="prou+pa%2Frxousan">προϋπάρχουσαν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqous">πλήθους</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Afilopoi%2Fmena">Φιλοποίμενα</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fnoian">εὔνοιαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="kaqei%3Dlon">καθεῖλον</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fnas">εἰκόνας</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flesi%2F">πόλεσί</w> <w lemma="tisin">τισιν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fsas:">οὔσας·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="gino%2Fmenon">γινόμενον</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinw%3Ds">ἀληθινῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29nerga%2Fzesqai%2F">ἐνεργάζεσθαί</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="duseca%2Fleipton">δυσεξάλειπτον</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fnoian">εὔνοιαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="eu%29%3D">εὖ</w> <w lemma="paqou%3Dsi">παθοῦσι</w>. — <w lemma="%2Adio%5C">Διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dikai%2Fws">δικαίως</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fpoi">εἴποι</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="perifero%2Fmenon">περιφερόμενον</w>,

<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="qu%2Fra%7C">θύρᾳ</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29mfo%2Fdw%7C">ἀμφόδῳ</w> <w lemma="die%2Fyeustai">διέψευσται</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29sw%3Dn">Οὐσῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fnwn">εἰκόνων</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flwn">μεγάλων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="timw%3Dn">τιμῶν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="e%29yhfi%2Fsanto">ἐψηφίσαντο</w>, <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Dos">Ῥωμαῖος</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ako%2Frinqon">Κόρινθον</w> <w lemma="a%29tuxh%2Fmasi">ἀτυχήμασι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fdos">Ἑλλάδος</w> <w lemma="e%29pexei%2Frhsen">ἐπεχείρησεν</w> <w lemma="a%29nelei%3Dn">ἀνελεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fsas">ἁπάσας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diw%2Fkein">διώκειν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fn">αὐτόν</w>, <w lemma="e%29ndeiknu%2Fmenos">ἐνδεικνύμενος</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fsper">ὥσπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="zw%3Dnta">ζῶντα</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmion">πολέμιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kako%2Fnoun">κακόνουν</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w>. <w lemma="lo%2Fgwn">λόγων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="lexqe%2Fntwn">λεχθέντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolubi%2Fou">Πολυβίου</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="sukofa%2Fnthn">συκοφάντην</w> <w lemma="a%29nteipo%2Fntos">ἀντειπόντος</w>, <w lemma="ou%29%2Fq%27">οὔθ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Amo%2Fmmios">Μόμμιος</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%2Fmeinan">ὑπέμειναν</w> <w lemma="a%29ndro%5Cs">ἀνδρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29ndo%2Fcou">ἐνδόξου</w> <w lemma="tima%5Cs">τιμὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29fani%2Fsai">ἀφανίσαι</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="e%29peba%2Fleto">ἐπεβάλετο</w> <w lemma="dida%2Fskein">διδάσκειν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="pleio%2Fnwn">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="a%29kolou%2Fqws">ἀκολούθως</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxai%3Ds">ἀρχαῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnois">εἰρημένοις</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%29ndro%2Fs">τἀνδρός</w>.

<w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="diafe%2Froito">διαφέροιτο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pitattome%2Fnwn">ἐπιταττομένων</w>, <w lemma="diafe%2Froito">διαφέροιτο</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="dida%2Fskein">διδάσκειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pei%2Fqein">πείθειν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29mfisbhtoume%2Fnwn">ἀμφισβητουμένων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29kh%3D%7C">εἰκῇ</w>.

<w lemma="pei%3Dran">πεῖραν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsews">προαιρέσεως</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinh%5Cn">ἀληθινὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh">ἔφη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="puro%5Cs">πυρὸς</w> <w lemma="paresxh%3Dsqai">παρεσχῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Afilippikou%5Cs">Φιλιππικοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antioxikou%5Cs">Ἀντιοχικοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%2Fs:">καιρούς·</w>

<w lemma="plei%2Fsthn">πλείστην</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxonta">ἔχοντα</w> <w lemma="r%28oph%5Cn">ῥοπὴν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinw%2Ftata">ἀληθινώτατα</w> <w lemma="diatethrhke%2Fnai">διατετηρηκέναι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="fili%2Fan">φιλίαν</w>,

<w lemma="metasxo%2Fnta">μετασχόντα</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fgmatos">δόγματος</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaioi%3Ds">Ἀχαιοῖς</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="tetramh%2Fnw%7C">τετραμήνῳ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fsews">διαβάσεως</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antio%2Fxw%7C">Ἀντιόχῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%3Ds">Αἰτωλοῖς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%2Fnegkan">ἐξήνεγκαν</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fntwn">ἁπάντων</w> <w lemma="a%29phllotriwme%2Fnwn">ἀπηλλοτριωμένων</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="fili%2Fas">φιλίας</w>.

<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="diakou%2Fsantes">διακούσαντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="proai%2Fresin">προαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29podeca%2Fmenoi">ἀποδεξάμενοι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgontos">λέγοντος</w> <w lemma="sunexw%2Frhsan">συνεχώρησαν</w> <w lemma="katamo%2Fnous">καταμόνους</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tima%5Cs">τιμὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsais">πάσαις</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flesi">πόλεσι</w>.

<w lemma="labo%2Fmenos">λαβόμενος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29formh%3Ds">ἀφορμῆς</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fnas">εἰκόνας</w> <w lemma="h%29%7Cth%2Fsato">ᾐτήσατο</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="strathgo%2Fn">στρατηγόν</w>, <w lemma="kai%2Fper">καίπερ</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="metakekomisme%2Fnas">μετακεκομισμένας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29akarnani%2Fan">Ἀκαρνανίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Apeloponnh%2Fsou">Πελοποννήσου</w>, <w lemma="le%2Fgw">λέγω</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%3D">Ἀχαιοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ara%2Ftou">Ἀράτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afilopoi%2Fmenos">Φιλοποίμενος</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="a%29gasqe%5Cn">ἀγασθὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="proai%2Fresin">προαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsthsen">ἔστησεν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="liqi%2Fnhn">λιθίνην</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fna">εἰκόνα</w>. —

Owing to the long-standing affection of the people for Philopoemen, the statues of him which existed in some towns were left standing. So it seems to me that all that is done in a spirit of truth creates in those who benefit by it an undying affection.

Therefore we may justly cite the current saying that he had been foiled not at the door but in the street.

There were many statues and many decrees in his honour in the different cities, and a certain Roman at the time so disastrous to Greece, when <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> was destroyed, attempted to destroy them all, and, as it were, to expel him from the country, accusing him as if he were still alive of being hostile and ill-disposed to the Romans. But on the matter being discussed and on Polybius refuting the false accusation, neither Mummius nor the legates would suffer the honours of the celebrated man to be destroyed.

Polybius set himself to give full information to the legates about Philopoemen, corresponding to what I originally stated about this statesman.

And that was, that he often was opposed to the orders of the Romans, but that his opposition was confined to giving information and advice about disputed points, and this always with due consideration.

A real proof of his attitude, he said, was that in the wars with Antiochus and Philip he did, as the saying is, save them from the fire.

For then, being the most influential man in Greece owing to his personal power and that of the Achaean League, he in the truest sense maintained his friendship for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, helping to carry the decree of the league, in which four months before the Romans crossed to Greece the Achaeans decided to make war from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> on Antiochus and the Aetolians, nearly all the other Greeks being at the time ill-disposed to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.

The ten legates therefore, giving ear to this and approving the attitude of the speaker, permitted the tokens of honour Philopoemen had received in all the towns to remain undisturbed.

Polybius, availing himself of this concession, begged the general to return the portraits, although they had been already carried away from the Peloponnesus to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Acarnania&groupId=270&placeId=527">Acarnania</a> — I refer to the portraits of Achaeus, of Aratus, and of Philopoemen.

The people so much admired Polybius's conduct in the matter that they erected a marble statue of him.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

39.3.1 - 39.3.11

On Philopoemen's statues This chapter is made up of four fragments; it is not certain that the second (§ 2) from de sent., belongs here. The first (§ 1), also from de sent., the third (§ 3) from Plut. Philop. 21, and the fourth (§§ 4–11) from de uirt. et uit., concern Philopoemen's statues and P.'s efforts concerning them. See p. 50 for their location. The saving of the statues of Philopoemen, an incident recorded ad maiorem P. gloriam, occured after the arrival of the Ten (§§ 3, 4, 9), and the account of it forms part of P.'s description of the settlement of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>.

Specifics

39.3.1 - 39.3.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φιλοποίμενα</w>:</emph> ii. 40. 2 n. and passim. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ καθεῖλον τὰς εἰκόνας</w>:</emph> i.e. the authorities in the Achaean towns. For pictures (and, presumably, statues too) set up after Philopoemen's death in 182 (Livy, xxxix. 50. 9, quoted in xxiii. 12. 3 n.) cf. § 3. Examples of such honours paid to Philopoemen are Syll. 624 (Megalopolitan decree in his honour, establishing <w lang="el-GR">ἰσόθεοι τιμαί</w>, an altar, an annual sacrifice and hymns; cf. Diod. xxix. 18), and Bousquet, BCH, 1964, 609 (honours at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>); for the famous equestrian statue at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a> see xi. 18. 4 n. (for Pomtow's attempted restoration see Klio, 1909, 160; RE, Suppl.-B. iv, 'Delphoi', col. 1214; but cf. Daux, BCH, 1966, 283–91; Syll. 625). For portraits in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tegea&groupId=1011&placeId=1780">Tegea</a> cf. Paus. viii. 49. 1, 52. 6. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πᾶν τὸ γινόμενον ἀληθινῶς</w>:</emph> 'every genuine act of virtue' (Shuckburgh); for the postponed adverb (to avoid hiatus) cf. xvi. 21. 11, <milestone unit="page" n="730">[730]</milestone> <w lang="el-GR">πᾶς ὁ παθὼν εὖ</w> 'everyone who has benefited' (contrast here <w lang="el-GR">τοῖς εὖ παθοῦσι)</w>.

39.3.2 - 39.3.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ θύρᾳ, τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον, ἀλλ᾿? ἀμφόδῳ</w>:</emph> 'he had been foiled, not at the gate, as the saying goes, but in the street', i.e. at an early stage. There may be a reference to the proverbial saying <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ θύραις τὴν ὑδρίαν</w> (Aristotle, Rhet. i. 6. 1363 a 7: LSJ quotes 'there's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip'); see also Aristot. Met. i. 993 b 5, <w lang="el-GR">τίς ἂν θύρας ἁ?μάρτοι</w>; The context is not recorded, but it may be the failure of the Roman enemy of Philopoemen (§ 3), who was thwarted as a result of P.'s representations. (In that case, § 2 would more properly come after § 3.) Wunderer, i. 5, comments on the unusual repetition <w lang="el-GR">τὸ περιφερόμενον . . . τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον</w>; his proposal (i. 23) to translate <w lang="el-GR">ἄμφοδον</w> (he says <w lang="el-GR">ἄμφοδος)</w> 'side-gate, postern-gate' is arbitrary and unsupported.

39.3.3 - 39.3.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολλῶν . . . εἰκόνων . . . μεγάλων . . . τιμῶν</w>:</emph> cf. § 1 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ῥωμαῖος ἀνήρ</w>:</emph> unknown. Against the suggestion of Niese (iii. 352 n. 7) that he was A. Postumius Albinus (cf. 1. 1 n.) is the fact that the Commission of Ten, of which he was a prominent member, accepted P.'s defence (cf. § 9). See Lehmann, 375. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολέμιον καὶ κακόνουν</w>:</emph> for P.'s defence of Philopoemen against this charge see §§ 5–8. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ πρέσβεις</w>:</emph> the Commission of Ten, who came out to Greece about October, 146 (5. 1 n.). P. did not list their names (Cic. Att. xiii. 30. 2), but not perhaps through hostility to A. Postumius Albinus (so Mnzer, RE, 'Postumius (31)', col. 906), since his comments on their activities are favourable (he worked with them). Lehmann, 375, argues that P. did not list the names of the Commissioners sent out in 196 and in 168/7 to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> either (the names given by Livy, xxxiii. 24 and xlv. 17. 1 are from an annalistic source); but no weight can be attached to this argumentum ex silentio, especially as Livy, xxxvii. 55. 7, which lists all the Ten sent to help Manlius Vulso in Asia in 189, is from P. (cf. Nissen, KU, 200). The following names can be ascertained: A. Postumius Albinus, C. Sempronius Tuditanus (Cic. Att. xiii. 4. 1, 5. 1, 6a, 30. 2, 32. 3, 33. 3; cf. Insch. Olymp. 322 (Postumius), 323 (Sempronius)), L. Licinius Murena (Insch. Olymp. 321), A. Terentius Varro (Insch. Olymp. 324). It has also been suggested (cf. De Sanctis, iv. 3. 158 n. 189) that L. Aurelius Orestes (xxxviii. 9. 1 n.) may have been a member, though this is not attested (Broughton, i. 467, 469). According to Zon. ix. 31, the consul's father L. Mummius (praetor, 177) was a member; but there could be confusion with Sp. Mummius, the consul's brother, who went out as his legatus and sent back light verses to his friends. Cicero originally took Spurius for one of the Ten, but was assured of his actual status by Atticus (Cic. Att. xiii. 6a). See Mnzer, RE, 'Mummius (7)', col. 525; '(13)', col. 526. For a fragmentary inscription from Nemea mentioning <milestone unit="page" n="731">[731]</milestone> <w lang="el-GR">Λεύκιον Μόμμιον ἀνθύ[πατον]</w> and <w lang="el-GR">τῶν δέκα πρεσβευτῶ[ν]</w> see D. Bradeen, Hesp. 1966, 326–9 no. 7.

39.3.4 - 39.3.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀκολούθως τοῖς ἐν ἀρχαῖς . . . εἰρημένοις</w>:</emph> probably referring back to a passage, now lost, which stood at the beginning of P.'s account of the difficulties over Philopoemen's statues. Schweighaeuser sees a reference to his remarks on Philopoemen's policy at xxiv. 11–13, but that passage could hardly be described as <w lang="el-GR">ἐν ἀρχαῖς</w>. P. concentrates on Philopoemen's policy at the time of the wars against Philip and Antiochus; he perhaps deliberately skirts over the period between Antiochus' defeat and Philopoemen's death, when a legalistic insistence on the terms of the treaty led to clashes of policy with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (cf. Errington, 222–3).

39.3.6 - 39.3.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ πυρὸς παρεσχῆσθαι χάριν</w>:</emph> 'he had done them a service during a test (as they say) by fire'. The metaphor is of testing coins in fire (see xxi. 20. 7 n. and passages quoted there). Philopoemen came out of the test successfully, incurring the gratitude of the Romans. Paton, 'he did, as the saying is, save them from the fire', misses the point; Shuckburgh, 'he gave a genuine proof of his loyal policy and gratitude', misunderstands <w lang="el-GR">χάρις</w>, which here means, not 'gratitude' but 'an act of benevolence'. Strachan-Davidson would omit <w lang="el-GR">χάριν</w>, but unnecessarily. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τοὺς Φιλιππικοὺς καὶ κατὰ τοὺς Ἀντιοχικοὺς καιρούς</w>:</emph> cf. xxiv. 11. 3, 13. 9.

39.3.8 - 39.3.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετασχόντα τοῦ δόγματος τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς</w>:</emph> carried at a syncletos held at Aegium towards the end of 192, when envoys from Antiochus and the Aetolians were heard in the presence of T. Quinctius Flamininus (Livy, xxxv. 48. 1–50. 4; above, xx. 1 n.); the meeting was evidently called by Diophanes, the Achaean general for 192/1, with Philopoemen's support, and it was resolved to have the same friends and enemies as the Romans and to declare war on Antiochus and the Aetolians (Livy, xxxv. 50. 2). See Niese, ii. 693–4; De Sanctis, iv. 1. 150 n. 66; Aymard, PR, 324–8; Errington, 113–14. The character of the debate implies that no foedus between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> yet existed; see xxiii. 4. 12 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν ᾧ τετραμήνῳ πρότερον τῆς Ῥωμαίων διαβάσεως</w>:</emph> i.e. in the fourth month before the crossing by M'. Acilius Glabrio from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Brundisium&groupId=411&placeId=762">Brundisium</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>. Acilius assembled his troops at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Brundisium&groupId=411&placeId=762">Brundisium</a> on the Ides of May, A.U.C. 563, but this is equivalent to Jan. 4 or 27 (Julian) (Leuze, Hermes, 1923, 269 n. 5; Kromayer, AS, ii. 224 f.; Aymard, PR, 325 n. 3; P. Marchetti, AC, 1973, 477), and he will scarcely have crossed before late February. That would fit the battle of Thermopylae on April 24 (Plut. Cato mai. 13. 1 for the moonless night); but Leuze, Hermes, 1923, 268 ff., dates Thermopylae to May, with a crossing by Acilius later than February. His arguments cannot be decisively refuted (cf. Walbank, Philip V, 329–31), but on general <milestone unit="page" n="732">[732]</milestone> grounds the earlier date for the crossing seems more likely; and that implies that the Aegium meeting was in November (with inclusive reckoning). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας πόλεμον ἐξήνεγκαν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxv. 50. 2. For the phrase <w lang="el-GR">τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας πόλεμον</w>, probably 'offensive warfare', see iv. 26. 2 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων σχεδὸν ἁπάντων ἀπηλλοτριωμένων</w>:</emph> Antiochus was supported by the Aetolians, and they had been joined by the Magnesian League with its stronghold at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Demetrias&groupId=536&placeId=1006">Demetrias</a>. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chalcis&groupId=457&placeId=853">Chalcis</a> and Boeotia were wavering (and later went over to Antiochus) and there was disaffection at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> (Livy, xxxv. 50. 3–4) and also perhaps in some Achaean towns (see Plut. Cato mai. 12 for Cato's activity at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>, Patrae, and Aegium; Aymard, PR, 328–9); <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a> (Livy, xxxvi. 31. 2; above, xx. 3) and perhaps Messene (Roebuck, 91) also favoured Antiochus. See Lehmann, 238 n. 190. But P. exaggerates the support for Antiochus so as to magnify Philopoemen's service.

39.3.9 - 39.3.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν προαίρεσιν . . . τοῦ λέγοντος</w>:</emph> 'approving the attitude of the speaker'; see ii. 42. 4 n. for this meaning rather than 'approving the advice given'.

39.3.10 - 39.3.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς Ἀκαρνανίαν</w>:</emph> on their way for shipment to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀχαιοῦ . . . Ἀράτου . . . Φιλοποίμενος</w>:</emph> the eponymous ancestor and the two great statesmen. Achaeus was traditionally the son of Xuthus and Creousa, the daughter of Erechtheus (Strabo, viii. 7. 1, C. 383; Paus. vii. 1. 2; Apollod. i. 7. 3); cf. Toepffer, RE, 'Achaios (1)', col. 205.

39.3.11 - 39.3.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔστησεν αὐτοῦ λιθίνην εἰκόνα</w>:</emph> for other honours paid now and later to P. see Vol. I, p. 5 n. 8. It is not clear whom P. means by <w lang="el-GR">τὸ πλῆθος</w> here. Von Scala, 8 n. 2, speaks of 'seinem von der Bundesversammlung aufgestellten Standbilde'; if that is so, the resolution to erect such a statue will have been taken after the restoration of the Achaean League (Paus. vii. 16. 10; Insch. Olymp. 328; Accame, Dominio, 147–8). This, according to Pausanias, loc. cit., occurred <w lang="el-GR">ἔτεσι . . . οὐ πολλοῖς</w> after its dissolution; Schwertfeger, 23–26, attributes it to the Ten Commissioners (but cf. 5. 2 n.).

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