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Book 22 - Chapter 15

1
<head lang="la">III. Res Graeciae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akrh%2Fthn">Κρήτην</w>, <w lemma="kosmou%3Dntos">κοσμοῦντος</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Agortu%2Fnh%7C">Γορτύνῃ</w> <w lemma="%2Aku%2Fda">Κύδα</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anta%2Flkous">Ἀντάλκους</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="e%29lattou%2Fmenoi">ἐλαττούμενοι</w> <w lemma="%2Agortu%2Fnioi">Γορτύνιοι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aknwsi%2Fous">Κνωσίους</w>, <w lemma="a%29potemo%2Fmenoi">ἀποτεμόμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenon">καλούμενον</w> <w lemma="%2Aluka%2Fstion">Λυκάστιον</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fneiman">προσένειμαν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rauki%2Fois">Ῥαυκίοις</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Adiato%2Fnion">Διατόνιον</w> <w lemma="%2Alutti%2Fois">Λυττίοις</w>.
2
<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="paragenome%2Fnwn">παραγενομένων</w> <w lemma="presbeutw%3Dn">πρεσβευτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhs">Ῥώμης</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akrh%2Fthn">Κρήτην</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappion">Ἄππιον</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dialu%3Dsai">διαλῦσαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%2Fsas">ἐνεστώσας</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fs">διαφοράς</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poihsame%2Fnwn">ποιησαμένων</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Aknwsi%2Fwn">Κνωσίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Agortuni%2Fwn">Γορτυνίων</w>, <w lemma="peisqe%2Fntes">πεισθέντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Akrhtaiei%3Ds">Κρηταιεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Ftreyan">ἐπέτρεψαν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappion">Ἄππιον</w>.
3
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> [<w lemma="peisqe%2Fntes">πεισθέντες</w>] <w lemma="%2Aknwsi%2Fois">Κνωσίοις</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29pokate%2Fsthsan">ἀποκατέστησαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w>, <w lemma="%2Akudwnia%2Ftais">Κυδωνιάταις</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prose%2Ftacan">προσέταξαν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="o%28mh%2Frous">ὁμήρους</w> <w lemma="a%29polabei%3Dn">ἀπολαβεῖν</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="e%29gkate%2Fleipon">ἐγκατέλειπον</w> <w lemma="do%2Fntes">δόντες</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Axarmi%2Fwna">Χαρμίωνα</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>, <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afala%2Fsarnan">Φαλάσαρναν</w> <w lemma="a%29fei%3Dnai">ἀφεῖναι</w> <w lemma="mhde%5Cn">μηδὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="nosfisame%2Fnous">νοσφισαμένους</w>.
4
<w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="koinodi%2Fkion">κοινοδίκιον</w> <w lemma="sunexw%2Frhsan">συνεχώρησαν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="boulome%2Fnois">βουλομένοις</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> [<w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w>] <w lemma="e%29cei%3Dnai">ἐξεῖναι</w> <w lemma="mete%2Fxein">μετέχειν</w>,
5
<w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="boulome%2Fnois">βουλομένοις</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29cei%3Dnai">ἐξεῖναι</w>,
6
<w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="a%29pexome%2Fnois">ἀπεχομένοις</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhs">ἄλλης</w> <w lemma="%2Akrh%2Fths">Κρήτης</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Afalasa%2Frnhs">Φαλασάρνης</w> <w lemma="fuga%2Fsin">φυγάσιν</w>. ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fkteinan">ἀπέκτειναν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amenoi%2Ftion">Μενοίτιον</w>, <w lemma="e%29pifanesta%2Ftous">ἐπιφανεστάτους</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntas">ὄντας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="politw%3Dn">πολιτῶν</w>.
<head>VI. Affairs of Greece</head><head>Quarrel of Gortyna and Cnosus</head>In <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a>, when Cydas the son of Antalces held the office of Cosmos at Gortyna, the people of that city, exerting themselves to diminish in every way the power of the Cnosians, parcelled off from their territory the so‑called <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycastium&groupId=708&placeId=1298">Lycastium</a> and assigned it to Rhaucus and the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Diatonium&groupId=537&placeId=1007">Diatonium</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lyttus&groupId=721&placeId=1323">Lyttus</a>.
At this time Appius Claudius and the other commissioners arrived in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a> from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, for the purpose of settling the disputes existing in the island. When they had spoken on the subject in Cnosus and Gortyna, the Cretans gave ear to them and put their affairs into their hands.
They restored the territory to Cnosus: they ordered the Cydoniats to take back the hostages they had formerly left in Charmion\'s hands, and to leave <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a> without taking anything away from it.
As for the joint court, they allowed them, if they wished, to take part in it,
and if they did not wish, to refuse
on condition that they and the exiles from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a> left the rest of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a> untouched. The . . . killed Menoetius and others, the most notable of their citizens.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
22.15.1 - 22.15.6
<p rend="Plain Text">Ap. Claudius settles the quarrel of Gortyn and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a> (184)</p> <p rend="Plain Text">This fragment from exc. de legat. Rom. continues res Graeciae of Ol. 148, 4 = 185/4, referring to summer 184; see p. 13.</p>
Specifics
22.15.1 - 22.15.1
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κοσμοῦντος ἐν Γορτύνῃ Κύδα τοῦ Ἀντάλκους</w>:</emph> kosmoi are attested epigraphically as boards of magistrates in most Cretan cities from the fifth to the third century; Ephorus (FGH, 70 F 149 = Strabo, x. 4. 22, C. 484) makes them ten in number, but the recorded number varies from four to ten in different cities (e.g. at Gortyn it <milestone unit="page" n="200">[200]</milestone> fluctuates between six and nine; cf. IC, iv. 171, 195 b–c, 260). They were chosen from certain <w lang="el-GR">γένη</w> (Aristotle, Pol. ii. 10. 10. 1272 a 33: he also gives their number as ten) and are part of the machinery of </p> <p rend="Plain Text">an aristocratic state (Willetts, 29). Dating was sometimes done by naming the whole college, sometimes only the chief kosmos (or protokosmos); for the Gortynian formula cf. GDI, 5007, 5015, 5018a, 5019, 5023, 5146 (= IC, iv. 233, 181, 186 B, 165, 171, 195 a, 197). See Oehler, RE, 'Kosmoi', cols. 1495–8. Cydas is a common name in Gortyn and this man need not be identified with his homonym in xxix. 6. 1, 7. 8 or in Livy, xxxiii. 3. 10 (the commander of 500 Gortynians sent to join Flamininus before Cynoscephalae); cf. van Effenterre, 264 n. 3.</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐλαττούμενοι Γορτύνιοι τοὺς Κνωσίους</w>:</emph> since 189, when Q. Fabius Labeo tried to end the fighting between Cydonia on the one hand and Gortyn and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a> on the other (Livy, xxxvii. 60; see above, xxi. 44. 3 n.), the two large cities had resumed their normal hostility, which had been only briefly interrupted (for Cnossian complaints to the Magnesians about Gortynian aggression in 196/5 cf. Rehm, Milet, i. 3, 201; Guarducci, IC, i. Cnosos, 9; iv. 176). On <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a> and Gortyn see also iv. 53. 4 n.; Guarducci, IC, iv. pp. 21–24. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ . . . Λυκάστιον . . . Ῥαυκίοις, τὸ</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δὲ</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Διατόνιον Λυττίοις</w>:</emph> Lycastus and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Diatonium&groupId=537&placeId=1007">Diatonium</a>, towns on the northern slopes of the chain of Ida, had long ago been absorbed by <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a>. Lycastus (cf. Homer, Il. ii. 647; Nonnus, xiii. 235) had been destroyed and its territory divided between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lyttus&groupId=721&placeId=1323">Lyttus</a> (Strabo, x. 4. 14, C. 479), hence P. here speaks only of the territory. Spratt, Travels, i. 90, identified it with Astritsi, on the upper stream of the Amnisus (mod. Karteros); but Bursian, ii. 561, locates it at Kanli Kastelli, about 10 km. further west, on a hill now crowned by a tenth-century fortress (Temenos). If that is correct, Astritsi is probably <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Diatonium&groupId=537&placeId=1007">Diatonium</a>, which must lie east of Lycastus, since it was assigned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lyttus&groupId=721&placeId=1323">Lyttus</a>; so L. Mariani, Mon. ant. 6. 1895, 235 ff.; Guarducci, IC, i. 46. See Brchner, RE, '<w lang="el-GR">Λύκαστος</w> (1)', col. 2266; 'Diatonion', col. 352; van Effenterre, 117–18. Rhaucus (cf. xxx. 23. 1; Ps.-Scylax, 47; Guarducci, IC, i. pp. 290–3) lay south-west of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a>, on the eastern slopes of Mt. Ida, a little south of Ag. Myron; cf. Brchner, RE, e <w lang="el-GR">Ῥαῦκος</w>f, col. 288; and for a grant of asylia to Teos about 201 see Guarducci, IC, i. Rhaucos 1* (= Schwyzer, 188). On <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lyttus&groupId=721&placeId=1323">Lyttus</a> see iv. 54. 6 n.; it had been restored since the destruction mentioned there. For all these places see the map in Guarducci, IC, i facing p. 356. </p>
22.15.2 - 22.15.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἄππιον</w>:</emph> despite <w lang="el-GR">ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης</w> (perhaps inserted by the excerptor of de legat. Rom.) he will have come on to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a> from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a> (14. 12 n. at the end). P.'s usage leaves doubt whether he is referring to Claudius or the whole commission here and in the subsequent arbitration. The settlement may have led to the <milestone unit="page" n="201">[201]</milestone> situation in which <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a>, Gortyn, and 28 other Cretan communities, including Rhaucus, made a treaty of <w lang="el-GR">φιλία καὶ συμμαχία</w> with Eumenes in 183 (Syll. 627 = IC, iv. 179). </p>
22.15.3 - 22.15.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">[πεισθέντες]</w>:</emph> to be deleted (with Schweighaeuser) as a doublet from § 2. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Κυδωνιάταις</w>:</emph> on Cydonia see iv. 55. 4 n.; it had grown in importance during the second century. Cardinali (Riv. fil. 1907, 16 ff.) argued that since 189 the Cydonians had been trying to take <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a>, and that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnossus&groupId=482&placeId=904">Cnossus</a> and Gortyn had combined (§ 1 n.) to prevent that. Later Gortyn had acquiesced in the Cydonian occupation of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a>, receiving Cydonian hostages in exchange; these Ap. Claudius now restored in return for the freeing of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a>. This theory, accepted by Guarducci, IC, ii, p. 111 and pp. 219–20, is very hypothetical; cf. van Effenterre, 263 n. 1. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Χαρμίωνα</w>:</emph> unknown; but on Cardinali's view, a Gortynian. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φαλάσαρναν</w>:</emph> in the extreme west of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a>, on the peninsula of Grammus, and west of Kastelli, mod. Kurti; cf. Ps.-Scylax, 47; Strabo, x. 4. 2, C. 474, 4. 13, C. 479; Kirsten, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a>', cols. 1653–6 (description). Mercenaries from there occur in the Third Macedonian War (Livy, xlii. 51. 7), but the place is not mentioned in any other historical context. </p>
22.15.4 - 22.15.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ δὲ τῶν κατὰ κοινοδίκιον</w>:</emph> so Boeckh for the manuscript <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκαιον</w>, an unknown word; for <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκιον</w> cf. IC, iii, Hierapytna, 4 l. 59 (a treaty between Hierapytna and Priansus); iv. 197* (a decree of the Cretan Koinon from Anaphe), where it seems to refer to a federal tribunal (cf. Guarducci, Riv. fil. 1950, 148–54, against van Effenterre, 146 ff., who takes it to be a mixed tribunal not closely linked to the Koinon (cf. Welles, p. 234 n. 18a; pp. 345–6 with n. 66a), a meaning it certainly has elsewhere (Insch. Perg. i. 163A, col. ii. 4.; Peremans Vreemdelingen, 194–5; Welles, p. 346)). Here van Effenterre, 147, would keep the manuscript reading, which he regards as quite distinct from <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκιον</w>, and takes to mean 'federal law' (so too Guarducci, Riv. fil. 1950, 154). This seems an unlikely meaning here, and since all the manuscripts of the exc. de legat. Rom. derive from a single (lost) original (cf. Moore, 152–61), a corruption with <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκαιον</w> as a facilior lectio introduced by a scribe unfamiliar with a word not found in any other extant literary source seems the likeliest explanation; van Effenterre's argument that <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκιον</w> cannot be a Cretan dialect form of <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκαιον</w> is thus quite irrelevant. The <w lang="el-GR">κοινοδίκιον</w> will be the federal court of the Cretan League; cf. Guarducci, Epigraphica, 2, 1940, 162 ff. </p>
22.15.6 - 22.15.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῖς ἐκ Φαλασάρνης φυγάσιν</w>:</emph> evidently at Cydonia; cf. Kirsten, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phalasarna&groupId=876&placeId=1580">Phalasarna</a>', col. 1658. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς περὶ Μενοίτιον</w>:</emph> unknown; nor is it certain that he (or his group) was the victim of the Phalasarnian exiles. <milestone unit="page" n="202">[202]</milestone> </p>

Commentary