Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 22 - Chapter 14

<w lemma="tou">του</w> <w lemma="proba%2Fntes">προβάντες</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flusan:">ἔλυσαν·</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29piou%3Dsan">ἐπιοῦσαν</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappion">Ἄππιον</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmpein">πέμπειν</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Ftatton">ἐπέταττον</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppw%7C">Φιλίππῳ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ono%2Fmaston">Ὀνόμαστον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fssandron">Κάσσανδρον</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> [<w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="pu%2Fqhtai">πύθηται</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftwn">γεγονότων</w>].

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="basileu%2Fs">βασιλεύς</w>, <w lemma="diatrapei%5Cs">διατραπεὶς</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fni">ἔνι</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29porh%2Fsas">ἀπορήσας</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="polu%5Cn">πολὺν</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fssandron">Κάσσανδρον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh">ἔφη</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmyein">πέμψειν</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29qe%2Fnthn">αὐθέντην</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fta">γεγονότα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcews">πράξεως</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%3Dnoi%2F">ἐκεῖνοί</w> <w lemma="fasin">φασιν</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="pu%2Fqhtai">πύθηται</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqei%2Fas">ἀληθείας</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w>.

<w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ono%2Fmaston">Ὀνόμαστον</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%7Crei%3Dto">ἐξῃρεῖτο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%5C">αὐτὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="presbeutai%3Ds">πρεσβευταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29ntugxa%2Fnwn">ἐντυγχάνων</w>, <w lemma="a%29formh%3D%7C">ἀφορμῇ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="xrw%2Fmenos">χρώμενος</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Amarwnei%2Fa%7C">Μαρωνείᾳ</w> <w lemma="paragegone%2Fnai">παραγεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ono%2Fmaston">Ὀνόμαστον</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sfagh%3Ds">σφαγῆς</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fn">καιρόν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fneggus">σύνεγγυς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w>,

<w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqei%2Fa%7C">ἀληθείᾳ</w> <w lemma="dediw%5Cs">δεδιὼς</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="paragenhqei%5Cs">παραγενηθεὶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="kekoinwnhkw%5Cs">κεκοινωνηκὼς</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftwn">τοιούτων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Amarwnei%2Ftas">Μαρωνείτας</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%29%2Flla">τἄλλα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="diasafh%2Fsh%7C">διασαφήσῃ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ono%2Fmaston">Ὀνόμαστον</w> <w lemma="e%29cei%2Fleto">ἐξείλετο</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fssandron">Κάσσανδρον</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29pelqei%3Dn">ἀπελθεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29postei%2Flas">ἀποστείλας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parape%2Fmyas">παραπέμψας</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="%2A%29hpei%2Frou">Ἠπείρου</w> <w lemma="farma%2Fkw%7C">φαρμάκῳ</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeiren">διέφθειρεν</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappion">Ἄππιον</w>, <w lemma="kategnwko%2Ftes">κατεγνωκότες</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Amarwnei%2Ftas">Μαρωνείτας</w> <w lemma="paranomi%2Fas">παρανομίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="a%29llotrio%2Fthtos">ἀλλοτριότητος</w>, <w lemma="toiau%2Ftas">τοιαύτας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="dialh%2Fyeis">διαλήψεις</w> <w lemma="e%29xwri%2Fsqhsan">ἐχωρίσθησαν</w>.

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28auto%5Cn">ἑαυτὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="summetadou%5Cs">συμμεταδοὺς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flwn">φίλων</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apellh%3D%7C">Ἀπελλῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afiloklei%3D">Φιλοκλεῖ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%2Ftwn">ἐνεστώτων</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fgnw">ἔγνω</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="probebhkui%3Dan">προβεβηκυῖαν</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fn">διαφοράν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="ou%29ke%2Fti">οὐκέτι</w> <w lemma="lan">λαν</w> <w lemma="qa%2Fnousan">θάνουσαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="katafanh%3D">καταφανῆ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstois">πλείστοις</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dsan">οὖσαν</w>.

<w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fqumos">πρόθυμος</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="a%29mu%2Fnasqai">ἀμύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="metelqei%3Dn">μετελθεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%2Fs:">αὐτούς·</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnia">ἔνια</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pinooume%2Fnwn">ἐπινοουμένων</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2Fxeiros">ἀπόχειρος</w> <w lemma="w%29%5Cn">ὢν</w> <w lemma="e%29peba%2Fleto">ἐπεβάλετο</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnoito%2F">γένοιτό</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="a%29nastrofh%5C">ἀναστροφὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="la%2Fboi">λάβοι</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="paraskeua%2Fs">παρασκευάς</w>.

<w lemma="e%29%2Fdocen">ἔδοξεν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="new%2Ftaton">νεώτατον</w> <w lemma="ui%28o%5Cn">υἱὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmh%2Ftrion">Δημήτριον</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmpein">πέμπειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29pologhso%2Fmenon">ἀπολογησόμενον</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29gkaloume%2Fnwn">ἐγκαλουμένων</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraithso%2Fmenon">παραιτησόμενον</w>, <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="kai%2F">καί</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoia%2F">ἄγνοιά</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29gego%2Fnei">ἐγεγόνει</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fn">αὐτόν</w>.

<w lemma="pa%2Fnu">πάνυ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fpeisto">ἐπέπειστο</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proteqe%5Cn">προτεθὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29nu%2Fesqai">ἀνύεσθαι</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28peroxh%5Cn">ὑπεροχὴν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="gegenhme%2Fnhn">γεγενημένην</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="neani%2Fskou">νεανίσκου</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28mhrei%2Fan">ὁμηρείαν</w>.

<w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dianohqei%5Cs">διανοηθεὶς</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29gi%2Fneto">ἐγίνετο</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kpomph%5Cn">ἐκπομπὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="sunecapostalhsome%2Fnwn">συνεξαποσταλησομένων</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flwn">φίλων</w>,

<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Abuzanti%2Fois">Βυζαντίοις</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%2Fsxeto">ὑπέσχετο</w> <w lemma="bohqh%2Fsein">βοηθήσειν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnwn">ἐκείνων</w> <w lemma="stoxazo%2Fmenos">στοχαζόμενος</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> '<w lemma="kei%2Fnwn">κείνων</w> <w lemma="profa%2Fsei">προφάσει</w> <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenos">βουλόμενος</w> <w lemma="kataplh%2Fcasqai">καταπλήξασθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aqra%7Ckw%3Dn">Θρᾳκῶν</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fstas">δυνάστας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Aproponti%2Fda">Προποντίδα</w> <w lemma="katoikou%2Fntwn">κατοικούντων</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prokeime%2Fnhs">προκειμένης</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%3Ds">ἐπιβολῆς</w>.

They broke up their first interview at this point, and on the next day the commissioners ordered Philip to send Onomastus and Cassander instantly to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.

Philip was exceedingly taken aback by this, and after hesitating for long, said he would send Cassander, the author of the deed, as they said, in order that the senate might learn the truth from him.

Both now and at subsequent interviews with the legates he exculpated Onomastus on the pretext that not only had he not been present at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maronea&groupId=734&placeId=1345">Maronea</a> on the occasion of the massacre, but had not even been in the neighbourhood; fearing in fact that on arriving at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> this officer, who had taken part in many similar deeds, might inform the Romans not only about what had happened at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maronea&groupId=734&placeId=1345">Maronea</a>, but about all the rest.

Finally he got Onomastus excused; but sent off Cassander after the departure of the legates and giving him an escort as far as Epirus killed him there by poison.

But Appius and the other legates, after condemning Philip for his outrage at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maronea&groupId=734&placeId=1345">Maronea</a> and for his spirit of enmity to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, quitted him with this opinion of him.

The king, left by himself, confessed in his confidential intercourse with his friends Apelles and Philocles that he saw clearly that his difference with the Romans had become very acute and that this did not escape the eyes of others but was patent to most people.

He was therefore in general quite eager to resist and attack them by any and every means. But as he had not sufficient forces to execute some of his projects, he set himself to consider how he might put off matters for a little and gain time for warlike preparations.

He decided, then, to send his youngest son Demetrius to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, in the first place to offer a defence against the charges brought against him, and next to ask for pardon if indeed he had inadvertently erred in any respect.

For he felt quite convinced that he would through him get the senate to accede to anything he proposed owing to the influence the young man had won while serving as a hostage.

Having thought of this he occupied himself with the dispatch of Demetrius and the other friends he was about to send in company with him,

and also promised to help the Byzantines, not so much with the view of gratifying them, as wishing upon this pretext to strike terror into the Thracian chiefs north of the Propontis and thus further the project he meant to execute.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

22.13.1 - 22.14.12

Massacre at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maronea&groupId=734&placeId=1345">Maronea</a>: Philip sends Demetrius to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> This excerpt, a combination of passages from de legat. gent. and de legat. Rom., is the basis for Livy, xxxix. 34–35, and belongs to res Macedoniae of Ol. 148, 4 = 185/4, in fact (cf. 13. 1–2) 184; see pp. 11–13.

Specifics

22.14.1 - 22.14.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πέμπειν ἐπέταττον κτλ</w>:</emph> they had evidently decided on this overnight. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">[ἵνα πύθηται περὶ τῶν γεγονότων]</w>:</emph> seems to anticipate § 2 and has no subject; probably a clumsy attempt at compression by the excerptor (cf. 13. 7). This finds some support in Livy, though he also compresses the original; cf. Livy, xxxix. 34. 6, 'si ab se culpam remouere uellet, Onomastum et Cassandrum, per quos acta res diceretur, mitteret Roman, ut eos senatus percunctari posset.' Livy gives the envoy phrases which P. attributes to Philip (and consequently has to rephrase Philip's reply), but his order confirms the view that the phrase <w lang="el-GR">ἵνα πύθηται . . . ἡ σύγκλητος</w> belongs to § 2 and is anticipated here.

22.14.4 - 22.14.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολλῶν ἔργων . . . κεκοινωνηκὼς τοιούτων</w>:</emph> what these were we do not know; clearly P. follows a source hostile to Philip.

22.14.5 - 22.14.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">φαρμάκῳ διέφθειρεν</w>:</emph> for the many murders attributed to Philip <milestone unit="page" n="198">[198]</milestone> see viii. 12. 2 n. Livy, xxxix. 34. 10 is more cautious: 'ueneno creditur sublatus.'

22.14.6 - 22.14.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐχωρίσθησαν</w>:</emph> without having secured the withdrawal of his garrisons (cf. xiii. 1. 4; Livy, xxxix. 46. 9).

22.14.7 - 22.14.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀπελλῇ καὶ φιλοκλεῖ</w>:</emph> both are important in Macedon from now on; Philocles was eventually executed by Philip, Apelles by Perseus (cf. Walbank, Philip, 253 n. 1; Livy, xl. 54. 1–55. 8, xlii. 5. 4). Philocles may be the general active before and during the Second Macedonian War; cf. xvi. 24. 7 n., see P. Schoch, RE, 'Philokles (5)', cols. 2491–2; Wilcken, RE, 'Apelles (7)', col. 2688. Both were among Philip's <w lang="el-GR">πρῶτοι φίλοι</w> (xxiii. 1. 5); on this rank in Hellenistic courts see i. 44. 1 n.; Holleaux, tudes, i. 287 n. 3; iii. 220 ff. Corradi, 331 ff. does not mention them at the Antigonid court. P. here describes them with the wider term <w lang="el-GR">φίλοι</w>. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔγνω σαφῶς ἐπὶ πολὺ προβεβηκυῖαν . . . τὴν . . . διαφοράν</w>:</emph> P. evidently had a Macedonian oral source (or sources) for this conversation; cf. Walbank, JHS, 1938, 64–65.

22.14.8 - 22.14.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀμύνασθαι καὶ μετελθεῖν αὐτούς</w>:</emph> 'to measures of self-defence and retaliation' (Shuckburgh). This implies that Philip was prepared to meet what he now believed to be an inevitable war, but not, as P. thought (cf. 18. 10; Livy, xxxix. 23. 5, 24. 1, 29. 3, based on P.), that he was planning to start a war of revenge; cf. Walbank, Philip, 236; see also Gruen, GRBS, 1974, 232.

22.14.9 - 22.14.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δημήτριον</w>:</emph> cf. xviii. 39. 5 n. He was now about 23 and had spent the years 197–191 as hostage at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (cf. xxi. 3. 3, 11. 9; below § 10). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰ καί τις ἄγνοιά</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ποτ</w>f</emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐγεγόνει</w>:</emph> 'if he had inadvertently erred' (Paton). <w lang="el-GR">ποτ</w>f is inserted gratuitously by Bttner-Wobst to avoid hiatus (perhaps introduced by the excerptor).

22.14.10 - 22.14.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διὰ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν . . . τοῦ νεανίσκου</w>:</emph> 'owing to the high esteem which the young man had won'; cf. Livy, xxxix. 35. 3, 'quod Romae obses specimen indolis regiae dedisset' (which, despite Reiske's 'bene', seems to misunderstand P.'s point).

22.14.11 - 22.14.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν . . . συνεξαποστολησομένων φίλων</w>:</emph> Apelles and Philocles (xxiii. 1. 5); Paton misleadingly renders 'other friends'.

22.14.12 - 22.14.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῖς Βυζαντίοις ὑπέσχετο βοηθήσειν</w>:</emph> on the constant pressure from Thracians and Gauls in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thrace&groupId=1030&placeId=509">Thrace</a> see iv. 45–46; this had continued till Cavarus' fall c. 212. In 192 Antiochus took <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> under his protection (App. Syr. 6, <w lang="el-GR">Βυζαντίοις ἐχαρίζετο πολλὰ ὡς ἐπίκαιρον ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος πόλιν ἔχουσιν</w>; Niese, ii. 675 n. 3 suggests that Perinthus may have been again united with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> at this time (cf. xviii. 2. 4 n.)). Since his defeat, Thracian pressure had again grown. According to Livy, xxxix. 35. 4, who gives more of P. than the excerptor, Philip now defeated the Thracians, and took prisoner their leader Amadocus (king of the Astae (cf. xiii. 10. 10 n.) or of the Caeni, who lived a little to the north-west of these (cf. Niese, iii. 28 n. 4)). <milestone unit="page" n="199">[199]</milestone> A.-J. Reinach, BCH, 1910, 266 n. 1, thinks he was the father of the Teres who married one of Philip's daughters (Diod. xxxii. 15. 5) but without any real evidence. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">χάριν τῆς προκειμένης ἐ?πιβολῆς</w>:</emph> compressed; cf. Livy, xxxix. 35. 4, 'missis ad accolas Histri fluminis barbaros, ut in Italiam irrumperent, sollicitandos'. This alleged plan, accepted by Reinach, BCH, 1910, 265, seems to be an exaggerated interpretation (reflecting Roman fears) of a bold scheme to annihilate the troublesome <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Dardani&groupId=528&placeId=996">Dardani</a> and to settle Bastarnae under Clondicus in their place (cf. Livy, xl. 57. 5, referring to 179). Perhaps Philip also opened negotiations now with the Scordisci, and made the agreement recorded in Iustin. xxxii. 3. 5. See Walbank, JHS, 1938, 66 n. 53; Philip, 237. Ap. Claudius in the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a> (184). It is clear (cf. Livy, xxxix. 35. 5–37. 21) that P. next described affairs in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> before and at the time of Ap. Claudius' arrival there from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>. Livy (following P.; cf. 2. 1 n.) describes the summoning of a concilium (which looks like a synodos, though this is not quite certain: Larsen, 177; below, appendix to book xxix, p. 413 n. 1) by Lycortas, the general for 185/4, at which Areus and Alcibiades (cf. 11. 7 n.) were condemned to death, and the calling of a second meeting, certainly a syncletos, to Cleitor to hear Ap. Claudius. Here the Achaeans were intimidated by the presence in his party of the two Spartans, who had probably not returned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> after appearing at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (11. 7; cf. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Shimron&groupId=19&placeId=84">Shimron</a>, Late <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>, 146–7); but P. recorded the speech of his father Lycortas which, Livy records, 'cum adsensu maximae partis est auditus' (Livy, xxxix. 37. 18). When Claudius advised the Achaeans to settle with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> while they were still able to do so of their own free will, the Achaeans asked the Romans to make such changes as they wished rather than compel them to break their oaths. The deathsentence on Areus and Alcibiades was thereupon cancelled, but no other change is recorded; cf. Paus. vii. 9. 4 (Lycortas' speech). For discussion see Niese, iii. 48–49; De Sanctis, iv. 1. 241; Errington, 176–8; <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Shimron&groupId=19&placeId=84">Shimron</a>, Late <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>, 146–7.

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