Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 32 - Chapter 15

<head lang="la">II. Prusiae Bellum Cum Attalo</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fas">Προυσίας</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="nikh%3Dsai">νικῆσαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fattalon">Ἄτταλον</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="parelqei%3Dn">παρελθεῖν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Ape%2Frgamon">Πέργαμον</w> <w lemma="paraskeuasa%2Fmenos">παρασκευασάμενος</w> <w lemma="qusi%2Fan">θυσίαν</w> <w lemma="polutelh%3D">πολυτελῆ</w> <w lemma="prosh%2Fgage">προσήγαγε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fmenos">τέμενος</w> <w lemma="t%2A%29asklhpiou%3D">τἈσκληπιοῦ</w>,

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="bouquth%2Fsas">βουθυτήσας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kallierh%2Fsas">καλλιερήσας</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqen">ἐπανῆλθεν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parembolh%2Fn">παρεμβολήν</w>,

<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29piou%3Dsan">ἐπιοῦσαν</w> <w lemma="katasth%2Fsas">καταστήσας</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Anikhfo%2Frion">Νικηφόριον</w> <w lemma="tou%2Fs">τούς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="new%5Cs">νεὼς</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpantas">ἅπαντας</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeire">διέφθειρε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="teme%2Fnh">τεμένη</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="qew%3Dn">θεῶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29su%2Flhse">ἐσύλησε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29ndria%2Fntas">ἀνδριάντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fqina">λίθινα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29galma%2Ftwn">ἀγαλμάτων</w>.

<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="teleutai%3Don">τελευταῖον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="t%2A%29asklhpiou%3D">τἈσκληπιοῦ</w> <w lemma="basta%2Fsas">βαστάσας</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgalma">ἄγαλμα</w>, <w lemma="perittw%3Ds">περιττῶς</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Afuroma%2Fxou">Φυρομάχου</w> <w lemma="kateskeuasme%2Fnon">κατεσκευασμένον</w>,

<w lemma="a%29ph%2Fnegken">ἀπήνεγκεν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="au%28to%2Fn">αὑτόν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fra%7C">ἡμέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="kataspe%2Fndwn">κατασπένδων</w> <w lemma="e%29bouqu%2Ftei">ἐβουθύτει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kathu%2Fxeto">κατηύχετο</w>, <w lemma="deo%2Fmenos">δεόμενος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fper">ὅπερ</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fs">εἰκός</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Flewn">ἵλεων</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="eu%29menh%3D">εὐμενῆ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w>.

<w lemma="e%29gw%5C">ἐγὼ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Ftas">τοιαύτας</w> <w lemma="diaqe%2Fseis">διαθέσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Frhka%2F">εἴρηκά</w> <w lemma="pou">που</w>, <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="poiou%2Fmenos">ποιούμενος</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w>, <w lemma="manika%2Fs">μανικάς</w>.

<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="qu%2Fein">θύειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="e%29cila%2Fskesqai">ἐξιλάσκεσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="qei%3Don">θεῖον</w>, <w lemma="proskunou%3Dnta">προσκυνοῦντα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="liparou%3Dnta">λιπαροῦντα</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="trape%2Fzas">τραπέζας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="bwmou%5Cs">βωμοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ca%2Fllws">ἐξάλλως</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fper">ὅπερ</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fas">Προυσίας</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fqisto">εἴθιστο</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="gonupetw%3Dn">γονυπετῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gunaikizo%2Fmenos">γυναικιζόμενος</w>,

<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="lumai%2Fnesqai">λυμαίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="katafqora%3Ds">καταφθορᾶς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="qei%3Don">θεῖον</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fbrin">ὕβριν</w> <w lemma="diati%2Fqesqai">διατίθεσθαι</w>, <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fpoi">εἴποι</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="qumou%3D">θυμοῦ</w> <w lemma="luttw%3Dntos">λυττῶντος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frga">ἔργα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="yuxh%3Ds">ψυχῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29cesthkui%2Fas">ἐξεστηκυίας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="logismw%3Dn">λογισμῶν</w>;

<w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fan">Προυσίαν</w>. <w lemma="a%29ndro%5Cs">ἀνδρὸς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgon">ἔργον</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29pitelesa%2Fmenos">ἐπιτελεσάμενος</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="prosbola%2Fs">προσβολάς</w>, <w lemma="a%29gennw%3Ds">ἀγεννῶς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gunaikoqu%2Fmws">γυναικοθύμως</w> <w lemma="xeiri%2Fsas">χειρίσας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="qeou%5Cs">θεοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpous">ἀνθρώπους</w> <w lemma="meth%2Fgage">μετήγαγε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="stra%2Fteuma">στράτευμα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29elai%2Fan:">Ἐλαίαν·</w>

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katapeira%2Fsas">καταπειράσας</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29elai%2Fas">Ἐλαίας</w> <w lemma="kai%2F">καί</w> <w lemma="tinas">τινας</w> <w lemma="prosbola%5Cs">προσβολὰς</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenos">ποιησάμενος</w>, <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttein">πράττειν</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmenos">δυνάμενος</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Asw%2Fsandron">Σώσανδρον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="su%2Fntrofon">σύντροφον</w> <w lemma="ei%29selhluqo%2Fta">εἰσεληλυθότα</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="stratiwtw%3Dn">στρατιωτῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Frgein">εἴργειν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibola%2Fs">ἐπιβολάς</w>, <w lemma="a%29ph%3Dren">ἀπῆρεν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aquatei%2Frwn">Θυατείρων</w>.

<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fnodon">ἐπάνοδον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arte%2Fmidos">Ἀρτέμιδος</w> <w lemma="i%28ero%5Cn">ἱερὸν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28iera%3D%7C">Ἱερᾷ</w> <w lemma="kw%2Fmh%7C">κώμῃ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fas">βίας</w> <w lemma="e%29su%2Flhsen">ἐσύλησεν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Akunnei%2Fou">Κυννείου</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apo%2Fllwnos">Ἀπόλλωνος</w> <w lemma="te%2Fmenos">τέμενος</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ath%3Dmnon">Τῆμνον</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="e%29su%2Flhsen">ἐσύλησεν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="puri%5C">πυρὶ</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeiren">διέφθειρεν</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="diapraca%2Fmenos">διαπραξάμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqen">ἐπανῆλθεν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fan">οἰκείαν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpois">ἀνθρώποις</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="qeoi%3Ds">θεοῖς</w> <w lemma="pepolemhkw%2Fs">πεπολεμηκώς</w>.

<w lemma="e%29talaipw%2Frhse">ἐταλαιπώρησε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="peziko%5Cn">πεζικὸν</w> <w lemma="stra%2Fteuma">στράτευμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fa%7C">Προυσίᾳ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fnodon">ἐπάνοδον</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2F">ὑπό</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="limou%3D">λιμοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="dusenteri%2Fas">δυσεντερίας</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fdas">πόδας</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="qeope%2Fmptou">θεοπέμπτου</w> <w lemma="dokei%3Dn">δοκεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29phnth%3Dsqai">ἀπηντῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dnin">μῆνιν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>*. —

<head>VIII. The War of Prusias with Attalus</head>Prusias on approaching Pergamus after his victory over Attalus prepared a magnificent sacrifice which he brought to the temple of Asclepius,

and having offered the oxen and obtained favourable omens, returned on that day to his camp;

but on the next day directing his army to the Nicephorium, he destroyed all the temples and sacred precincts of the gods, and carried off the bronze and marble statues;

finally removing and carrying off for himself the statue of Asclepius, an admirable work of art by Phyromachus,

that very Asclepius to whom on the previous day he had offered libations, sacrifices and prayers, supplicating him of course to be in every way merciful and gracious to him.

On a previous occasion, in speaking of Philip, I have described such conduct as that of a madman.

For at one and the same time to sacrifice and thus to sue for the favour of the god, worshipping and adoring most devoutly his tables and altars, as Prusias used to do with genuflexions and womanish mummery, and then to spoil these very objects and by their destruction to inflict an outrage on the divinity, cannot be otherwise described than as the act of a man frenzied by passion and with his mind unhinged —

as was actually the case with Prusias then. For after doing nothing worthy of a man in his attacks on the town, but behaving in a cowardly and womanish manner both to gods and men, he marched his army back to Elaea.

After making an attempt on Elaea and delivering a few assaults, which were quite ineffectual, as Sosander the king's foster-brother had entered the town with some troops and frustrated his attempts, he withdrew to Thyateira,

attacking and despoiling on his retreat the temple of Artemis at Hiera Come.

Similarly he not only despoiled, but burnt to the ground the sanctuary of Apollo Cynneius near Temnus, and after those exploits returned to his own country, having waged war not only on men but on gods.

His infantry also suffered much on the retreat from hunger and dysentery, so that it seemed that the vengeance of heaven visited him instantly for these misdeeds.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

32.15.1 - 32.16.5

The war between Prusias II and Attalus II Of these two chapters, 15. 1–14 is from exc. de uirt. et uit. (with some quotations from Suidas), and 16. 1–5 from exc. de legat. gent. Habicht, Hermes, 1956, 101–10, has shown convincingly that 16. 1–5 stands correctly in res Asiae of Ol. 155, 4 = 157/6, but that 15. 1–14 belongs to the next book, immediately following xxxiii. 3. 1–2, where it forms the first extract in res Asiae of Ol. 156, 1 = 156/5; see p. 39.

32.15.1 - 32.15.14

Prusias marches on Pergamum and ravages the Nicephorium and other sanctuaries (155) See above for the placing of this passage after xxxiii. 3. 1–2. For the beginnings of the war between Prusias II and Attalus II see 16. 1–5 n.; and for the events of this chapter cf. Diod. xxxi. 35 and App. Mith. 3. A verse epigram in honour of a Bithynian named Menas, who perished in a battle near Corupedium (Peek, GVI, 613), may refer to this campaign. See B. Bar-Kochva, Scripta classica Israelica, 1974, 14–28.

32.15.5 - 32.15.5

the antecedent is, a little awkwardly, <w lang="el-GR">τἈσκληπιοῦ</w>.

32.15.1 - 32.15.14

describing Prusias' march on Pergamum, should stand here in the res Asiae of Ol. 156, 1 = 156/5; see ad loc.

Specifics

32.15.1 - 32.15.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Προυσίας . . . πρὸς τὸ Πέργαμον</w>:</emph> the excerptor's words, as Bttner-Wobst indicates; cf. Habicht, Hermes, 1956, 108 nn. 2–3. According to App. Mith. 3, which follows P., the attack on the Nicephorium was preceded, not by a victory over Attalus, but by <milestone unit="page" n="536">[536]</milestone> a treacherous attempt to overwhelm him by an attack during a conference organized by the Roman legati (cf. xxiii. 1), and this had forced Attalus to seek refuge in Pergamum; cf. Diod. xxxi. 35, <w lang="el-GR">ἀποτυχὼν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς τῆς περὶ τὸν Ἄτταλον</w>. Hence P.'s words look like an excerptor's errorthough Habicht, Hermes, 1956, 108 n. 4, envisages the possibility that Prusias won a victory before the Roman commission arrived (he thinks it unlikely however). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ τέμενος τἈσκληπιοῦ</w>:</emph> Aelius Aristides, xlii. 303. 10–15 (ed. Dindorf i. 772), describes this sanctuary as <w lang="el-GR">τὸ τελευταῖον τμῆμα τῆς πόλεως</w>; it lay outside the walls of Pergamum above the north bank of a gully running down into the plain of the Caicus, rather more than a mile beyond the south gate, and half a mile south-west of the Roman theatre. Founded in the fourth century B.C., it was much enlarged in the second century A.D., when it was the centre of activity for Galen; it was dedicated <w lang="el-GR">Ἀσκληπιῶι Σωτῆρι καὶ Ὑγιείαι</w>. On the precinct, where excavations have been going on since 1928, see O. Deubner, Das Asklepieion von <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a> (Berlin, 1938); W. Zschietzschmann, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a> (3)', cols. 1260–2; Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 280–2; Alt. v. Perg. vol. 11, Das Asklepieion, ed. E. Boehringer, of which one fascicule (Das sdliche Temenosbezirk in hellenistischer und frhrömischer Zeit, by O. Ziegenhaus and G. de Luca) appeared in 1968; O. Ziegenhaus and G. de Luca, AA, 1970, 176–201. On the cult of Asclepios at Pergamum see Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 443–4.

32.15.3 - 32.15.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ τὸ Νικηφόριον</w>:</emph> on this sanctuary see xvi. 1. 6 n.; cf. Diod. xxxi. 35; App. Mith. 3. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τούς τε νεὼς . . . καὶ τὰ τεμένη τῶν θεῶν</w>:</emph> cf. Diod. xxxi. 35, <w lang="el-GR">τὰ ἱερὰ πάντ᾽ ἐσύλα</w>. It is clear from xvi. 1. 6 that the Nicephorium included several temples, <w lang="el-GR">πολλοὺς καὶ πολυτελεῖς ὑπάρχοντας</w>, and the complex contained several <w lang="el-GR">τεμένη</w>; cf. also App. Mith. 3, <w lang="el-GR">τοὺς ἐν αὐτῷ νεὼς ἐνεπί?μπρη</w>. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τούς ἀνδριάντας καὶ τὰ λίθινα τῶν ἀγαλμάτων</w>:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">ἀνδριάντες</w> will be bronze; P. writes <w lang="el-GR">τὰ λίθινα τῶν ἀγαλμάτων</w> to avoid the hiatus of <w lang="el-GR">τὰ λίθινα ἀγάλματα</w>. There seems to have been a change from bronze sculpture in the third century to marble in the second, but this was only a trend and bronze work continued to be produced.

32.15.4 - 32.15.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ τἈσκληπιοῦ . . . ἄγαλμα . . . ὑπὸ Φυρομάχου κατεσκευασμένον</w>:</emph> cf. Diod. xxxi. 35. Phyromachus, like his fellow Athenian, the sculptor Niceratus, was active in third-century Pergamum; Pliny, Nat. hist. xxxiv. 51, assigns him to Ol. 121 = 296/2, and elsewhere (Nat. hist. xxxiv. 84) records that 'plures artifices fecere Attali et Eumenis aduersus Gallos proelia, Isogonus (Epigonus, Michaelis), Pyromachus (sic), Stratonicus, Antigonus.' (Which Attalus and Eumenes are meant is uncertain, but probability favours Attalus I and Eumenes II; cf. Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 302 n. 23.) The form of Phyromachus' statue has been much debated. Both seated and standing versions <milestone unit="page" n="537">[537]</milestone> of Asclepios appear on Pergamene coins, but Phyromachus probably kept close to the Athenian standing draped figure, with right hand resting on a serpent-entwined staff (cf. O. Deubner, Das Asklepieion von <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a> (Berlin, 1938), 8; Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 301 with n. 15, for the controversy). See further Lippold, RE, 'Phyromachos (2)', col. 1033, listing his works.

32.15.6 - 32.15.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρότερον εἴρηκά που . . . μανικάς</w>:</emph> cf. v. 9. 1–12. 8 for P.'s discussion and condemnation of Philip's behaviour at Thermum. But Philip had also sacked the Nicephorium (xvi. 1. 2–6), and this must be in P.'s mind here. Against Holleaux's view that Philip's attack on the Nicephorium is also referred to in xvi. 10. 1 (tudes, iv. 216 n. 2) see Vol. II, p. 499.

32.15.7 - 32.15.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">γονυπετῶν καὶ γυναικιζόμενος</w>:</emph> P. is impatient of excessive religiosity (and of Prusias: cf. xxx. 18. 5 for his servility and <w lang="el-GR">γυναικισμός</w> towards the Senate). The alliteration conveys contempt.

32.15.8 - 32.15.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ψυχῆς ἐξεστηκυίας τῶν λογισμῶν</w>:</emph> madness made him behave in a way directly opposite to that which would achieve his object; cf. xv. 24. 6 for Philip's behaviour at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thasos&groupId=1020&placeId=1794">Thasos</a>.

32.15.9 - 32.15.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὰς προσβολάς</w>:</emph> 'in his assaults', i.e. on the temples; there is no evidence that he attacked Pergamum (so Paton and Schweighaeuser). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς Ἐλαίαν</w>:</emph> on its position see xxi. 10. 2 n. Prusias' march was south-west along the Caicus, and mainly on its left bank.

32.15.10 - 32.15.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Σώσανδρον τὸν . . . σύντροφον</w>:</emph> for <w lang="el-GR">σύντροφος</w> see v. 9. 4 n. Sosander is known from several inscriptions. A letter of Attalus II to the priest Attis of Pessinus (cf. xxi. 37. 5 n.), dated c. 155, mentions him among <w lang="el-GR">τῶν ἀναγκαίων</w>, i.e. a member of the royal council (Welles, no. 61 = OGIS, 315, vi, l. 4). His death is mentioned in a letter of 142 from Attalus II to his cousin Athenaeus, mentioning his tenure of the priesthood of Dionysus Kathegemon (since the reign of Eumenes II), and his replacement by his son Athenaeus; and in 135 Attalus III commends this son Athenaeus to the council and people of Cyzicus (Welles, nos. 65–66 = OGIS, 331 ii and iii) in a letter which enables the following genealogy to be constructed: <figure> <graphic url="32001.gif" scale="100%" /> </figure> <milestone unit="page" n="538">[538]</milestone> See Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 45 n. 93, following C. Radinger, Festschrift fr C. Wachsmuth (Leipzig, 1897), 126. On the priesthood of Dionysus Kathegemon see Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 452. Cf. Corradi, 272–3. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ Θυατείρων</w>:</emph> his route emerges from references to temples and sites plundered, viz. the temple of Artemis at Hiera Come (§ 11), the sanctuary of Apollo Cynneius near Temnus (§ 12), and the territory of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Methymna&groupId=766&placeId=1388">Methymna</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aegae&groupId=285&placeId=560">Aegae</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cyme&groupId=510&placeId=960">Cyme</a>, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> (xxxiii. 13. 8). Evidently Prusias marched south from Elaea, keeping west of the Gnda massif, and following the modern route from Pergamum to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Smyrna&groupId=981&placeId=1733">Smyrna</a> (Bergama to zmir); en route he ravaged the land of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aegae&groupId=285&placeId=560">Aegae</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cyme&groupId=510&placeId=960">Cyme</a> (cf. v. 77. 4 n.). Turning east up the Hermus valley to the foot of Temnus (cf. § 12 n.), he crossed the Hyrcanian plain to Thyateira, and thence continued via Stratoniceia on the Caicus and central <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mysia&groupId=782&placeId=1417">Mysia</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Bithynia&groupId=402&placeId=748">Bithynia</a>. See L. Robert, t. anat. 111–17; Magie, ii. 1197 n. 42; above, Vol. I, sketch-map on p. 602. This seems his likely route, whether or no the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> ravaged is the small and insignificant place near Temnus (cf. xxxiii. 13. 8 n.) or <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> Pontica (attacked perhaps by Prusias' fleet).

32.15.11 - 32.15.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ . . . τὴν ἐπάνοδον</w>:</emph> on his journey back from Elaea to Thyateira (Robert, t. anat. 114). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν τῆς ἐν Ἱερᾷ κώμῃ</w>:</emph> on the site and temple of Anahta, the Persian Artemis, see xvi. 1. 8 n. The inviolability of the sanctuary was recognized by the Pergamene kings; cf. Welles, no. 68 = OGIS, 333 (a letter of Attalus III; this may imply an earlier grant from the Seleucids). On the cult see Paus. v. 27. 5; first century B.C. coins show the goddess (B.M.C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lydia&groupId=718&placeId=1318">Lydia</a>, 102 no. 1). See Magie, ii. 1019 n. 65.

32.15.12 - 32.15.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ τοῦ Κυννείου Ἀπόλλωνος τέμενος τὸ περὶ Τῆμνον</w>:</emph> on Temnus see v. 77. 4 n., and, for its relations with Pergamum, Welles no. 48, recording Eumenes II's subsidies to the town. An inscription (Robert, t. anat. 90–110) records a Temnian decree replying to one of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Smyrna&groupId=981&placeId=1733">Smyrna</a>, which shows that the sanctuary of Apollo was outside the city; a coin of Temnus portrays a laureate Apollo (cf. Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 483; B.M.C. Troas, 143, pl. xxix. 1).

32.15.13 - 32.15.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῖς ἀνθρώποις . . . καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς πεπολεμηκώς</w>:</emph> cf. iv. 62. 3 n.

32.15.14 - 32.15.14

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐταλαιπώρησε . . . τὸ πεζικὸν στράτευμα</w>:</emph> cf. Diod. xxxi. 35 (following P.); evidently P. next related a similar disaster to Prusias' fleet: <w lang="el-GR">τοῦ γὰρ στόλου χειμῶνι παραλόγῳ περιπεσόντος ἐν τῇ Προποντίδι συνέβη τῶν νηῶν πολλὰς μὲν αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ὑπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης? καταποθῆναι, τινὰς δὲ πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἐκπεσόντας ναυαγῆσαι</w>. (For quick storms in the Propontis see Wiegand, AM, 1904, 293–4, and other works quoted by Robert, t. anat. 111 n. 2.) For the possibility that the fleet had attacked <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Methymna&groupId=766&placeId=1388">Methymna</a> (and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a>?) cf. xxxiii. 13. 8 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ θεοπέμπτου . . . μῆνιν</w>:</emph> according to Diod. xxxi. 35, dysentery among his troops <w lang="el-GR">(οἱ πλεῖστοι . . . διεφθάρησαν)</w> and the disaster to his <milestone unit="page" n="539">[539]</milestone> fleet constituted <w lang="el-GR">τὰς πρώτας ἀμοιβὰς τῆς εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἀσεβείας</w>. This reflects P. in general, though he is less committed to the doctrine of divine vengeance, saying merely <w lang="el-GR">δοκεῖν ἀπηντῆσθαι</w>, just as in xxxi. 9. 4 Antiochus' madness exemplified divine vengeance<w lang="el-GR">ὡς ἔνιοί φασιν</w> (see Vol. I, p. 21, for other examples of retributive Fortune; Walbank, Polybius, 65). For later proof of divine retribution on Prusias see Diod. xxxii. 21 (Polybian) and App. Mith. 7, where Prusias appropriately perishes at the hands of assassins sent by his son in the temple of Zeus at Nicomedeia (cf. Habicht, Hermes, 1956, 104 n. 1). On the present passage see lvarez de Miranda, Emerita, 1956, 58–59, who rightly stresses the inconsistencies in P.'s religious attitudes.

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