<w lemma="%2Akai%5C">Καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="xrhmatismou%5Cs">χρηματισμοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqh">ἔθη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmima">νόμιμα</w> <w lemma="belti%2Fw">βελτίω</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Akar">Καρ</w>
<w lemma="xhdoni%2Fois">χηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxro%5Cn">αἰσχρὸν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nhko%2Fntwn">ἀνηκόντων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ke%2Frdos">κέρδος</w>, <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="ai%29%2Fsxion">αἴσχιον</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dwrodokei%3Dsqai">δωροδοκεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pleonektei%3Dn">πλεονεκτεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w>
<w lemma="kaqhko%2Fntwn">καθηκόντων</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="kalw%3D%7C">καλῷ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fqentai">τίθενται</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="krati%2Fstou">κρατίστου</w> <w lemma="xrhmatismo%2Fn">χρηματισμόν</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dto">τοσοῦτο</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="o%29nei%2Fdei">ὀνείδει</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dntai">ποιοῦνται</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29peirhme%2Fnwn">ἀπειρημένων</w> <w lemma="pleoneci%2Fan">πλεονεξίαν</w>.
<w lemma="shmei%3Don">σημεῖον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto:">τοῦτο·</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="dw%3Dra">δῶρα</w> <w lemma="fanerw%3Ds">φανερῶς</w> <w lemma="dido%2Fntes">διδόντες</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnousi">λαμβάνουσι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%2Fs">ἀρχάς</w>, <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="qa%2Fnato%2Fs">θάνατός</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fstimon">πρόστιμον</w>.
<w lemma="o%28%2Fqen">ὅθεν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fqlwn">ἄθλων</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29reth%3Ds">ἀρετῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fwn">ἐναντίων</w> <w lemma="tiqeme%2Fnwn">τιθεμένων</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29mfoi%3Dn">ἀμφοῖν</w>, <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29no%2Fmoion">ἀνόμοιον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="paraskeuh%5Cn">παρασκευὴν</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frwn">ἑκατέρων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w>.
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Amegi%2Fsthn">Μεγίστην</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cn">διαφορὰν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="be%2Fltion">βέλτιον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="qew%3Dn">θεῶν</w> <w lemma="dialh%2Fyei">διαλήψει</w>.
<w lemma="kai%2F">καί</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpois">ἀνθρώποις</w> <w lemma="o%29neidizo%2Fmenon">ὀνειδιζόμενον</w>, <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fxein">συνέχειν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmata">πράγματα</w>, <w lemma="le%2Fgw">λέγω</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="deisidaimoni%2Fan:">δεισιδαιμονίαν·</w>
<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29ktetragw%2F%7Cdhtai">ἐκτετραγῴδηται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pareish%3Dktai">παρεισῆκται</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fs">εἴς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fous">βίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="koina%5C">κοινὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="katalipei%3Dn">καταλιπεῖν</w> <w lemma="u%28perbolh%2Fn">ὑπερβολήν</w>. <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fceien">δόξειεν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fsion">θαυμάσιον</w>.
<w lemma="e%29moi%2F">ἐμοί</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dsi">δοκοῦσι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqous">πλήθους</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="pepoihke%2Fnai">πεποιηκέναι</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="sofw%3Dn">σοφῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="sunagagei%3Dn">συναγαγεῖν</w>, <w lemma="i%29%2Fsws">ἴσως</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Dos">ἀναγκαῖος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dtos">τοιοῦτος</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpos:">τρόπος·</w>
<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqo%2Fs">πλῆθός</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="e%29lafro%5Cn">ἐλαφρὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dres">πλῆρες</w> <w lemma="e%29piqumiw%3Dn">ἐπιθυμιῶν</w> <w lemma="parano%2Fmwn">παρανόμων</w>, <w lemma="o%29rgh%3Ds">ὀργῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgou">ἀλόγου</w>, <w lemma="qumou%3D">θυμοῦ</w> <w lemma="biai%2Fou">βιαίου</w>, <w lemma="lei%2Fpetai">λείπεται</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29dh%2Flois">ἀδήλοις</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbois">φόβοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fth%7C">τοιαύτῃ</w> <w lemma="tragw%7Cdi%2Fa%7C">τραγῳδίᾳ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqh">πλήθη</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fxein">συνέχειν</w>.
<w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="palaioi%5C">παλαιοὶ</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dsi%2F">δοκοῦσί</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="qew%3Dn">θεῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nnoi%2Fas">ἐννοίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2F%7Cdou">ᾄδου</w> <w lemma="dialh%2Fyeis">διαλήψεις</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="ei%29kh%3D%7C">εἰκῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftuxen">ἔτυχεν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqh">πλήθη</w> <w lemma="pareisagagei%3Dn">παρεισαγαγεῖν</w>, <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ma%3Dllon">μᾶλλον</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="ei%29kh%3D%7C">εἰκῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgws">ἀλόγως</w> <w lemma="e%29kba%2Fllein">ἐκβάλλειν</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%2F">αὐτά</w>.
<w lemma="toigarou%3Dn">τοιγαροῦν</w> <w lemma="xwri%5Cs">χωρὶς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="koina%5C">κοινὰ</w> <w lemma="xeiri%2Fzontes">χειρίζοντες</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhsin">Ἕλλησιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="tala%2Fntou">ταλάντου</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="pisteuqw%3Dsin">πιστευθῶσιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ntigrafei%3Ds">ἀντιγραφεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sfragi%3Ddas">σφραγῖδας</w> <w lemma="tosau%2Ftas">τοσαύτας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Frturas">μάρτυρας</w> <w lemma="diplasi%2Fous">διπλασίους</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnantai">δύνανται</w> <w lemma="threi%3Dn">τηρεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstin:">πίστιν·</w>
<w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="kata%2F">κατά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%5Cs">ἀρχὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fas">πρεσβείας</w> <w lemma="polu%2F">πολύ</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w> <w lemma="xeiri%2Fzontes">χειρίζοντες</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Frkon">ὅρκον</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstews">πίστεως</w> <w lemma="throu%3Dsi">τηροῦσι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kaqh%3Dkon">καθῆκον</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="spa%2Fnio%2Fn">σπάνιόν</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="eu%28rei%3Dn">εὑρεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29pexo%2Fmenon">ἀπεχόμενον</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndra">ἄνδρα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dhmosi%2Fwn">δημοσίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaqareu%2Fonta">καθαρεύοντα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta:">ταῦτα·</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="spa%2Fnio%2Fn">σπάνιόν</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="labei%3Dn">λαβεῖν</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="pefwrame%2Fnon">πεφωραμένον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fth%7C">τοιαύτῃ</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcei">πράξει</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Cod. Urb. habet haec v. p. 264, 17. 293, 5 cum antecedentibus arcte cohaerentia exc. ant. p. 188.</foreign>]
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<head>Religion Keeps the Roman Commonwealth Together</head>Again the Roman customs and principles regarding<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note89">Purity of election.</note>money transactions are better than those of the Carthaginians. In the view of the latter nothing is disgraceful that makes for gain; with the former nothing is more disgraceful than to receive bribes and to make profit by improper means. For they regard wealth obtained from unlawful transactions to be as much a subject of reproach, as a fair profit from the most unquestioned source is of commendation. A proof of the fact is this. The Carthaginians obtain office by open bribery, but among the Romans the penalty for it is death.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note90">Cf.<ref target="b6c14" targOrder="U">ch. 14</ref>.</note>With such a radical difference, therefore, between the rewards offered to virtue among the two peoples, it is natural that the ways adopted for obtaining them should be different also.But the most important difference for the better which the Roman commonwealth appears to me to display is in their religious beliefs.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note91">Regard to religion.</note>For I conceive that what in other nations is looked upon as a reproach, I mean a scrupulous fear of the gods, is the very thing which keeps the Roman commonwealth together. To such an extraordinary height is this carried among them, both in private and public business, that nothing could<pb n="506" />exceed it. Many people might think this unaccountable; but in my opinion their object is to use it as a check upon the common people. If it were possible to form a state wholly of philosophers, such a custom would perhaps be unnecessary. But seeing that every multitude is fickle, and full of lawless desires, unreasoning anger, and violent passion, the only resource is to keep them in check by mysterious terrors and scenic effects of this sort. Wherefore, to my mind, the ancients were not acting without purpose or at random, when they brought in among the vulgar those opinions about the gods, and the belief in the punishments in Hades: much rather do I think that men nowadays are acting rashly and foolishly in rejecting them. This is the reason why, apart from anything else, Greek statesmen, if entrusted with a single talent, though protected by ten checking-clerks, as many seals, and twice as many witnesses, yet cannot be induced to keep faith: whereas among the Romans, in their magistracies and embassies, men have the handling of a great amount of money, and yet from pure respect to their oath keep their faith intact. And, again, in other nations it is a rare thing to find a man who keeps his hands out of the public purse, and is entirely pure in such matters: but among the Romans it is a rare thing to detect a man in the act of committing such a crime.<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note92">But Polybius afterwards admits that a falling off in this respect had begun. See<ref target="b18c35" targOrder="U">18, 35</ref>;<ref target="b32c11" targOrder="U">32, 11</ref>.</note>. . .
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