Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 25 - Chapter 4

<head lang="la">C. Olymp. 150, 3. I. Res Italiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29postolh%5Cn">ἀποστολὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="%2Ateberi%2Fou">Τεβερίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aklaudi%2Fou">Κλαυδίου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fistrous">Ἴστρους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29agri%2Fous">Ἀγρίους</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="e%29xrhma%2Ftise">ἐχρημάτισε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aluki%2Fwn">Λυκίων</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fkousi">ἥκουσι</w> <w lemma="presbeutai%3Ds">πρεσβευταῖς</w>,

<w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="qerei%2Fas">θερείας</w> <w lemma="lhgou%2Fshs">ληγούσης</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%2Ftines">οἵτινες</w> <w lemma="parege%2Fnonto">παρεγένοντο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="katapepolemhme%2Fnwn">καταπεπολεμημένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aluki%2Fwn">Λυκίων</w>, <w lemma="e%29capesta%2Flhsan">ἐξαπεστάλησαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w> <w lemma="i%28kanoi%3Ds">ἱκανοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29nw%2Fteron">ἀνώτερον</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aca%2Fnqioi">Ξάνθιοι</w>, <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%5Cn">ὃν</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmellon">ἔμελλον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="e%29mbai%2Fnein">ἐμβαίνειν</w>, <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fpemyan">ἐξέπεμψαν</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fs">εἴς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axai+%2Fan">Ἀχαΐαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aniko%2Fstraton">Νικόστρατον</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="paragenhqe%2Fntes">παραγενηθέντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fleon">ἔλεον</w> <w lemma="e%29cekale%2Fsanto">ἐξεκαλέσαντο</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="sunedri%2Fw%7C">συνεδρίῳ</w>, <w lemma="tiqe%2Fntes">τιθέντες</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fyin">ὄψιν</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fwn">Ῥοδίων</w> <w lemma="baru%2Fthta">βαρύτητα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fstasin">περίστασιν</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fgagon">ἤγαγον</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhton">σύγκλητον</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmyai">πέμψαι</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ro%2Fdon">Ῥόδον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="diasafh%2Fsontas">διασαφήσοντας</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pomnhmatismw%3Dn">ὑπομνηματισμῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nalhfqe%2Fntwn">ἀναληφθέντων</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w> <w lemma="e%29poih%2Fsanto">ἐποιήσαντο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxon">Ἀντίοχον</w> <w lemma="e%29xei%2Frizon">ἐχείριζον</w>, <w lemma="eu%28%2Frhntai">εὕρηνται</w> <w lemma="%2Alu%2Fkioi">Λύκιοι</w> <w lemma="dedome%2Fnoi">δεδομένοι</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fois">Ῥοδίοις</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="dwrea%3D%7C">δωρεᾷ</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="fi%2Floi">φίλοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmmaxoi">σύμμαχοι</w>.

<w lemma="toiau%2Fths">τοιαύτης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="dialu%2Fsews">διαλύσεως</w>, <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flws">ὅλως</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Freske">ἤρεσκε</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fs">γεγονός</w>.

<w lemma="e%29do%2Fkoun">ἐδόκουν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fous">Ῥοδίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aluki%2Fous">Λυκίους</w> <w lemma="diagwnoqetei%3Dn">διαγωνοθετεῖν</w>, <w lemma="qe%2Flontes">θέλοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29kdapana%3Dsqai">ἐκδαπανᾶσθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="paraqe%2Fseis">παραθέσεις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fwn">Ῥοδίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="qhsaurou%2Fs">θησαυρούς</w>,

<w lemma="a%29khkoo%2Ftes">ἀκηκοότες</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="numfagwgi%2Fan">νυμφαγωγίαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="newsti%5C">νεωστὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Apersei%3D">Περσεῖ</w> <w lemma="gegenhme%2Fnhn">γεγενημένην</w> <w lemma="u%28p%27">ὑπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fpeiran">ἀνάπειραν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ploi%2Fwn">πλοίων</w>.

<w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="braxei%3D">βραχεῖ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnw%7C">χρόνῳ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanw%3Ds">ἐπιφανῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="megalomerw%3Ds">μεγαλομερῶς</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="paraskeuai%3Ds">παρασκευαῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29napepeira%3Dsqai">ἀναπεπειρᾶσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fous">Ῥοδίους</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpasi">ἅπασι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ska%2Ffesi">σκάφεσι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxousin">ὑπάρχουσιν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="cu%2Flwn">ξύλων</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="nauphgi%2Fan">ναυπηγίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29di%2Fdoto">ἐδίδοτο</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Aperse%2Fws">Περσέως</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fois">Ῥοδίοις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="stelgi%2Fda">στελγίδα</w> <w lemma="xrush%3Dn">χρυσῆν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstw%7C">ἑκάστῳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29fraktitw%3Dn">ἀφρακτιτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29dedw%2Frhto">ἐδεδώρητο</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="newsti%5C">νεωστὶ</w> <w lemma="nenumfagwghko%2Ftwn">νενυμφαγωγηκότων</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Alaodi%2Fkhn">Λαοδίκην</w>.

<head>Philip V in misfortune</head><head>III. Affairs of Italy</head><head>Embassy from Lycia</head>After the dispatch of the consuls Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Gaius Claudius Pulcher against the Istri and Agrii, the Senate, when summer was approaching its end, gave audience to the envoys from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> who reached <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> after <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> had been entirely reduced, but had been dispatched a good deal earlier.

For the Xanthians, at the time they were about to embark on this war, had sent Nicostratus at the head of a mission to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.

He arrived at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> only now, and appealed to the sentiments of many of the senators by bringing before their eyes the oppressiveness of the Rhodians and their own imminent danger.

Finally they succeeded in persuading the senate to send legates to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, to inform that state, that after referring to the reports that the ten commissioners had drawn up in Asia when they were arranging matters with Antiochus, they found that the Lycians had not been handed over the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> as a gift, but rather to be treated like friends and allies.

The imposition of these terms by no means pleased many people in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>.

For it was thought that the Romans were constituting themselves arbiters in the matter of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> with the object of exhausting the stores and treasure of the Rhodians,

having heard of their recent home-bringing of the bride of Perseus and of the refitting of their ships.

Indeed, a short while previously the whole of the Rhodian navy had been splendidly and munificently refitted. For Perseus had presented them with a quantity of wood for shipbuilding, and had given a golden tiara to each of the sailors in the galleys that had escorted his bride Laodice on her way to him.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

25.4.1 - 25.4.10

Lycian envoys at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> This excerpt from de legat. gent. belongs to res Italiae of Ol. 150, 3 = 178/7; see pp. 21–22. On the dispute between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> and the Lycians see xxii. 5. 1–10, xxiv. 15. 13 n. Livy, xli. 6. 8–12 describes this embassy from an annalistic source; P.'s source is probably Rhodian (cf. Ullrich, 58). According to Livy the Lycians were heard before the election of the consuls for 177 (Livy, xli. 8. 1), and this was preceded by the triumphs of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus and L. Postumius Albinus continui; these triumphs were on a.d. III non. feb. and pr. non. feb. (Fasti tr.) and on Derow's system (Phoenix, 1973, 353) the Julian equivalent is 11 and 12 October 178. Thus Livy's date for the hearing of these envoys is September 178 (Jul.), which would <milestone unit="page" n="277">[277]</milestone> match § 2 <w lang="el-GR">ἤδη τῆς θερείας ληγούσης</w>, if it were not for the reference (§ 1) to the consuls of 177. This reference has been assumed to date the excerpt to 178/7 and to make the summer that of 177 (Nissen, KU, 239; Magie, ii. 953 n. 64). But the wording of § 1 is clearly the excerptor's; and there are other passages in the Constantinian excerpts where consuls' names have been inserted (cf. xviii. 42. 1, xxi. 34. 3). In fact, the consuls of 177 did not undertake the common activity indicated here; but those of 178 were both active against the Istrians (though not jointly). If the Lycians were heard in September 177, this leaves little time for the dispatch of envoys to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> the same autumn (5. 1) and the sending of a Rhodian envoy (5. 4) to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> for a hearing the next consular year (6. 1); and this would involve the sending of legati at an unusual time and also an unusual prolongation of P.'s olympiad year 150, 3 = 178/7. For these reasons Derow (Phoenix, 1973, 350 ff.) argues cogently for regarding the consuls' names as incorrectly inserted by the excerptor, and § 1 as referring to the dispatch of the consuls of 178 to Istria. This hypothesis involves fewer difficulties than assuming that Livy dated the Lycian embassy a year too soon, and that P. is here referring to events at the very end of Ol. 150, 3, i.e. September 177.

Specifics

25.4.1 - 25.4.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν ἀποστολήν</w>:</emph> 'the expedition . . . against the Istrians and Agrians' (see below). In xiv. 2. 3 <w lang="el-GR">ἀποστολή</w> means 'the sending of envoys'; but here the words <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς Ἴστρους κτλ</w> justify the translation 'expedition' (cf. Thuc. viii. 8. 1), as Mauersberger takes it. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν ὑπάτων Τεβερίου καὶ Κλαυδίου</w>:</emph> Ti. Sempronius P.f. Ti.n. Gracchus and C. Claudius Ap.f. P.n. Pulcher, coss. A.U.C. 577 = 177; see Mnzer, RE, 'Sempronius (53)', cols. 1403–9; 'Claudius (300)', cols. 2855–6. But if Derow is right (cf. 4. 1–10 n.), these names have been incorrectly inserted by the excerptor, who knew that the consuls of 177 held office for most of Ol. 150, 3 = 178/7. The consuls in fact indicated by P. will in that case be M. Iunius M.f. L.n. Brutus and A. Manlius Cn.f. L.n. Vulso, coss. A.U.C. 576 = 178; cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Iunius (48)', cols. 970–1; RE, 'Manlius (90)', cols. 1214–15; on the former see xxvii. 3. 1 n., xxxi. 8. 1 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς Ἴστρους καὶ Ἀγρί?ους</w>:</emph> the Istrian war began in 178 when the consul A. Manlius Vulso invaded Istria on his own authority (Livy, xli. 1–5, 6. 1–3, 7. 4–10); it ended with the defeat of King Aepulo in 177 by the consul C. Claudius Pulcher (Livy, xli. 8. 5, 9. 3, 9. 8, 10. 5– 11. 9; Enn. Ann. 421 V; Flor. i. 26). Whichever are the consuls mentioned here, the Agrii present a problem. In 177 (Livy, xli. 9. 1, 9.8, 12. 5–6) Sempronius fought the Ilienses and Balari in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a>; but no Agrii are known either there or in Illyricum (for the Agraei (xviii. 5. 8) do not come into the picture), and Derow (Phoenix, 1973, 353 n. 24) thinks there is an error introduced either by the excerptor or <milestone unit="page" n="278">[278]</milestone> by a copyist; cf. Schweighaeuser, viii. 1, index geog. s.v. 'Agrii', proposing <w lang="el-GR">Σάρδους</w> or <w lang="el-GR">Σαρδῴους</w>.

25.4.2 - 25.4.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς θερείας ληγούσης</w>:</emph> probably September 178, despite the consuls' names; cf. 4. 1–10 n. Pdech (Mthode, 462) sees a reference to the <w lang="el-GR">ἀποστολὴ τῶν ὑπάτων</w> (of 177, who entered office on the Ides of March: Livy, xli. 8. 4); and he equates id. mart. A.U.C. 577 with the end of October 178 (Jul.). But if Derow is right (cf. 4. 1–10 n.) the 'end of the summer' has nothing to do with the entry into office of the consuls (whether of 178 or 177) and is probably a reference to about September 178. To hear envoys in late summer (rather than at the beginning of the consular year) is unusual, but not unparalleled; cf. xxviii. 2. 1–2 n. for the hearing of Rhodians in late summer 169.

25.4.3 - 25.4.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ . . . Ξάνθιοι</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Xanthus&groupId=1060&placeId=1864">Xanthus</a>, one of a group of cities on the main route into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> from the sea, stood on an isolated hill on the left bank of the river <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Xanthus&groupId=1060&placeId=1864">Xanthus</a> (Kocaay) about 8 miles from its mouth (cf. C. Fellows, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor (London, 1852), 167 f., 313 f.; A. Philippson, Peterm. Mitt. Ergnz.-Heft, 183 (1915), 94 f., 105; Magie, ii. 1372 n. 9; P. Demargne and H. Metzger, RE, 'Xanthos (33)', cols. 1375–1408, covering their recent excavations, and with full bibliography). For the treatment of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Xanthus&groupId=1060&placeId=1864">Xanthus</a> by Antiochus see xxii. 5. 3 n. Livy, xli. 6. 8–10, mentions a legatio Lyciorum, perhaps generalizing through carelessness (so Fraser and Bean, 121). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καθ᾿ ὃν καιρὸν ἔμελλον . . . ἐμβαίνειν</w>:</emph> the delay between Nicostratus' dispatch and his arrival now (September 178: 4. 1–10 n.) was due to his visiting <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> en route. The war between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> had been going on for 10 years (xxiv. 15. 13 n.); but <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Xanthus&groupId=1060&placeId=1864">Xanthus</a> may not hitherto have been involved in what was very likely a series of guerrilla operations. Nicostratus is not otherwise known.

25.4.4 - 25.4.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τιθέντες . . . τήν τε Ῥοδίων βαρύτητα κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. Livy, xli. 6. 8–10, 'crudelitatem Rhodiorum . . . querebantur . . . non publice tantum se premi imperio, sed singulos iustum pati seruitium. coniuges liberosque uexari; in corpus, in tergum saeuiri; famam, quod indignum sit, maculari dehonestarique; et palam res odiosas fieri iuris etiam usurpandi causa, ne pro dubio habeant, nihil inter se et argento parata mancipia interesse.' Livy's account is from an annalist, and shows signs of elaboration.

25.4.5 - 25.4.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πέμψαι πρεσβευτὰς εἰς τὴν Ῥόδον</w>:</emph> Livy, xli. 6. 11, from an annalist, reports that the Senate 'litteras Lyciis ad Rhodios dedit' to declare their policy; but P. is to be followed, for the arrival of the envoys is described in 5. 1. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν ὑπομνηματισμῶν ἀναληφθέντων</w>:</emph> on the dispositions of the Ten after the war with Antiochus see xxi. 46. 1–11 with notes; Livy, xli. 6. 8, less probably, speaks of the Rhodians 'quibus ab L. Cornelio Scipione adtributi erant'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Λύκιοι . . . οὐκ ἐν δωρεᾷ, τὸ δὲ πλεῖον ὡς φίλοι καὶ σύμμαχοι</w>:</emph> a <milestone unit="page" n="279">[279]</milestone> reversal of policy (cf. xxii. 5. 4); but 'since <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> tended to retain a ruling once made, the new policy was worded as a mere definition of the old' (Larsen, GFS, 247). The records were consulted, and these may not have contained the phrase dono dare, though the words <w lang="el-GR">ἐν δωρεᾷ</w> had certainly been used, and taken by the Rhodians to mean outright possession. The form the 'interpretation' took is perhaps indicated more clearly in the annalistic version of Livy, xli. 6. 11, 'nec Lycios Rhodiis nec ullos cuiquam, qui nati liberi sint, in seruitutem dari placere; Lycios ita sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse, ut in dicione populi Romani ciuitates sociae sint' a passage misunderstood by Weissenborn, who, taking ita . . . ut to be consecutive, thought the Lycians were being called allies of the Roman people. Clearly ita . . . ut is 'just as', and simul goes with imperio et tutela (cf. Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 104–5). The Lycians are in the same relationship to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> as their socii are to the Romans; and if that is implied by <w lang="el-GR">τὸ δὲ πλεῖον ὡς φίλοι καὶ σύμμαχοι</w>, it also implies censure of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> for treating harshly a people which should be in a fides relationship to her (cf. Ernst Meyer, Gnomon, 1954, 475; Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 124; but Fraser, CR, 1959, 66, is sceptical). To the Rhodians, however, this redefinition was simply a reversal of the earlier decision. See also Gruen, CQ, 1975, 87.

25.4.7 - 25.4.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διαγωνοθετεῖν</w>:</emph> 'stirring up conflict' between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> (not, as Paton, 'constituting themselves arbiters').

25.4.8 - 25.4.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν . . . νυμφαγωγίαν . . . τῷ Περσεῖ γεγενημένην</w>:</emph> the Rhodians had thus furthered a dynastic marriage which was perhaps unwelcome to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (cf. 2. 14 n. for Seleucus IV's alleged intentionnot pursued to cross Taurus in aid of Pharnaces). Seleucus offered Perseus his daughter Laodice in marriage (Livy, xlii. 12. 3), and the offer was accepted (App. Mac. 11. 2; Syll. 639, a Delian inscription in her honour). Seleucus could not sail his own fleet to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> owing to the terms imposed on Antiochus (xxi. 43. 14 n.), hence the Rhodian action could easily be interpreted as anit-Roman. The date will be early in 178, since it was followed by the gifts to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, the refurbishing of the Rhodian fleet, and the holding of manuvres, news of which reached <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> before the Lycian envoys were heard (in September; cf. 4. 1–10 n.). If, however, the Lycians were heard in 177, the time-table is less compressed. See Mrkholm, 35 n. 60, 'in 178 or the spring of 177'. On Laodice see Sthelin, RE, 'Laodike (20)', cols. 707–8. If Perseus married the Bastarnian princess (Livy, xl. 5. 10–11; Walbank, Philip, 246 n. 4) she was by now dead or discarded; perhaps she was the wife Perseus was rumoured to have murdered sua manu after Philip's death (Livy, xlii. 5. 4, following P.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν ἀνάπειραν τῶν πλοίων</w>:</emph> by Perseus (§ 10). The building up of the Rhodian fleet in the shadow of the Syro-Macedonian rapprochement <milestone unit="page" n="280">[280]</milestone> must have aroused deep suspicion at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (cf. Fraser and Bean, 115–16).

25.4.9 - 25.4.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βραχεῖ χρόνῳ πρότερον</w>:</emph> but after the escorting of Laodice to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> (§ 10). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀναπεπειρᾶσθαι . . . ἅπασι τοῖς σκάφεσι</w>:</emph> 'they had held naval manuvres of all ships belonging to them with great splendour and elaborate equipment.' Paton misunderstands this.

25.4.10 - 25.4.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ξύλων πλῆθος</w>:</emph> for Macedonian timber cf. v. 89. 6 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">στελγίδα χρυσῆν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἀφρακτιτῶν</w>:</emph> so Bttner-Wobst for <w lang="el-GR">ἀφρακτήτων</w>; the word does not appear elsewhere, but will mean 'sailor in an undecked ship'. A <w lang="el-GR">στελγίς</w> (or <w lang="el-GR">στλεγγίς)</w> is a tiara overlaid with metal (here gold), sometimes offered as a prize (cf. Xen. Anab. i. 2. 10), or worn by a <w lang="el-GR">θεωρός</w> to a festival, etc. (cf. Theopompus, FGH, 115 F 248; Sosibius, FGH, 595 F 4, with Jacoby's commentary).

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