Polybius, Histories
Layout
Translation

Bibliography

(0)
No bibliography content available

Archaeology

Places

Book 25 - Chapter 3

1
<head lang="la">B. Olymp. 150, 2. Res Macedoniae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Aperseu%5Cs">Περσεὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29nanewsa%2Fmenos">ἀνανεωσάμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="fili%2Fan">φιλίαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="e%28llhnokopei%3Dn">ἑλληνοκοπεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29peba%2Fleto">ἐπεβάλετο</w>, <w lemma="katakalw%3Dn">κατακαλῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fan">Μακεδονίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="xre%2Fa">χρέα</w> <w lemma="feu%2Fgontas">φεύγοντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="katadi%2Fkas">καταδίκας</w> <w lemma="e%29kpeptwko%2Ftas">ἐκπεπτωκότας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="basilikoi%3Ds">βασιλικοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29gklh%2Fmasi">ἐγκλήμασι</w> <w lemma="parakexwrhko%2Ftas">παρακεχωρηκότας</w>.
2
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="e%29ceti%2Fqei">ἐξετίθει</w> <w lemma="prografa%5Cs">προγραφὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fs">εἴς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Adh%3Dlon">Δῆλον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adelfou%5Cs">Δελφοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itwni%2Fas">Ἰτωνίας</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqhna%3Ds">Ἀθηνᾶς</w> <w lemma="i%28ero%2Fn">ἱερόν</w>, <w lemma="didou%5Cs">διδοὺς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfa%2Fleian">ἀσφάλειαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kataporeuome%2Fnois">καταπορευομένοις</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28parxo%2Fntwn">ὑπαρχόντων</w> <w lemma="komidh%2Fn">κομιδήν</w>, <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkastos">ἕκαστος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffuge">ἔφυγε</w>.
3
<w lemma="pare%2Fluse">παρέλυσε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3D%7C">αὐτῇ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fa%7C">Μακεδονίᾳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="basilikw%3Dn">βασιλικῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29feilhma%2Ftwn">ὀφειλημάτων</w>, <w lemma="a%29fh%3Dke">ἀφῆκε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="fulakai%3Ds">φυλακαῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29gkekleisme%2Fnous">ἐγκεκλεισμένους</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="basilikai%3Ds">βασιλικαῖς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fais">αἰτίαις</w>.
4
<w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsas">ποιήσας</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29metew%2Frise">ἐμετεώρισε</w>, <w lemma="dokw%3Dn">δοκῶν</w> <w lemma="kala%5Cs">καλὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="u%28podeiknu%2Fnai">ὑποδεικνύναι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhsin">Ἕλλησιν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w>.
5
<w lemma="e%29pe%2Ffaine">ἐπέφαινε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="loipw%3D%7C">λοιπῷ</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fw%7C">βίῳ</w> <w lemma="prostasi%2Fan">προστασίαν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fas">βασιλείας</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fwma">ἀξίωμα</w>.
6
<w lemma="kata%2F">κατά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pifa%2Fneian">ἐπιφάνειαν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="i%28kano%5Cs">ἱκανὸς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsan">πᾶσαν</w> <w lemma="swmatikh%5Cn">σωματικὴν</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="diatei%2Fnousan">διατείνουσαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="pragmatiko%5Cn">πραγματικὸν</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fqetos">εὔθετος</w>, <w lemma="kata%2F">κατά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Ffasin">ἐπίφασιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxen">εἶχεν</w> <w lemma="e%29pisku%2Fnion">ἐπισκύνιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcin">τάξιν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29noi%2Fkeion">ἀνοίκειον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fas">ἡλικίας</w>.
7
<w lemma="e%29pefeu%2Fgei">ἐπεφεύγει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="patrikh%5Cn">πατρικὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29se%2Flgeian">ἀσέλγειαν</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="gunai%3Dkas">γυναῖκας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="po%2Ftous">πότους</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="me%2Ftrion">μέτριον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpine">ἔπινε</w> <w lemma="deipnw%3Dn">δειπνῶν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="suno%2Fntes">συνόντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="fi%2Floi">φίλοι</w>.
8
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prooi%2Fmia">προοίμια</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aperse%2Fws">Περσέως</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fthn">τοιαύτην</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fqesin">διάθεσιν</w>. — <w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="basileu%2Fs">βασιλεύς</w>,
9
<w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="hu%29ch%2Fqh">ηὐξήθη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flabe">ἔλαβε</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29pisto%2Ftatos">ἀπιστότατος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paranomw%2Ftatos">παρανομώτατος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxhs">τύχης</w> <w lemma="a%29nte%2Fpneuse">ἀντέπνευσε</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="metriw%2Ftatos">μετριώτατος</w>.
10
<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fptaise">ἔπταισε</w>, <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w> <w lemma="a%28rmozo%2Fmenos">ἁρμοζόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29peira%3Dto">ἐπειρᾶτο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="swmatopoiei%3Dn">σωματοποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fan">βασιλείαν</w>.
<head>II. Affairs of Macedonia</head><head>Opening of the Reign of Perseus (Cp. Suid.)</head>Perseus, immediately after renewing his alliance with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, began to aim at popularity in Greece, calling back to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> fugitive debtors and those who had been banished from the country either by sentence of the courts or for offences against the king.
He posted up lists of these men at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delos&groupId=533&placeId=1004">Delos</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>, and the temple of Itonian Athena,<note place="end" resp="tr" id="note1">A celebrated sanctuary in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a>.</note>not only promising safety to such as returned, but the recovery of the property they had left behind them.
In <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> itself he relieved all who were in debt to the crown, and released those who had been imprisoned for offences against the crown.
By this action he aroused the expectation of many, as it seemed to show that for the whole of Greece much was to be hoped from him.
He also showed in the rest of his behaviour true royal dignity.
For in personal appearance he looked capable, and was expert in all kinds of bodily exercise which are of real service. In his demeanour too he had a gravity and composure not unsuited to his years.
He also had kept clear of his father's incontinence in the matter of women and drink, and not only was he himself moderate in his potations at table, but so were the friends who dined with him.
Such was the character of the reign of Perseus at its opening.
At the time when King Philip grew great and was powerful in Greece, no one had less regard for good faith and law, but when the wind of his good fortune veered, he was the most moderate of men.
When finally he entirely came to grief, he attempted to adapt himself to all contingencies and by every means to build up his kingdom again.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
25.3.1 - 25.3.10
<p rend="Plain Text">The opening of Perseus' reign: his character (179/8)</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> This passage, consisting of two excerpts from de uirt. et uit., with two quotations from Suidas and a passage from Athenaeus (x. 445 D) the second excerpt deals with Philip (§§ 9–10)belongs to res Macedoniae of Ol. 150, 2 = 179/8 (see p. 21). The last previous fragment on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> was xxiv. 4; see there for the Polybian account in Livy of events down to Demetrius' execution in 180. Philip's last year, from winter 180/79, which he passed at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Demetrias&groupId=536&placeId=1006">Demetrias</a>, to his death in summer 179, is described in Livy, xl. 54. 1–58. 9, which draws on P.'s res Macedoniae of Ol. 150, 1 = 180/79, of which no fragments survive. Livy recounts the success of Antigonus, the son of Echecrates (known from SEG, xiii. 393), in persuading Philip that Demetrius <milestone unit="page" n="274">[274]</milestone> had been the victim of a plot, Philocles' arrest and Apelles' flight to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, and shortly afterwards Philip's death at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Amphipolis&groupId=320&placeId=623">Amphipolis</a>, Perseus' peaceful accession and his execution of Antigonus. Philip had been busy with plans for the Bastarnians to attack and occupy the land of the Dardanians; these broke down upon his death, and the expedition split up into a series of futile actions, in the course of which many of the Bastarnians eventually perished; cf. 6. 2 n.; Walbank, Philip, 252–4; Meloni, Perseo, 55–60. </p>
Specifics
25.3.1 - 25.3.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀνανεωσάμενος τὴν φιλίαν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xl. 58. 9, 'dum firmaret res, legatos Romam ad amicitiam paternam renouandam, petendumque ut rex ab senatu appellaretur misit', xli. 24. 6, xlv. 9. 3; Diod. xxix. 30, <w lang="el-GR">φιλίαν</w>; App. Mac. 11. 5, <w lang="el-GR">τὰς συνθήκας</w>; Zon. ix. 22. 2. On the significance of <w lang="el-GR">ἀνανεώσασθαι</w> see Daux, 304 n. 2 (quoted in xxii. 3. 5 n.). The unanimity of P., Livy, and Diodorus that what Perseus renewed was amicitia rather than a foedus is significant. There is clear evidence in Polybian parts of Livy that Perseus and Philip before him had a treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (Livy, xli. 19. 6, xlii. 40. 3–6 (the neuter assures the correctness of the restoration foedus), 41. 9–11, 46. 3, 62. 5); but these passages could refer to the foedus made at the end of the Second Macedonian War (see E. Gruen, CSCA, 6, 1973, 123–36); see also the annalistic passages, Livy, xlii. 25. 4, 25. 10, 40. 4, xliv. 16. 5 (cf. App. Mac. 11. 5–6, 11. 8; Syll. 643 l. 12 is restored). It has generally been assumed that following the advice of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus in 196 (xviii. 48. 4 n.) Philip sought and obtained a treaty of alliance; but this is not stated by P. and if the only juridical bond with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> at this time was the peace treaty, this would explain why Perseus should prefer to emphasize <w lang="el-GR">φιλία</w> in seeking recognition. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">A tradition going back ultimately to P. regards Perseus' present action as carried out in bad faith; cf. Meloni, Perseo, 68–73; it must be treated with suspicion. The embassy was evidently sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> in 179, after Perseus had repelled Abrupolis' invasion (xxii. 18. 2 n.). Livy, xli. 24. 6, a Polybian passage in which Archon, speaking in 174, says 'audimus legatos Romanos uenisse ad regem Persea et eos benigne acceptos', has been taken as evidence for a return embassy (sent presumably in 178); but this more probably refers to A. Postumius' embassy of 176 (cf. 6. 5 n.; Bikerman, REG, 1953, 505 n. 5; Meloni, Perseo, 72–73 n. 3 assumes the 178 date). See further, Heuss, Völk. Grund. 26, 50–51; Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 49.</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἑλληνοκοπεῖν</w>:</emph> 'to court the Greeks' (a different sense in xx. 10. 7). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατακαλῶν εἰς τὴν Μακεδονίαν</w>:</emph> this amnesty resotred fugitive debtors and political exiles, and was designed both to heal internal wounds and (rejected by Giovannini, BCH, 1969, 855) to win popularity in Greece. The importance of debt is not clear; it may have <milestone unit="page" n="275">[275]</milestone> been increased by Philip's economic programme, designed to replenish the treasury by bigger taxes on crops and bigger harbour dues, and by mining and issuing new coins (Livy, xxxix. 24. 2; Walbank, Philip, 224 n. 1; Meloni, Perseo, 74–76 with bibliography). Political disaffection had been caused partly through the feud between Perseus and Demetrius; cf. xxiii. 10 nn.; Meloni, Perseo, 76–77. See in general Asheri, 62–64. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς πρὸς καταδίκας ἐκπεπτωκότας</w>:</emph> 'those banished by sentence of the courts'. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς ἐπὶ βασιλικοῖς ἐγκλήμασι παρακεχωρηκότας</w>:</emph> 'those who had gone into exile as a result of charges of high treason'; cf. § 3, <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ βασιλικαῖς αἰτίαις</w>. </p>
25.3.2 - 25.3.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δῆλον καὶ Δελφοὺς καὶ τὸ τῆς Ἰτωνίας Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερόν</w>:</emph> at the international centres. The cult of Athena Itonia spread from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> to several other states including <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> and Amorgos. Its most famous shrine was at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Coronea&groupId=496&placeId=932">Coronea</a> in Boeotia, where the Pamboeotian festival was held (Paus. ix. 34. 1; Adler, RE, 'Itonia', cols. 2374–6; above, iv. 3. 5 n.); but since <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a>, throught its proximity to Macedon, will have harboured many of the exiles, P. is more likely to be referring to the Thessalian temple, which was near Iton, about 10.8 km. from Halus, and between Pherae and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Larissa&groupId=669&placeId=1224">Larissa</a> Cremaste (Paus. i. 13. 2); see Sthlin, Hell. Thess. 175–6; RE, <w lang="el-GR">Ἴτων</w>f, cols. 2371–3; see for recent excavations (by D. Theocharis) A. Liankouras, <w lang="el-GR">Ἀρχ. δελτ</w>. 19, 1964, 244 ff.; Daux, BCH, 1964, 780; 1965, 792; 1967, 703–8; 1968, 870–1; Michaud, BCH, 1970, 1049; Giovannini, BCH, 1969, 855 n. 3. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delos&groupId=533&placeId=1004">Delos</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>: Perseus' move towards the Greeks naturally involved establishing good relations with these two shrines. Syll. 636 (dating to 178) shows Perseus as a member of the Amphictyonic Council with two hieromnemones. Syll. 613, a decree of 184 honouring Nicostratus of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Larissa&groupId=669&placeId=1224">Larissa</a>, which refers to 'autonomous peoples and democratic cities' has generally been taken as evidence that Philip was excluded from the Amphictyony (cf. Daux, 282 f.); Walbank, Philip, 225 f.; Meloni, Perseo, 95; Will, ii. 206 f.); and though Giovannini (Ancient <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 147–54) argues that this inscription is merely asserting the difference in the Council before and after the war with Antiochus, in short that it is anti-Aetolian, not anti-Macedonian, it is hard to believe that a Council at which Philip was present (whether technically entitled to be there or not) could have passed a decree phrased like Syll. 613, still less one like Syll. 630, a decree of 182 honouring Eumenes, who is there contrasted with the kings 'who plot against the Greeks'a clear reference to Philip (Giovannini, op. cit. 153–4 n. 22). See further Walbank, Ancient <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> II, 86–94, discussing Giovannini's views on the origins of the Third Macedonian War. <milestone unit="page" n="276">[276]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν ὑπαρχόντων . . . ἀφ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ὧν ἕκαστος ἔφυγε</w>:</emph> '(the restoration of) the property which each man had at the time he went into exile'; see Schweighaeuser's note, quoting Arr. Anab ii. 1. 4 (Mytilenaean agreement with the Persians), <w lang="el-GR">τοὺς φυγάδας . . . κατιέναι ἐπὶ τοῖς ἡμίσεσι τῶν τότε ὄντων ὅτε ἔφυγον</w>. </p>
25.3.3 - 25.3.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ βασιλικαῖς αἰτίαις</w>:</emph> 'on charges of high treason'; cf. § 1 n. </p>
25.3.5 - 25.3.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ λοιπῷ βίῳ προστασίαν</w>:</emph> 'in the outward appearance of his life generally'; cf. vii. 10. 3 n. on Gorgus (where the phrase <w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν</w> is also used, cf. § 6). </p>
25.3.6 - 25.3.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς πᾶσαν σωματικὴν χρείαν . . . εἰς τὸν πραγματικὸν τρόπον</w>:</emph> not purely athletic exercises; see Plut. Philop. 3–5, on the difference between exercises useful to an athlete and those suited to a soldier. But here the sense is 'likely to be helpful to a man of affairs' (cf. iv. 8. 1). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ? . . . τὴν ἐπίφασιν</w>:</emph> 'in his demeanour' (whereas <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιφάνεια</w> is 'physical appearance'). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπισκύνιον καὶ τάξιν</w>:</emph> 'gravity and composure' (Paton); on this meaning of <w lang="el-GR">ἐπισκύνιον</w>, which is literally the skin above the brows which wrinkles in a frown, see Wunderer, i. 90. </p>
25.3.7 - 25.3.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀσέλγειαν . . . περὶ τὰς γυναῖκας</w>:</emph> cf. x. 26. 2–4. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν περὶ τοὺς πότους</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxvii. 7. 8–12 (190), where Ti. Gracchus finds him in a traditional drinking bout at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pella&groupId=1089&placeId=1913">Pella</a>. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ οὐ μόνον . . . φίλοι</w>:</emph> added from the paraphrase in Athen. x. 445 D. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">On <w lang="el-GR">φίλοι</w> at the Macedonian court cf. iv. 23. 5 n., v. 2. 1 n.</p>
25.3.9 - 25.3.9
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὅτε δὲ . . . τὰ τῆς τύχης ἀντέπνευσε κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. xviii. 33. 7, <w lang="el-GR">εὐλογίστατα δοκεῖ κεχρῆσθαι τοῖς καθ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">αὑτὸν καιροῖς</w> (after Cynoscephalae); cf. xvi. 8. 3–9 for Philip's firmness and vigour after the Roman ultimatum at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Abydus&groupId=268&placeId=523">Abydus</a>. For the 'wind of Fortune' cf. xi. 19. 5. </p>
25.3.10 - 25.3.10
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπειρᾶτο . . . σωματοποιεῖν τὴν . . . βασιλείαν</w>:</emph> on the measures he adopted after Cynoscephalae and again after the war between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and Antiochus see Walbank, Philip, 223–57. </p>

Commentary