<w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkos">Μάρκος</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%2Fkonta">ἑξήκοντα</w> <w lemma="ska%2Ffesi">σκάφεσι</w> <w lemma="penthrikoi%3Ds">πεντηρικοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29poiei%3Dto">ἐποιεῖτο</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fploun">ἐπίπλουν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axradi%2Fnhn">Ἀχραδίνην</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dres">πλῆρες</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29xo%2Fntwn">ἐχόντων</w> <w lemma="to%2Fca">τόξα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sfendo%2Fnas">σφενδόνας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gro%2Fsfous">γρόσφους</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmellon">ἔμελλον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Flcewn">ἐπάλξεων</w> <w lemma="maxome%2Fnous">μαχομένους</w> <w lemma="a%29naste%2Fllein">ἀναστέλλειν</w>.
<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="o%29ktw%5C">ὀκτὼ</w> <w lemma="penth%2Fresi">πεντήρεσι</w>, <w lemma="paralelume%2Fnais">παραλελυμέναις</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="tarsou%2Fs">ταρσούς</w>, <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="deciou%2Fs">δεξιούς</w>, <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="eu%29wnu%2Fmous">εὐωνύμους</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunezeugme%2Fnais">συνεζευγμέναις</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flas">ἀλλήλας</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnduo">σύνδυο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29yilwme%2Fnous">ἐψιλωμένους</w> <w lemma="toi%2Fxous">τοίχους</w>, <w lemma="prosh%3Dgon">προσῆγον</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tei%3Dxos">τεῖχος</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%5Cs">ἐκτὸς</w> <w lemma="toi%2Fxwn">τοίχων</w> <w lemma="ei%29resi%2Fas">εἰρεσίας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnas">λεγομένας</w> <w lemma="sambu%2Fkas">σαμβύκας</w>.
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnos">γένος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3Ds">κατασκευῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnwn">εἰρημένων</w> <w lemma="o%29rga%2Fnwn">ὀργάνων</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dto">τοιοῦτο</w>.
<w lemma="kli%2Fmaka">κλίμακα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftei">πλάτει</w> <w lemma="tetra%2Fpedon">τετράπεδον</w> <w lemma="e%28toima%2Fsantes">ἑτοιμάσαντες</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29poba%2Fsews">ἀποβάσεως</w> <w lemma="i%29sou+yh%3D">ἰσοϋψῆ</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="tei%2Fxei">τείχει</w>, <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Fran">ἑκατέραν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pleura%5Cn">πλευρὰν</w> <w lemma="drufaktw%2Fsantes">δρυφακτώσαντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="skepa%2Fsantes">σκεπάσαντες</w> <w lemma="u%28perpete%2Fsi">ὑπερπετέσι</w> <w lemma="qwraki%2Fois">θωρακίοις</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fqhkan">ἔθηκαν</w> <w lemma="plagi%2Fan">πλαγίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="sumyau%2Fontas">συμψαύοντας</w> <w lemma="toi%2Fxous">τοίχους</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="sunezeugme%2Fnwn">συνεζευγμένων</w> <w lemma="new%3Dn">νεῶν</w>, <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="propi%2Fptousan">προπίπτουσαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29mbo%2Flwn">ἐμβόλων</w>.
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="i%28stoi%3Ds">ἱστοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnw">ἄνω</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w> <w lemma="troxili%2Fai">τροχιλίαι</w> <w lemma="prosh%2Frthnto">προσήρτηντο</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="ka%2Flois">κάλοις</w>.
<w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fswsi">ἐγγίσωσι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fas">χρείας</w>, <w lemma="e%29ndedeme%2Fnwn">ἐνδεδεμένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ka%2Flwn">κάλων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="korufh%5Cn">κορυφὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kli%2Fmakos">κλίμακος</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Flkousi">ἕλκουσι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="troxiliw%3Dn">τροχιλιῶν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="e%28stw%3Dtes">ἑστῶτες</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="pru%2Fmnais:">πρύμναις·</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteroi">ἕτεροι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fws">παραπλησίως</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="prw%2Frrais">πρώρραις</w> <w lemma="e%29cerei%2Fdontes">ἐξερείδοντες</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29nthri%2Fsin">ἀντηρίσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfali%2Fzontai">ἀσφαλίζονται</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frsin">ἄρσιν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mhxanh%2Fmatos">μηχανήματος</w>.
<w lemma="ka%29%2Fpeita">κἄπειτα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29resi%2Fas">εἰρεσίας</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frou">ἑκατέρου</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%5Cs">ἐκτὸς</w> <w lemma="tarsw%3Dn">ταρσῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fsantes">ἐγγίσαντες</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="gh%3D%7C">γῇ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="nau%3Ds">ναῦς</w>, <w lemma="peira%2Fzousi">πειράζουσι</w> <w lemma="proserei%2Fdein">προσερείδειν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="tei%2Fxei">τείχει</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnon">προειρημένον</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Frganon">ὄργανον</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kli%2Fmakos">κλίμακος</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkras">ἄκρας</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxei">ὑπάρχει</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fteuron">πέτευρον</w> <w lemma="h%29sfalisme%2Fnon">ἠσφαλισμένον</w> <w lemma="ge%2Frrois">γέρροις</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanei%2Fas">ἐπιφανείας</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttares">τέτταρες</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndres">ἄνδρες</w> <w lemma="e%29pibebhko%2Ftes">ἐπιβεβηκότες</w> <w lemma="a%29gwni%2Fzontai">ἀγωνίζονται</w>, <w lemma="diamaxo%2Fmenoi">διαμαχόμενοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Frgontas">εἴργοντας</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Flcewn">ἐπάλξεων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fsqesin">πρόσθεσιν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sambu%2Fkhs">σαμβύκης</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pa%5Cn">ἐπὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="proserei%2Fsantes">προσερείσαντες</w> <w lemma="u%28perde%2Fcioi">ὑπερδέξιοι</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnwntai">γένωνται</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tei%2Fxous">τείχους</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pla%2Fgia">πλάγια</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ge%2Frrwn">γέρρων</w> <w lemma="paralu%2Fsantes">παραλύσαντες</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frou">ἑκατέρου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w> <w lemma="e%29pibai%2Fnousin">ἐπιβαίνουσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Flceis">ἐπάλξεις</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pu%2Frgous">πύργους</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipoi%5C">λοιποὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sambu%2Fkhs">σαμβύκης</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fpontai">ἕπονται</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w>, <w lemma="a%29sfalw%3Ds">ἀσφαλῶς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ka%2Flois">κάλοις</w> <w lemma="bebhkui%2Fas">βεβηκυίας</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kli%2Fmakos">κλίμακος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29mfote%2Fras">ἀμφοτέρας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="nau%3Ds">ναῦς</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29ko%2Ftws">εἰκότως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kataskeu%2Fasma">κατασκεύασμα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="proshgori%2Fas">προσηγορίας</w> <w lemma="te%2Fteuxe">τέτευχε</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths:">ταύτης·</w> <w lemma="e%29peida%5Cn">ἐπειδὰν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29carqh%3D%7C">ἐξαρθῇ</w>, <w lemma="gi%2Fnetai">γίνεται</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sxh%3Dma">σχῆμα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="new%5Cs">νεὼς</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kli%2Fmakos">κλίμακος</w> <w lemma="e%28nopoihqe%5Cn">ἑνοποιηθὲν</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsion">παραπλήσιον</w> <w lemma="sambu%2Fkh%7C">σαμβύκῃ</w>.
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<head>History of Universal Supremacy Must Be a Universal History</head>By means of these facts I presume that what I more than once asserted at the beginning of my work is now shown by actual experience to deserve unmixed credit. I mean my assertion, that it is impossible for historians of particular places to get a view of universal history. For how is it possible for a man who has only read a separate history of Sicilian or Spanish affairs to understand and grasp the greatness of the events? Or, what is still more important, in what manner and under what form of polity fortune brought to pass that most surprising of all revolutions that have happened in our time, I mean the reduction of all known parts of the world under one rule and governance, a thing unprecedented in the history of mankind. In what manner the Romans took <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a> or Iberia may be possibly learned to a certain extent by means of such particular histories; but how they arrived at universal supremacy, and what opposition their grand designs met with in particular places, or what on the other hand contributed to their success, and at what epochs, this it is difficult to take in without the aid of universal history. Nor, again, is it easy to appreciate the greatness of their achievements except by the latter method. For the fact of the Romans having sought to gain Iberia, or at another time <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>; or having gone on a campaign with military and naval forces, told by itself, would not be anything very wonderful. But if we learn that these were all done at once, and that many more undertakings were in course of accomplishment at the same time,—all at the cost of one government and commonwealth; and if we see what dangers and wars in their own territory were, at the very time, encumbering the men who had all these things on hand: thus, and only thus, will the astonishing nature of the events fully dawn upon us, and obtain the attention which they deserve. So much for those who suppose that by studying an episode they have become acquainted with universal history. . . .<pb n="529" />
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Walbank Commentary