<w lemma="moni%2Fan">μονίαν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="logismo%2Fs">λογισμός</w>. <w lemma="au%28%2Fth">αὕτη</w> <w lemma="kalou%3D">καλοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dikai%2Fou">δικαίου</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fth">πρώτη</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpois">ἀνθρώποις</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsin">φύσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnnoia">ἔννοια</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fwn">ἐναντίων</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w>, <w lemma="au%28%2Fth">αὕτη</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fas">βασιλείας</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinh%3Ds">ἀληθινῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5C">ἀρχὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnesis">γένεσις</w>.
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="diafula%2Fttousi">διαφυλάττουσι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%2Fs">ἀρχάς</w>, <w lemma="pepeisme%2Fnoi">πεπεισμένοι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftwn">τοιούτων</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftas">γεγονότας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trafe%2Fntas">τραφέντας</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftois">τοιούτοις</w> <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fous">παραπλησίους</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fcein">ἕξειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fseis">προαιρέσεις</w>.
<w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="pote">ποτε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29ggo%2Fnois">ἐγγόνοις</w> <w lemma="dusaresth%2Fswsi">δυσαρεστήσωσι</w>, <w lemma="poiou%3Dntai">ποιοῦνται</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ai%28%2Fresin">αἵρεσιν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxo%2Fntwn">ἀρχόντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fwn">βασιλέων</w> <w lemma="ou%29ke%2Fti">οὐκέτι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="swmatika%5Cs">σωματικὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qumika%5Cs">θυμικὰς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gnw%2Fmhs">γνώμης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="logismou%3D">λογισμοῦ</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fs">διαφοράς</w>, <w lemma="pei%3Dran">πεῖραν</w> <w lemma="ei%29lhfo%2Ftes">εἰληφότες</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29mfoi%3Dn">ἀμφοῖν</w> <w lemma="parallagh%3Ds">παραλλαγῆς</w>.
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="palaio%5Cn">παλαιὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29negh%2Fraskon">ἐνεγήρασκον</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fais">βασιλείαις</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="kriqe%2Fntes">κριθέντες</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpac">ἅπαξ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tuxo%2Fntes">τυχόντες</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fas">ἐξουσίας</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="diafe%2Frontas">διαφέροντας</w> <w lemma="o%29xurou%2Fmenoi">ὀχυρούμενοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="teixi%2Fzontes">τειχίζοντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="kataktw%2Fmenoi">κατακτώμενοι</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalei%2Fas">ἀσφαλείας</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="dayilei%2Fas">δαψιλείας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdei%2Fwn">ἐπιτηδείων</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28potetagme%2Fnois:">ὑποτεταγμένοις·</w>
<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="spouda%2Fzontes">σπουδάζοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%5Cs">ἐκτὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="diabolh%3Ds">διαβολῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fqo%2Fnou">φθόνου</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29sqh%3Dta">ἐσθῆτα</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flas">μεγάλας</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="parallaga%5Cs">παραλλαγὰς</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="brw%3Dsin">βρῶσιν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fsin">πόσιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsion">παραπλήσιον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="biotei%2Fan">βιοτείαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w>, <w lemma="o%28mo%2Fse">ὁμόσε</w> <w lemma="poiou%2Fmenoi">ποιούμενοι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="di%2Faitan">δίαιταν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="diadoxh%3Ds">διαδοχῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnos">γένος</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%5Cs">ἀρχὰς</w> <w lemma="paralamba%2Fnontes">παραλαμβάνοντες</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Ftoima">ἕτοιμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxon">εἶχον</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfa%2Fleian">ἀσφάλειαν</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Ftoima">ἕτοιμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fw">πλείω</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28kanw%3Dn">ἱκανῶν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="trofh%2Fn">τροφήν</w>,
<w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29piqumi%2Fais">ἐπιθυμίαις</w> <w lemma="e%28po%2Fmenoi">ἑπόμενοι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="periousi%2Fan">περιουσίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29ca%2Fllous">ἐξάλλους</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29sqh%3Dtas">ἐσθῆτας</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%2Flabon">ὑπέλαβον</w> <w lemma="dei%3Dn">δεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnous">ἡγουμένους</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28potattome%2Fnwn">ὑποταττομένων</w>, <w lemma="e%29ca%2Fllous">ἐξάλλους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiki%2Flas">ποικίλας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="trofh%5Cn">τροφὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29polau%2Fseis">ἀπολαύσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraskeua%2Fs">παρασκευάς</w>, <w lemma="a%29nantirrh%2Ftous">ἀναντιρρήτους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="proshko%2Fntwn">προσηκόντων</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29frodisi%2Fwn">ἀφροδισίων</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fas">χρείας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunousi%2Fas">συνουσίας</w>.
<w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="fqo%2Fnou">φθόνου</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proskoph%3Ds">προσκοπῆς</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fsous">μίσους</w> <w lemma="e%29kkaiome%2Fnou">ἐκκαιομένου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dusmenikh%3Ds">δυσμενικῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%3Ds">ὀργῆς</w>, <w lemma="e%29ge%2Fneto">ἐγένετο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fas">βασιλείας</w> <w lemma="turanni%2Fs">τυραννίς</w>, <w lemma="a%29rxh%5C">ἀρχὴ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="katalu%2Fsews">καταλύσεως</w> <w lemma="e%29genna%3Dto">ἐγεννᾶτο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fstasis">σύστασις</w> <w lemma="e%29piboulh%3Ds">ἐπιβουλῆς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnois:">ἡγουμένοις·</w>
<w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xeiri%2Fstwn">χειρίστων</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="gennaiota%2Ftwn">γενναιοτάτων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="megaloyuxota%2Ftwn">μεγαλοψυχοτάτων</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="qarralewta%2Ftwn">θαρραλεωτάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftous">τοιούτους</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fkista">ἥκιστα</w>
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<head>How Kingship Turns into Tyranny</head>This then is the natural process of formation among mankind of the notion of goodness and justice, and their opposites; and this is the origin and genesis of genuine kingship: for people do not only keep up the government of such men personally, but for their descendants also for many generations; from the conviction that those who are born from and educated by men of this kind will have principles also like theirs. But if they subsequently become displeased with their descendants, they do not any longer decide their choice of rulers and kings by their physical strength or brute courage; but by the differences of their intellectual and reasoning faculties, from practical experience of the decisive importance of such a distinction.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note8">Kingship in its turn degenerates into tyranny.</note>In old times, then, those who were once thus selected, and obtained this office, grew old in their royal functions, making magnificent strongholds and surrounding them with walls and extending their frontiers, partly for the<pb n="464" />security of their subjects, and partly to provide them with abundance of the necessaries of life; and while engaged in these works they were exempt from all vituperation or jealousy; because they did not make their distinctive dress, food, or drink, at all conspicuous, but lived very much like the rest, and joined in the everyday employments of the common people. But when their royal power became hereditary in their family, and they found every necessary for security ready to their hands, as well as more than was necessary for their personal support, then they gave the rein to their appetites; imagined that rulers must needs wear different clothes from those of subjects; have different and elaborate luxuries of the table; and must even seek sensual indulgence, however unlawful the source, without fear of denial. These things having given rise in the one case to jealousy and offence, in the other to outburst of hatred and passionate resentment, the kingship became a tyranny: the first step in disintegration was taken; and plots began to be formed against the government, which did not now proceed from the worst men but from the noblest, most high-minded, and most courageous, because these are the men who can least submit to the tyrannical acts of their rulers.
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Walbank Commentary