<w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fwn">ἐναντίων</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w>. <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpos">τρόπος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsews">γενέσεως</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnwn">εἰρημένων</w> <w lemma="toio%2Fsde">τοιόσδε</w>.
<w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sunousi%2Fas">συνουσίας</w> <w lemma="o%28rmw%2Fntwn">ὁρμώντων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsin">φύσιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="paidopoii%2Fas">παιδοποιίας</w> <w lemma="a%29poteloume%2Fnhs">ἀποτελουμένης</w>, <w lemma="o%28po%2Fte">ὁπότε</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29ktrafe%2Fntwn">ἐκτραφέντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fan">ἡλικίαν</w> <w lemma="i%28ko%2Fmenos">ἱκόμενος</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="ne%2Fmoi">νέμοι</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29mu%2Fnai">ἀμύναι</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="e%29ktre%2Ffoit%27">ἐκτρέφοιτ᾽</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%2F">ἀλλά</w> <w lemma="pou">που</w> <w lemma="ta%29nanti%2Fa">τἀναντία</w> <w lemma="kakw%3Ds">κακῶς</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein">λέγειν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dra%3Dn">δρᾶν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeiroi%2Fh">ἐγχειροίη</w>,
<w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="dusarestei%3Dn">δυσαρεστεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prosko%2Fptein">προσκόπτειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="suno%2Fntas">συνόντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunido%2Fntas">συνιδόντας</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="gegenhme%2Fnhn">γεγενημένην</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="gennhsa%2Fntwn">γεννησάντων</w> <w lemma="e%29pime%2Fleian">ἐπιμέλειαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kakopa%2Fqeian">κακοπάθειαν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fkna">τέκνα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="qerapei%2Fan">θεραπείαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trofh%2Fn">τροφήν</w>.
<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnous">γένους</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="diafe%2Frontos">διαφέροντος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="zw%2F%7Cwn">ζῴων</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3D%7C">ᾗ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnois">μόνοις</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="me%2Ftesti">μέτεστι</w> <w lemma="nou%3D">νοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="logismou%3D">λογισμοῦ</w>, <w lemma="fanero%5Cn">φανερὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="paratre%2Fxein">παρατρέχειν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnhn">προειρημένην</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fn">διαφοράν</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="zw%2F%7Cwn">ζῴων</w>,
<w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pishmai%2Fnesqai">ἐπισημαίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="gino%2Fmenon">γινόμενον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dusarestei%3Dsqai">δυσαρεστεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="parou%3Dsi">παροῦσι</w>, <w lemma="proorwme%2Fnous">προορωμένους</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sullogizome%2Fnous">συλλογιζομένους</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsion">παραπλήσιον</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="sugkurh%2Fsei">συγκυρήσει</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="pou">που</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fteros">ἅτερος</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="qate%2Frou">θατέρου</w> <w lemma="tuxw%5Cn">τυχὼν</w> <w lemma="e%29pikouri%2Fas">ἐπικουρίας</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="bohqei%2Fas">βοηθείας</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="deinoi%3Ds">δεινοῖς</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="ne%2Fmh%7C">νέμῃ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="sw%2Fsanti">σώσαντι</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%2F">ἀλλά</w> <w lemma="pote">ποτε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="bla%2Fptein">βλάπτειν</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeirh%3D%7C">ἐγχειρῇ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w>, <w lemma="fanero%5Cn">φανερὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftw%7C">τοιούτῳ</w> <w lemma="dusarestei%3Dsqai">δυσαρεστεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prosko%2Fptein">προσκόπτειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29do%2Ftas">εἰδότας</w>, <w lemma="sunaganaktou%3Dntas">συναγανακτοῦντας</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Flas">πέλας</w>, <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Frontas">ἀναφέροντας</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsion">παραπλήσιον</w>.
<w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="u%28pogi%2Fnetai%2F">ὑπογίνεταί</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnnoia">ἔννοια</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstw%7C">ἑκάστῳ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kaqh%2Fkontos">καθήκοντος</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qewri%2Fas:">θεωρίας·</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fper">ὅπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5C">ἀρχὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="dikaiosu%2Fnhs">δικαιοσύνης</w>.
<w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="a%29mu%2Fnh%7C">ἀμύνῃ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fn">μέν</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="deinoi%3Ds">δεινοῖς</w>, <w lemma="u%28fi%2Fsthtai">ὑφίστηται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnh%7C">μένῃ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pifora%5Cs">ἐπιφορὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29lkimwta%2Ftwn">ἀλκιμωτάτων</w> <w lemma="zw%2F%7Cwn">ζῴων</w>, <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dton">τοιοῦτον</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqous">πλήθους</w> <w lemma="e%29pishmasi%2Fas">ἐπισημασίας</w> <w lemma="tugxa%2Fnein">τυγχάνειν</w> <w lemma="eu%29noi+kh%3Ds">εὐνοϊκῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prostatikh%3Ds">προστατικῆς</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%29nanti%2Fa">τἀναντία</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttonta">πράττοντα</w> <w lemma="katagnw%2Fsews">καταγνώσεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proskoph%3Ds">προσκοπῆς</w>.
<w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Flogon">εὔλογον</w> <w lemma="u%28pogi%2Fnesqai%2F">ὑπογίνεσθαί</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="qewri%2Fan">θεωρίαν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxrou%3D">αἰσχροῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kalou%3D">καλοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhla">ἄλληλα</w> <w lemma="diafora%3Ds">διαφορᾶς</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="zh%2Flou">ζήλου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mimh%2Fsews">μιμήσεως</w> <w lemma="tugxa%2Fnein">τυγχάνειν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sumfe%2Fron">συμφέρον</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="fugh%3Ds">φυγῆς</w>.
<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="proestw%5Cs">προεστὼς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fsthn">μεγίστην</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="sunepisxu%2Fh%7C">συνεπισχύῃ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="dialh%2Fyeis">διαλήψεις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fch%7C">δόξῃ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28potattome%2Fnois">ὑποταττομένοις</w> <w lemma="dianemhtiko%5Cs">διανεμητικὸς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fan">ἀξίαν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w>,
<w lemma="ou%29ke%2Fti">οὐκέτι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fan">βίαν</w> <w lemma="dedio%2Ftes">δεδιότες</w>, <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="gnw%2Fmh%7C">γνώμῃ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="eu%29dokou%3Dntes">εὐδοκοῦντες</w>, <w lemma="u%28pota%2Fttontai">ὑποτάττονται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sussw%2F%7Czousi">συσσῴζουσι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w>, <w lemma="ka%29%5Cn">κἂν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flws">ὅλως</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w> <w lemma="ghraio%2Fs">γηραιός</w>, <w lemma="o%28moqumado%5Cn">ὁμοθυμαδὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29pamu%2Fnontes">ἐπαμύνοντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diagwnizo%2Fmenoi">διαγωνιζόμενοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibouleu%2Fontas">ἐπιβουλεύοντας</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="dunastei%2Fa%7C">δυναστείᾳ</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftw%7C">τοιούτῳ</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpw%7C">τρόπῳ</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="mona%2Frxou">μονάρχου</w> <w lemma="lanqa%2Fnei">λανθάνει</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="qumou%3D">θυμοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="i%29sxu%2Fos">ἰσχύος</w> <w lemma="metala%2Fbh%7C">μεταλάβῃ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28ge">ἡγε</w>
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<head>Origin of Morality and Rule</head>The way in which such conceptions originate and come<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note6">Origin of morality</note>into existence is this. The intercourse of the sexes is an instinct of nature, and the result is the birth of children. Now, if any one of these children who have been brought up, when arrived at maturity, is ungrateful and makes no return to those by whom he was nurtured, but on the contrary presumes to injure them by word and deed, it is plain that he will probably offend and annoy such as are present, and have seen the care and trouble bestowed by the parents on the nurture and bringing up of their children. For seeing that men differ from the other animals in being the only creatures possessed of reasoning powers, it is clear that such a difference of conduct is not likely to escape their observation; but that they will remark it when it occurs, and express their displeasure on the spot: because they will have an eye to the future, and will reason on the likelihood of the same occurring to each of themselves. Again, if a man has been rescued or helped in an hour of danger, and, instead of showing gratitude to his preserver, seeks to do him harm, it is clearly probable that the rest will be displeased and offended with him, when they know it: sympathising with their neighbour and imagining themselves in his case. Hence arises a notion in every breast of the meaning and theory of duty, which is in fact the beginning and end of justice. Similarly, again, when any one man<pb n="463" />stands out as the champion of all in a time of danger, and braves with firm courage the onslaught of the most powerful wild beasts, it is probable that such a man would meet with marks of favour and pre-eminence from the common people; while he who acted in a contrary way would fall under their contempt and dislike.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note7">Morality transmutes despotism into kingship</note>From this, once more, it is reasonable to suppose that there would arise in the minds of the multitude a theory of the disgraceful and the honourable, and of the difference between them; and that one should be sought and imitated for its advantages, the other shunned. When, therefore, the leading and most powerful man among his people ever encourages such persons in accordance with the popular sentiment, and thereby assumes in the eyes of his subject the appearance of being the distributor to each man according to his deserts, they no longer obey him and support his rule from fear of violence, but rather from conviction of its utility, however old he may be, rallying round him with one heart and soul, and fighting against all who form designs against his government. In this way he becomes a<term>king</term>instead of a<term>despot</term>by imperceptible degrees, reason having ousted brute courage and bodily strength from their supremacy.
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Walbank Commentary