Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 10 - Chapter 23

<w lemma="%2A%29%3Dhsan">Ἦσαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kinh%2Fseis">κινήσεις</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="u%28pela%2Fmbane">ὑπελάμβανε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="a%28rmo%2Fzein">ἁρμόζειν</w>, <w lemma="ai%28%3Ds">αἷς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdei">ἔδει</w> <w lemma="suneiqi%2Fsqai">συνειθίσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w>, <w lemma="au%28%3Dtai:">αὗται·</w>

<w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fppon">ἵππον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kli%2Fseis">κλίσεις</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ni%2Fan">ἡνίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fru">δόρυ</w>, <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="a%29nastrofh%5C">ἀναστροφὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="metabolh%2F">μεταβολή</w>,

<w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29lamo%5Cn">οὐλαμὸν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pistrofh%5C">ἐπιστροφὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="perispasmo%2Fs">περισπασμός</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kperispasmo%2Fs">ἐκπερισπασμός</w>,

<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29cagwgai%5C">ἐξαγωγαὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fxous">λόχους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diloxi%2Fas">διλοχίας</w> <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frwn">ἑκατέρων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kera%2Ftwn">κεράτων</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fxous">τάχους</w>, <w lemma="pote%5C">ποτὲ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fswn">μέσων</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunagwgai%5C">συναγωγαὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="met%27">μετ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29poxh%3Ds">ἐποχῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ou%29lamou%2Fs">οὐλαμούς</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Flas">ἴλας</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="i%28pparxi%2Fas">ἱππαρχίας</w>,

<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29kta%2Fceis">ἐκτάξεις</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frwn">ἑκατέρων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kera%2Ftwn">κεράτων</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="parembolh%3Ds">παρεμβολῆς</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="paragwgh%3Ds">παραγωγῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ou%29ragou%2Fs">οὐραγούς</w>.

<w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fklasin">περίκλασιν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="prosdei%3Dsqai">προσδεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="mele%2Fths">μελέτης</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh:">ἔφη·</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fas">πορείας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fqesin">διάθεσιν</w>.

<w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pagwga%5Cs">ἐπαγωγὰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fous">ἐναντίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29poxwrh%2Fseis">ἀποχωρήσεις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdei">ἔδει</w> <w lemma="suneqi%2Fzein">συνεθίζειν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsais">πάσαις</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="kinh%2Fsesin">κινήσεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="deinw%3D%7C">δεινῷ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fxei">τάχει</w> <w lemma="prosa%2Fgein">προσάγειν</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="suzugou%3Dntas">συζυγοῦντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sustoixou%3Dntas">συστοιχοῦντας</w> <w lemma="diame%2Fnein">διαμένειν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="diasth%2Fmata">διαστήματα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ou%29lamou%5Cs">οὐλαμοὺς</w> <w lemma="threi%3Dn">τηρεῖν</w>,

<w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="leluko%2Ftwn">λελυκότων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcin">τάξιν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ou%29lamoi%3Ds">οὐλαμοῖς</w>, <w lemma="ai%28roume%2Fnwn">αἱρουμένων</w> <w lemma="kinduneu%2Fein">κινδυνεύειν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29pisfale%2Fsteron">ἐπισφαλέστερον</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxon">ὑπάρχον</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29xreio%2Fteron">ἀχρειότερον</w>.

<w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28podei%2Fcas">ὑποδείξας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29potelei%2Fois">ἀποτελείοις</w>, <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="e%29peporeu%2Feto">ἐπεπορεύετο</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29ceta%2Fzwn">ἐξετάζων</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="sumperife%2Fronq%27">συμπεριφέρονθ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="paraggellome%2Fnois">παραγγελλομένοις</w>, <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="kratou%3Dsin">κρατοῦσιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frxontes">ἄρχοντες</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="deo%2Fntws">δεόντως</w> <w lemma="dido%2Fnai">διδόναι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="paragge%2Flmata">παραγγέλματα</w>,

<w lemma="kri%2Fnwn">κρίνων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29lh%2Fqeian">ἀλήθειαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkaio%2Fteron">ἀναγκαιότερον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w>

The movements in which he thought the cavalry should be trained, as being applicable to all circumstances, were as follows.

Each separate horseman must learn to wheel his horse to the left or to the right and also to wheel round and again return.

In sections and double sections they were to wheel so as to describe either a quarter, a half, or three-quarters of a circe and next to dash out at full speed from either of the wings or from the centre in single or double companies and then reining in to resume their formation in troops, squadrons, or regiments.

Besides this they must be able to extend their line on either wing either by filling up intervals or by bringing up men from the rear.

He considered that deployment by wheeling required no practice, as it was much the same thing as falling into marching order.

After this they were to practise charging and retiring in every kind of formation until they could advance at a tremendous pace but without falling out of line or column, keeping at the same time the proper distances between the squadrons,

as he considered that nothing was more dangerous or ineffectual than cavalry which have broken their order in squadrons and choose to engage the enemy while in this state.

When he had given these instructions to the people and the municipal magistrates, he paid a second visit to the towns to inquire in the first place if the soldiers were obeying orders, and next if the municipal magistrates were thoroughly capable of giving the words of command clearly and properly,

as he considered that for actual warfare nothing was more essential than the efficiency of particular officers.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

10.20.0 - 10.24.0

Philopoemen reforms the Achaean cavalry This fragment, from the res Graeciae of Ol. 142, 3 = 210/09 B.C. (in fact 209) concerns Philopoemen's hipparchia, to which he was elected in autumn 210, when Cycliadas became Achaean general (22. 6; cf. Plut. Philop. 7. 2; Paus. viii. 49. 7; Livy, xxvii. 31. 10 for Cycliadas). By this date entry upon the strategia, and with it the hipparchia, was in autumn; cf. v. 106. 1 n., xi. 10. 9.

10.23.1 - 10.23.8

Specific cavalry manuvres.

Specifics

10.23.2 - 10.23.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κλίσεις ἐφ᾿ ἡνίαν καὶ . . . ἐπὶ δόρυ</w>:</emph> 'facing round to left and to right'; the individual horseman turned through 90; cf. Asclep. 10. 2, <w lang="el-GR">κλίσις μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ἡ κατ᾿ ἄνδρα κίνησις, ἐπὶ δόρυ μὲν ἡ ἐπὶ δεξιά</w> <milestone unit="page" n="225">[225]</milestone> <w lang="el-GR">ἐπ᾿ ἀσπίδα δὲ ἡ ἐπ᾿ ἀριστερά, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἱπποτῶν ἐφ᾿ ἡνίαν</w> ; Arr. Tact. 21; Ael. Tact. 28. 1. For an example of the use of <w lang="el-GR">κλίσις</w> by infantry cf. iii. 115. 9–10 (Libyans at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a>); vi. 40. 12 (Roman marching column). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀναστροφὴ καὶ μεταβολή</w>:</emph> cf. iii. 115. 3 (where, however, these terms are used vaguely). Here <w lang="el-GR">μεταβολή</w> means turning through 180, and <w lang="el-GR">ἀναστροφή</w> a return to the original position; cf. Asclep. 10. 3, <w lang="el-GR">ἡ δὲ δὶς ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ γινομένη κλίσις κατὰ νώτου τὰς τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ὄψεις μετατιθεῖσα καλεῖται μεταβολή</w> ; 10. 6, <w lang="el-GR">ἀναστροφὴ δέ ἐστιν ἀποκατάστασις τῆς ἐπιστροφῆς εἰς ὃν προκατεῖχε τὸ σύνταγμα τόπον</w> (cf. Arr. Tact. 21. 2, 21. 4; Ael. Tact. 25. 2–4, 25. 7). Here Asclepiodotus uses <w lang="el-GR">ἀναστροφή</w> in relation to a whole body of troops; but just as <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιστροφή</w> (see below) can be used of an individual (cf. Plut. Philop. 7. 5), so presumably can <w lang="el-GR">ἀναστροφή</w>. Schweighaeuser, ad loc., took <w lang="el-GR">ἀναστροφή</w> to mean a return to the original position after the <w lang="el-GR">κλίσις ἐφ᾿ ἡνίαν</w> or <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ δόρυ</w>. But iii. 115. 3 shows it to go closely with <w lang="el-GR">μεταβολή</w>, and the meaning will be 'facing about and returning to the original position', with hysteron proteron to avoid hiatus.

10.23.3 - 10.23.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατ᾿ οὐλαμὸν δ᾿ ἐπιστροφὴ καὶ περισπασμός</w>:</emph> cf. i. 76. 2–9 n., xii. 18. 3. The tactical writers (Asclep. 10. 4–5; Arr. Tact. 21. 3; Ael. Tact. 25. 5) define <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιστροφή</w> as a movement by which a whole body of troops swings round, pivoted on the left or right file leader, so as to finish at 90 to its former position and further forward, e.g. <figure> <graphic url="10002.gif" scale="100%" /> </figure> <w lang="el-GR">περισπασμός</w> (cf. Asclep. 10. 7; Arr. Tact. 21. 4; Ael. Tact. 25. 8) represents the same movement continued through a further 90, so that the body now faces the direction opposite to its original one.

10.23.4 - 10.23.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔτι δ᾿ ἐκπερισπασμός</w>:</emph> cf. Asclep. 10. 8; Arr. Tact. 21. 5; Ael. Tact. 25. 9. This movement represents yet a further 90 turn by the same body, so that the troops now face a direction to the left of their original position. A fourth turn through 90 would bring the troops back to this position, and such a turn was called <w lang="el-GR">ἐπικατάστασις</w>. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐξαγωγαὶ κατὰ λόχους καὶ διλοχίας</w>:</emph> 'dashing out in files or double files'. For <w lang="el-GR">λόχος</w> in this sense (rather than 'company') see Asclep. 2; Arr. Tact. 5. 4; Ael. Tact. 4. 1–3, 5. 1–2; and for <w lang="el-GR">διλοχία</w>, 'double-file', Asclep. 2. 8; Arr. Tact. 10. 1; Ael Tact. 9. 1–4 a. LSJ mistranslates 'double-company' (the sense in Arr. Tact. 15. 3), and Paton is also <milestone unit="page" n="226">[226]</milestone> wrong with 'in single or double companies' (duplicated four lines earlier as 'in sections and double sections'). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συναγωγαὶ . . . μετ᾿ ἐποχῆς</w>:</emph> 'reining in to return . . .'; <w lang="el-GR">εἰς ἴλας</w>? is Scaliger's emendation of the MS. <w lang="el-GR">θεείλας</w>. Eight <w lang="el-GR">ἶλαι</w> are said to make one <w lang="el-GR">ἱππαρχία</w> (Asclep. 7. 11; Arr. Tact. 18. 2–3; Ael. Tact. 20. 2), and an <w lang="el-GR">ἴλη</w> to contain 64, a <w lang="el-GR">ἱππαρχία</w> 512 horsemen (though variants are found). <w lang="el-GR">οὐλαμός</w> is not used by these writers, but is equivalent in P. to an <w lang="el-GR">ἴλη</w>; cf. 21. 3, xviii. 19. 9 (of Aetolians). Hence there is much to be said for Schweighaeuser's suggestion that <w lang="el-GR">θεείλας</w> is a gloss (= <w lang="el-GR">θὲς εἴλας)</w> giving a technical equivalent for <w lang="el-GR">οὐλαμούς</w> which has crept into the text. If that is so, <w lang="el-GR">εἰς οὐλαμούς, εἰς ἱππαρχίας</w> will be 'to return to their squadrons and brigades'. But P. may have written <w lang="el-GR">εἰς ἴλας</w>, indicating a general sense, 'they returned to their formations'. For a discussion of <w lang="el-GR">ἶλαι</w> and <w lang="el-GR">ἱππαρχίαι</w> in Alexander's army see P. A. Brunt, JHS, 1963, 27–45 and G. T. Griffith, ibid. 68–74.

10.23.5 - 10.23.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκτάξεις ἐφ᾿ ἑκατέρων τῶν κεράτων</w>:</emph> Schweighaeuser's <w lang="el-GR">ἑκάτερον</w> gives the right sense: 'deployment towards either wing', i.e. by an extension of the front. This is accomplished by 'doubling' <w lang="el-GR">(διὰ παρεμβολῆς</w>; cf. Asclep. 6. 1, 10. 17; Arr. Tact. 26. 4; Ael. Tact. 29. 1–2, 8; where <w lang="el-GR">παρεμβολή</w> is defined as the insertion of additional men between the original ranks or files) or by marching men up from the rear to the front <w lang="el-GR">(διὰ παραγωγῆς τῆς παρὰ τοὺς οὐραγούς)</w>. This sense of <w lang="el-GR">παραγωγή</w> (Scaliger's emendation of the MS. <w lang="el-GR">παραλογῆς)</w> can be illustrated from Xen. Lac. pol. 11. 6–8, where the Spartan <w lang="el-GR">ἐνωμοτίαι</w> are advancing in column, one behind the other, and meet an enemy phalanx; whereupon <w lang="el-GR">τῷ ἐνωμοτάρχῳ παρεγγυᾶται εἰς μέτωπον παρ᾿? ἀσπίδα καθίστασθαι, καὶ διὰ πάντος οὕτως, ἐστ᾿ ἂν ἡ φάλαγξ ἐναντία καταστῇ</w>. This advance of each unit, by an oblique march forward, so that it can take up position in line with the first unit, involves marching along the backs of the troops in front, since those furthest to the rear march furthest to reach their new positions in the front; and this is what P. means here by <w lang="el-GR">παρὰ τοὺς οὐραγούς</w>. (In the tactical writers <w lang="el-GR">παραγωγή</w> has another meaning, that of a phalanx advancing in line, rather than in column, like Alexander's at Issus (xii. 20. 1); cf. Arr. Tact. 28. 3; Asclep. 11. 1; Ael. Tact. 36.)

10.23.6 - 10.23.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς . . . κατὰ περί?κλασιν</w>:</emph> sc. <w lang="el-GR">ἐκτάξεις</w>; cf. xi. 23. 2; 'deployment by wheeling round'. In this manuvre troops advancing in column simply wheel at a given point and proceed at right angles to their former direction. This would be a simple method of converting an extended line into marching order <w lang="el-GR">(πορείας . . . διάθεσιν)</w> or vice versa.

10.23.7 - 10.23.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς ἐπαγωγάς</w>:</emph> 'advances in column'; cf. Arr. Tact. 28. 2, <w lang="el-GR">καὶ ἐπαγωγὴ μέν ἐστιν, ἐπειδὰν τάγμα τάγματι ἐπ᾿ εὐθὺ ἕπηται</w> . Cf. xi. 15. 7, xviii. 31. 12 (of a phalanx charge). <milestone unit="page" n="227">[227]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συζυγοῦντας καὶ συστοιχοῦντας</w>:</emph> 'keeping in line and in column'. <w lang="el-GR">ζυγεῖν</w>, 'to stand in rank', and <w lang="el-GR">στοιχεῖν</w>, 'to stand in file', are used by the tactical writers (cf. Asclep. 7. 4, of cavalry squadrons).

10.23.9 - 10.23.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῖς τε πολλοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἀποτελείοις</w>:</emph> 'to the troops and to the local commanders'. For <w lang="el-GR">οἱ πολλοί</w> in this sense see i. 33. 4, etc. (Paton has 'the people', wrongly); for <w lang="el-GR">οἱ ἀποτέλειοι</w> cf. xvi. 36. 3; IG, v. 2. 293 (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>); Bean, JHS, 1948, 44–48, ll. 39–40, <w lang="el-GR">ἀποτέλειος ὢν καὶ ἀποσταλεὶς ἐπὶ τῶν νεανίσκων</w> (Araxa). An <w lang="el-GR">ἀποτέλειος</w> was evidently a minor local magistrate with military duties; in the Mantinean inscription he commands infantry, and Toup suggested that in Suidas, <w lang="el-GR">ἀποτέλειοι οἱ κατὰ πόλεις ἡγεμόνες τῶν ᾿Ι</w>§<w lang="el-GR">ουδαίων</w> , the last word is an error for <w lang="el-GR">Ἀχαιῶν</w> induced by the reference to Jews in the previous article. Aymard (ACA, 102 n. 1) observes that as hipparch Philopoemen had no access to a political assembly and so toured the towns making contact with the local cavalry contingents and their officers, and later <w lang="el-GR">(αὖθις)</w> paid a second visit to make sure all was going well. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ κατὰ πόλεις ἄρχοντες</w>:</emph> the <w lang="el-GR">ἀποτέ?λειοι</w> and other officers.

10.23.10 - 10.23.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν ἡγεμόνων</w>:</emph> the word <w lang="el-GR">ἡγεμών</w> frequently denotes a highranking infantry officer in the armies of this period, including <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (cf. Insc. Dlos, 442 B, l. 68; Holleaux, tudes, iii. 3 (with Robert's additional bibliography); but here cavalry are involved, and <w lang="el-GR">ἡγεμόνες</w> must therefore be 'officers' in the general sense, as in 24. 2 and elsewhere (cf. Launey, i. 24–25).

Polybius, Histories

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Walbank Commentary

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