Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 25 - Chapter 2

<head lang="la">II. Res Asiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhs">Φαρνάκης</w>, <w lemma="e%29capinai%2Fou">ἐξαπιναίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="barei%2Fas">βαρείας</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29fo%2Fdou">ἐφόδου</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Ftoimos">ἕτοιμος</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proteino%2Fmenon:">προτεινόμενον·</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteile">ἐξαπέστειλε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqhn">Ἀριαράθην</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqhn">Ἀριαράθην</w> <w lemma="prosdecame%2Fnwn">προσδεξαμένων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraxrh%3Dma">παραχρῆμα</w> <w lemma="sunecaposteila%2Fntwn">συνεξαποστειλάντων</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhn">Φαρνάκην</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="pleona%2Fkis">πλεονάκις</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frwn">ἑκατέρων</w>, <w lemma="e%29kurw%2Fqhsan">ἐκυρώθησαν</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="dialu%2Fseis">διαλύσεις</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois:">τούτοις·</w>

<w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fnhn">εἰρήνην</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnei">Εὐμένει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fa%7C">Προυσίᾳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqh%7C">Ἀριαράθῃ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhn">Φαρνάκην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amiqrida%2Fthn">Μιθριδάτην</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w>.

<w lemma="%2Agalati%2Fas">Γαλατίας</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="e%29pibai%2Fnein">ἐπιβαίνειν</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhn">Φαρνάκην</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="mhde%2Fna">μηδένα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w>. <w lemma="o%28%2Fsai">ὅσαι</w> <w lemma="gego%2Fnasin">γεγόνασιν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="sunqh%3Dkai">συνθῆκαι</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkh%7C">Φαρνάκῃ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftas">Γαλάτας</w>, <w lemma="a%29ku%2Frous">ἀκύρους</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="%2Apaflagoni%2Fas">Παφλαγονίας</w> <w lemma="e%29kxwrei%3Dn">ἐκχωρεῖν</w>, <w lemma="a%29pokatasth%2Fsanta">ἀποκαταστήσαντα</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="oi%29kh%2Ftoras">οἰκήτορας</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29cagho%2Fxei">ἐξαγηόχει</w>, <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fpla">ὅπλα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="be%2Flh">βέλη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllas">ἄλλας</w> <w lemma="paraskeua%2Fs">παρασκευάς</w>.

<w lemma="a%29podou%3Dnai">ἀποδοῦναι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqh%7C">Ἀριαράθῃ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="xwri%2Fwn">χωρίων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fsa">ὅσα</w> <w lemma="parh%2F%7Crhto">παρῄρητο</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prou+parxou%2Fshs">προϋπαρχούσης</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3Ds">κατασκευῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%28mh%2Frous">ὁμήρους</w>.

<w lemma="a%29podou%3Dnai">ἀποδοῦναι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fon">Τίον</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fnton">Πόντον</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cn">ὃν</w> <w lemma="meta%2F">μετά</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnhs">Εὐμένης</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdwke">ἔδωκε</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fa%7C">Προυσίᾳ</w> <w lemma="peisqei%5Cs">πεισθεὶς</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhs">μεγάλης</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fritos">χάριτος</w>.

<w lemma="e%29gra%2Ffh">ἐγράφη</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ai%29xmalw%2Ftous">αἰχμαλώτους</w> <w lemma="a%29pokatasth%3Dsai">ἀποκαταστῆσαι</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhn">Φαρνάκην</w> <w lemma="xwri%5Cs">χωρὶς</w> <w lemma="lu%2Ftrwn">λύτρων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tomo%2Flous">αὐτομόλους</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpantas:">ἅπαντας·</w>

<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ga%2Fzhs">γάζης</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3Ds">ἧς</w> <w lemma="a%29ph%2Fnegke">ἀπήνεγκε</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Amorzi%2Fou">Μορζίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqou">Ἀριαράθου</w>, <w lemma="a%29podou%3Dnai">ἀποδοῦναι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="basileu%3Dsin">βασιλεῦσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29nako%2Fsia">ἐνακόσια</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanta">τάλαντα</w>,

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="triako%2Fsia">τριακόσια</w> <w lemma="prosqei%3Dnai">προσθεῖναι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="dapa%2Fnhs">δαπάνης</w>.

<w lemma="e%29pegra%2Ffh">ἐπεγράφη</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amiqrida%2Fth%7C">Μιθριδάτῃ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29armeni%2Fas">Ἀρμενίας</w> <w lemma="satra%2Fph%7C">σατράπῃ</w> <w lemma="triako%2Fsia">τριακόσια</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanta">τάλαντα</w>, <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="paraba%5Cs">παραβὰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w> <w lemma="e%29pole%2Fmhsen">ἐπολέμησεν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqh%7C">Ἀριαράθῃ</w>.

<w lemma="perielh%2Ffqhsan">περιελήφθησαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkais">συνθήκαις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w> <w lemma="dunastw%3Dn">δυναστῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29artaci%2Fas">Ἀρταξίας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fsths">πλείστης</w> <w lemma="%2A%29armeni%2Fas">Ἀρμενίας</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frxwn">ἄρχων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29akousi%2Floxos">Ἀκουσίλοχος</w>,

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphn">Εὐρώπην</w> <w lemma="%2Aga%2Ftalos">Γάταλος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Asarma%2Fths">Σαρμάτης</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tonomoume%2Fnwn">αὐτονομουμένων</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklew%3Dtai">Ἡρακλεῶται</w>, <w lemma="%2Ameshmbrianoi%2F">Μεσημβριανοί</w>, <w lemma="%2Axerronhsi%3Dtai">Χερρονησῖται</w>, <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="%2Akuzikhnoi%2F">Κυζικηνοί</w>.

<w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28mh%2Frwn">ὁμήρων</w> <w lemma="teleutai%3Don">τελευταῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29gra%2Ffh">ἐγράφη</w> <w lemma="po%2Fsous">πόσους</w> <w lemma="deh%2Fsei">δεήσει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fnas">τίνας</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dnai">δοῦναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhn:">Φαρνάκην·</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paragenhqe%2Fntwn">παραγενηθέντων</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29ne%2Fzeucan">ἀνέζευξαν</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnei">Εὐμένει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqh%7C">Ἀριαράθῃ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Afarna%2Fkhn">Φαρνάκην</w> <w lemma="susta%2Fntos">συστάντος</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dton">τοιοῦτον</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fbh">ἀπέβη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w>.

<head>I. Affairs of Asia</head><head>Conclusion of the above War</head>Pharnaces, when thus suddenly attacked in force, was ready to entertain any proposals, as he showed by sending envoys to Eumenes and Ariarathes.

These kings, after listening to his overtures, themselves sent envoys to Pharnaces, and after this had been done several times on both sides, peace was agreed to on the following terms.

"There shall be peace between Eumenes, Prusias, and Ariarathes on the one hand and Pharnaces and Mithridates on the other for all time: Pharnaces shall not invade <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Galatia&groupId=596&placeId=385">Galatia</a> on any pretext: all treaties previously made between Pharnaces and the Galatians are revoked: he shall likewise retire from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paphlagonia&groupId=842&placeId=457">Paphlagonia</a>, restoring to their homes those of the inhabitants whom he had formerly deported, and restoring at the same time all weapons, missiles, and material of war:

he shall give up to Ariarathes all the places of which he robbed him in the same condition as he found them, and he shall return the hostages: he shall also give up Tium on the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>" — this city was shortly afterwards very gladly presented by Eumenes to Prusias who begged for it:

"Pharnaces shall return all prisoners of war without ransom and all deserters.

Likewise out of the money and treasure he carried off from Morzius and Ariarathes, he shall repay to the above kings nine hundred talents,

paying in addition to Eumenes three hundred talents towards the expenses of the war.

A fine of three hundred talents was also imposed on Mithridates, satrap of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a>, because violating his treaty with Eumenes he had made war on Ariarathes. Of the Asiatic princelets Artaxias, the ruler of the greater part of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a>, and Acusilochus were included in the treaty; of those in Europe Gatalus the Sarmatian; also the following free cities, Heraclia, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mesembria&groupId=756&placeId=1376">Mesembria</a>, Chersonese, and Cyzicus.

The last claim related to the number of hostages to be given by Pharnaces.

Upon the arrival of the latter, the armies at once departed. Such was the end of the war between Eumenes and Ariarathes in alliance and Pharnaces.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

25.2.1 - 25.2.15

Peace between Pharnaces and Eumenes and his allies (179) This excerpt from de legat. gent. probably belongs to Ol. 150, 1 = \f\180/79; see p. 20. The breakdown in negotiations and the Romans' departure (xxiv. 15. 11–12) were followed by a massing of forces against Pharnaces, and a sudden attack; but whether this was in autumn 180 (Niese, iii. 78 n. 1; Diehl, RE, 'Pharnakes (1)', col. 1849) or in spring 179, is not certain.

Specifics

25.2.1 - 25.2.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐξαπιναίου . . . τῆς ἐφόδου</w>:</emph> this led Niese (iii. 78 n. 1) to date the events of this chapter to autumn 180, soon after negotiations broke down (xxiv. 15. 11–12). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Εὐμένη καὶ Ἀριαράθην</w>:</emph> this perhaps implies that the Roman envoys had gone.

25.2.2 - 25.2.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διαλύσεις</w>:</emph> P. nowhere (in our text) suggests that the Romans underwrote or supervised this peace; but the treaty between Pharnaces and Chersonese, which followed shortly after (§ 13 n.), by its stress on Roman <w lang="el-GR">φιλία</w> leads to the suspicion that at some stage the treaty referred to here received Roman approval (cf. Will, ii. 244–5).

25.2.3 - 25.2.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Προυσίᾳ</w>:</emph> Prusias II succeeded his father, Prusias I, in 182; his untypical alliance with Eumenes did not last, but it may be reflected in IC, ii Aptera no. 4 A = OGIS, 341, an inscription honouring Prusias on the same stone as an earlier decree for Attalus I (perhaps a tactless gesture unless the states were friendly). The dedications to Eumenes (Syll. 628) and Prusias (Syll. 632) by the Aetolians at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a> are, however, probably not contemporaneous; cf. Daux, 273– \f\4; Habicht, RE, 'Prusias II (2)', col. 1108. Prusias may have joined Pergamum in 181: Leocritus' seizure of Tieion (§ 7 n.) may be a cause or a result of this (Habicht, RE, 'Prusias II (2)', col. 1109), if in fact this town belonged to Prusias. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μιθριδάτην</w>:</emph> not the satrap of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a> Minor (§ 11 n.), but probably Pharnaces' successor, the future Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus (Niese, iii. 78 n. 2). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς τὸν πάντα χρόνον</w>:</emph> cf. xxi. 43. 1 n.

25.2.4 - 25.2.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Γαλατίας μὴ ἐπιβαίνειν Φαρνάκην</w>:</emph> this shows <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Galatia&groupId=596&placeId=385">Galatia</a> to be linked to Pergamum, at least in a client relationship, if not more directly (cf. iii. 3. 6 n., xxii. 21. 1 n.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὅσαι . . . συνθῆκαι . . . πρὸς Γαλάτας, ἀκύρους ὑπάρχειν</w>:</emph> probably for the provision of military assistance by the Galatians (cf. xxiv. 14. 6).

25.2.5 - 25.2.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Παφλαγονίας</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paphlagonia&groupId=842&placeId=457">Paphlagonia</a> lay west of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a> and the lower Halys, and was bounded to the west by <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Bithynia&groupId=402&placeId=748">Bithynia</a> and to the south by <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Galatia&groupId=596&placeId=385">Galatia</a>; in the Hellenistic period it formed a geographical rather than a political unit; cf. Strabo, xii. 3. 1, C. 541, 3. 9, C. 544, 3. 41–42, C. 562–3, 4. 10, C. 566; Magie, i. 186–8, ii. 1081–2 nn. 28–30. It had <milestone unit="page" n="271">[271]</milestone> been overrun by Pharnaces, who had seized the treasures of Morzius of Gangra (§ 9 n.).

25.2.6 - 25.2.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀριαράθῃ . . . τοὺς ὁμήρους</w>:</emph> for Pharnaces' attack on Ariarathes cf. xxiii. 9. 3 n. and perhaps fg. 112. The hostages may have been given in connection with the truce mentioned in xxiv. 5. 1; but if so it is odd that only Ariarathes is mentioned as giving hostages. Perhaps they were given in connection with some other, unknown episode (for we know little about this war).

25.2.7 - 25.2.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Τίον παρὰ τὸν Πόντον</w>:</emph> the manuscript <w lang="el-GR">Τήϊον</w> should be kept. The original spelling was Tieion and this varies with Teion in the manuscripts of Strato; later Tios or Tion ousted the longer form. Tieion was a small town on the Paphlagonian coast, the birthplace of Philetaerus, founder of the Attalid dynasty; cf. Strabo, xii. 3. 8, C. 543; Robert, Rev. arch. 3, 1934, 93–94; Ruge, RE, 'Tieion', cols. 856–62 (fuller than the curious doublet by Wst, RE, 'Tios (2)', cols. 1411–12 'Tios (1)', is merely a cross-reference to Ruge's article). During the war with Pharnaces, the latter's general Leocritus had seized Tieion and, in breach of the truce, had massacred the mercenaries holding it (Diod. xxix. 23); Prusias I had seized it from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> (Memnon, FGH, 434 F 19. 1, 32. 1; Magie, ii. 1190 n. 21). Against the view that Eumenes had obtained it as a result of his war with Prusias (Meyer, Grenzen, 148–51) see Magie, ii. 760; but the fact that Pharnaces made it over to Eumenes now suggests that it had been his before (Hansen <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 100 n. 94). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ μεγάλης χάριτος</w>:</emph> this clause is parenthetical to the terms of the peace, a point missed by Shuckburgh who translates 'which some time before was given etc.'.

25.2.8 - 25.2.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">αἰχμαλώτους . . . καὶ . . . αὐτομόλους</w>:</emph> cf. xxi. 32. 5 n.

25.2.9 - 25.2.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν χρημάτων καὶ τῆς γάζης</w>:</emph> Pharnaces is to make the repayment out of the money and treasure: Shuckburgh renders 'in lieu of all the money and treasure', which is not what P. says (though it may be implied). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παρὰ Μορζίου καὶ Ἀριαράθου</w>:</emph> Morzius, the dynast of Gangra in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paphlagonia&groupId=842&placeId=457">Paphlagonia</a>, like Ariarathes had helped the Galatians against Manlius (but had escaped Roman reprisals); see Strabo, xii. 3. 41, C. 562; Livy, xxxviii. 26. 4. For the carrying off of inhabitants by Pharnaces see § 5; on Ariarathes cf. § 6 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐνακόσια τάλαντα</w>:</emph> P. does not say '900 each', but unless that is meant, the information is summary; Pharnaces had to know how much went to each.

25.2.10 - 25.2.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τριακόσια</w>:</emph> perhaps he received less because, although he carried the brunt of the war, his lands had not been ravaged. He had earlier received 350 talents from Antiochus (xxi. 43. 20).

25.2.11 - 25.2.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μιθριδάτῃ</w>:</emph> this ruler of (lesser) <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a> may be the nephew of Antiochus III (viii. 23. 3 n.), but this is not certain. What treaty <milestone unit="page" n="272">[272]</milestone> governed his relations with Eumenes is unknown, unless he was included in the Treaty of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apamea&groupId=340&placeId=660">Apamea</a> as one of Antiochus' subjects.

25.2.12 - 25.2.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περιελήφθησαν . . . ταῖς συνθήκαις</w>:</emph> for such inclusion cf. viii. 9. 12 n. with references. It is not known with which side these parties were aligned; and indeed a neutral state could be so included in a treaty. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀρταξίας</w>:</emph> according to Strabo (xi. 14. 5, C. 528, 14. 15, C. 531) Antiochus III turned <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a> over to Artaxias and Zariadris, as strategoi, and after <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Magnesia&groupId=729&placeId=1336">Magnesia</a> they became independent dynasts, Artaxias in eastern and Zariadris in western <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a>. Earlier, eastern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Armenia&groupId=366&placeId=308">Armenia</a> appears to have been controlled by a dynast Orontes, while Xerxes (cf. viii. 23. 1 n.) governed the west (Schmitt, Antiochos, 38). Artaxias founded Artaxata (Diod. xxxi. 17 a; cf. Plut. Luc. 31. 3–4). Subsequently he was, for a time, subject to Antiochus IV (Porphyry, FGH, 260 F 38 and 56; App. Syr. 45–46, 66; Diod. xxxi. 17 a; Otto, 6. Ptolemer, 86; Bengtson, Strat. ii. 61 n. 3; Will, ii. 296; Mrkholm, 166–7). For his relations with Ariarathes see xxxi. 16. 1–2 n.; and for his alliance with the satrap Timarchus against Demetrius I Soter of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syria&groupId=995&placeId=502">Syria</a> cf. Diod. xxxi. 27 a (c. 161). See Baumgartner, RE, 'Artaxias (1)', col. 1326. It is not certain that Artaxias had joined in the war. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀκουσίλοχος</w>:</emph> unknown.

25.2.13 - 25.2.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Γάταλος</w>:</emph> Will, ii. 243, thinks Pharnaces had used the Sarmatians to subjugate the Greek cities mentioned below; but since it was normally the policy of Chersonese to employ Sarmatians as allies against the Scythians (cf. Danoff, RE, Suppl.-B. ix, 'Pontos Euxeinos', col. 1112), Gatalus may be included as a friend of Chersonese. On the appearance of the Sarmatians (the Sauromatae frequently mentioned in Herod. iv) and their importance as part of a new movement of the peoples of central Asia and Iran see Will, ii. 244; F. Altheim and A. Szabo, Welt als Geschichte, 1936, 318 ff. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν δ᾿ αὐτονομουμένων Ἡρακλεῶται</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> Pontica was a Megarian–Boeotian colony on the Bithynian coast, today Ereli (cf. Ruge, RE, 'Herakleia (19)', cols. 433–4; Danoff, RE, Suppl.-B. ix, 'Pontos Euxeinos', cols. 1065–6; and on the topography L. Robert, t. anat. 245–59). What part, if any, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> had played in the war is unknown. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μεσημβριανοί</w>:</emph> Mesambria (50 coins and inscriptions) was a foundation of Calchedon (with some Megarians) on the west coast of the Euxine c. 510 (Herod. vi. 33); it is the modern Nesebr. For recent bibliography see Danoff, RE, Suppl.-B. ix, 'Pontos Euxeinos', cols. 1073–4; Nessebre i (Sofia, 1969), ed. T. Ivanov. Niese, iii. 75, assumes unjustifiably that Mesambria, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a>, Chersonese, and Gatalus had all fought on the side of Pharnaces. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Χερρονησῖται</w>:</emph> on the Tauric Chersonese see Danoff, RE, Suppl.-B. ix, <milestone unit="page" n="273">[273]</milestone> 'Pontos Euxeinos', cols. 1104–16, dating its foundation to 422/1. It was founded by <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> Pontica on the west coast of the Tauric Peninsula (Crimea). An inscription from here (IPE, i <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> . 402) records a tready with Pharnaces I of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>, stressing loyalty to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (on both sides) and committing Pharnaces to preserving democracy at Chersonese, abstaining from hostilities against the city and providing help against any barbarians who attacked it, if needed. This treaty suggests Roman pressure on Pharnaces, and seems like a sequel to the treaty recorded here; for the date, probably 180 or 179, see p. 20. Under constant barbarian pressure, like the other Pontic west coast cities at this time (Rostovtzeff, SEHHW, ii. 674; Gnomon, 1934, 3 f.), Chersonese will have welcomed support from a more distant power, though this was itself a source of danger (Danoff, loc. cit.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Κυζικηνοί</w>:</emph> Cyzicus, a Milesian settlement, occupied the southern tip of a promontory on the south shore of the Propontis, linked with the mainland by a narrow isthmus; as the home of Apollonis, Attalus I's wife (xxii. 20. 1), it maintained close relations with Eumenes and probably came into the treaty as an ally; cf. Ruge, RE, 'Kyzikos', cols. 225–33; Magie, i. 81, ii. 901 n. 115 (bibliography), n. 116 (trade and connections).

25.2.14 - 25.2.14

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">αἱ δυνάμεις</w>:</emph> the allied forces of Eumenes and Ariarathes (§ 15). Pharnaces had tried to get Seleucus' help (probably offering 500 talents: fg. 96), but he was not prepared to break the treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> by marching north of the Taurus (Diod. xxix. 24); cf. Niese, iii. 76 n. 1. De Sanctis (iv. 1. 265 f. and especially nn. 65 and 71) suggests that Perseus' accession may have influenced Seleucus; but it is on the whole unlikely that Philip's death in summer 179 was substantially earlier than the end of hostilities between Pharnaces and Eumenes (see pp. 20–21). Further, Diod. xxix. 24 describes Seleucus' change of mind before the account of Demetrius' death and its sequel (Diod. xxix. 25: also from the exc. de uirt. et uit.); cf. Mrkholm, 34 n. 57.

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