Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 32 - Chapter 11

<head lang="la">II. Res Asiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgoi">ὀλίγοι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29piqumi%2Fan">ἐπιθυμίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pneu%3Dma">πνεῦμα</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fqhkan">προσέθηκαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="xrh%2Fmasin">χρήμασιν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29orofe%2Frnhs">Ὀροφέρνης</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Akappadoki%2Fas">Καππαδοκίας</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%2Flhptos">κατάληπτος</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w> <w lemma="a%29pw%2Fleto">ἀπώλετο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fas">βασιλείας</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fpesen">ἐξέπεσεν</w>.

<w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sugkefalaiwsa%2Fmenoi">συγκεφαλαιωσάμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="ka%2Fqodon">κάθοδον</w> <w lemma="e%29pana%2Fcomen">ἐπανάξομεν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dih%2Fghsin">διήγησιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29qisme%2Fnhn">εἰθισμένην</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcin">τάξιν</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3D%7C">ᾗ</w> <w lemma="xrw%2Fmeqa">χρώμεθα</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhn">ὅλην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pragmatei%2Fan:">πραγματείαν·</w>

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="u%28perba%2Fntes">ὑπερβάντες</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="proela%2Fbomen">προελάβομεν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akappadoki%2Fan">Καππαδοκίαν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mhdemi%2Fan">μηδεμίαν</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Flogon">εὔλογον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="diai%2Fresin">διαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2Fploun">ἀπόπλουν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmata">πράγματα</w> <w lemma="ka%2Fqodon">κάθοδον</w> [<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w>] <w lemma="%2A%29ariara%2Fqou">Ἀριαράθου</w>.

<w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fneimi">ἐπάνειμι</w> <w lemma="dhlw%2Fswn">δηλώσων</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmena">γενόμενα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%2Fs">καιρούς</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fdion">ἴδιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%2Flogon">παράλογον</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dgma">πρᾶγμα</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbh">συνέβη</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29wrwpi%2Fwn">Ὠρωπίων</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin:">πόλιν·</w>

<w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29nadramo%2Fntes">ἀναδραμόντες</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prolabo%2Fntes">προλαβόντες</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w> <w lemma="sugkefalaiwso%2Fmeqa">συγκεφαλαιωσόμεθα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhn">ὅλην</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dcin">πρᾶξιν</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fshs">οὔσης</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flws">ὅλως</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanou%3Ds">ἐπιφανοῦς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="dih%7Crhme%2Fnois">διῃρημένοις</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w> <w lemma="a%29pagge%2Fllontes">ἀπαγγέλλοντες</w> <w lemma="eu%29telh%3D">εὐτελῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29safh%3D">ἀσαφῆ</w> <w lemma="poiw%3Dmen">ποιῶμεν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dih%2Fghsin">διήγησιν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Flis">μόλις</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flon">ὅλον</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcion">ἄξιον</w> <w lemma="e%29pista%2Fsews">ἐπιστάσεως</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnhtai">φαίνηται</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29kou%2Fousin">ἀκούουσιν</w>, <w lemma="h%29%3D">ἦ</w> <w lemma="pou%2F">πού</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="diasth%2Fmatos">διαστήματος</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnois">λεγομένοις</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="nou%3Dn">νοῦν</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fcei">προσέξει</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="filomaqou%2Fntwn">φιλομαθούντων</w>; —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pituxi%2Fais">ἐπιτυχίαις</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fpan">ἐπίπαν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnqrwpoi">ἄνθρωποι</w> <w lemma="sumfronou%3Dsi">συμφρονοῦσι</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29potuxi%2Fas">ἀποτυχίας</w> <w lemma="a%29sxa%2Fllontes">ἀσχάλλοντες</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w> <w lemma="e%28lkw%2Fdeis">ἑλκώδεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fskoloi">δύσκολοι</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnontai">γίνονται</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flous:">φίλους·</w>

<w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29orofe%2Frnhn">Ὀροφέρνην</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbh">συνέβη</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipipto%2Fntwn">ἀντιπιπτόντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Aqeoti%2Fmw%7C">Θεοτίμῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="memfome%2Fnwn">μεμφομένων</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flois">ἀλλήλοις</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>*. — <w lemma="%2A%29orofe%2Frnhn">Ὀροφέρνην</w> .

<w lemma=""></w> <gap /><w lemma="o%29li%2Fgon">ὀλίγον</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="%2Akappadoki%2Fas">Καππαδοκίας</w> <w lemma="basileu%2Fsanta">βασιλεύσαντα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parido%2Fnta">παριδόντα</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="patri%2Fous">πατρίους</w> <w lemma="a%29gwga%2Fs">ἀγωγάς</w> <w lemma="fhsin">φησιν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="triakosth%3D%7C">τριακοστῇ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Fra%7C">δευτέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="ei%29sagagei%3Dn">εἰσαγαγεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29iakh%5Cn">Ἰακὴν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="texnitikh%5Cn">τεχνιτικὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29swti%2Fan">ἀσωτίαν</w>. —

<head>Character of the Younger Scipio</head>From that time forward they continually gave each<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note27">Scipio's high character for continence as a young man.</note>other practical proof of an affection which recalled the relationship of father and son, or of kinsmen of the same blood. The first impulse and ambition of a noble kind with which he was inspired was the desire to maintain a character for chastity, and to be superior to the standard observed in that respect among his contemporaries.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note28">The deterioration in Roman morals and its causes.</note>This was a glory which, great and difficult as it generally is, was not hard to gain at that period in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, owing to the general deterioration of morals. Some had wasted their energies on favourite youths; others on mistresses; and a great many on banquets enlivened with poetry and wine, and all the extravagant expenditure which they entailed, having quickly caught during the war with Perseus the dissoluteness of Greek manners in this respect. And to such monstrous lengths had this debauchery gone among the young men, that many of them had given a talent for a young favourite. This dissoluteness had as it were burst into flame at this period: in the first place, from the prevalent idea that, owing to the destruction of the Macedonian monarchy, universal dominion was now secured to them beyond dispute; and in the second place, from the immense difference made, both in public and<pb n="455" />private wealth and splendour, by the importation of the riches of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. Scipio, however, set his heart on a different path in life; and by a steady resistance to his appetites, and by conforming his whole conduct to a consistent and undeviating standard, in about the first five years after this secured a general recognition of his character for goodness and purity.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

32.11.1 - 32.11.10

A discussion of the organization of the account of Orophernes' downfall, which has been described before the res Graeciae, and of the affair of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> and Oropus, which P. now proposes to treat in one single passage This passage, made up of excerpts from de sent. (11. 1–7, 11. 8–9) along with an extract from Athen. x. 440 B, describes a dislocation of P.'s usual procedure, by which the various regions are treated in a fixed order (§ 2 n.), and is itself included in the res Asiae of Ol. 155, 3 = 158/7; see pp. 38–39 (where it is argued that 11. 10 and 12 should stand before 11. 1–9).

32.11.8 - 32.11.9

Orophernes' reaction to failure. This passage seems to refer to Ariarathes' restoration, the account of which preceded §§ 1–7; but its position in de sent. fixes it firmly here. We do not know how far §§ 1–7 were prolonged in the original text, nor the context in which this comment on Orophernes and Theotimus was introduced; hence the fragments should be left in their present order.

32.11.12 - 32.11.12

Attalus' restoration of Ariarathes; cf. Iustin. xxxv. 1. 2. This was in spring 157 (cf. M?rkholm, NC, 1964, 25); and Eumenes' death and Attalus' succession were recorded under the previous olympiad year, Ol. 155, 2 = 159/8 (cf. 8. 1–7 n. and p. 39). This passage and 11. 10 should probably stand before 11. 1 (see p. 39). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς αὑτοῦ προαιρέσεως καὶ πράξεως</w>:</emph> 'of his policy and political skill'. Diod. xxxi. 32 a (where 'Eumenes' is an excerptor's error for 'Attalus') illustrates this <w lang="el-GR">πρᾶξις</w>; he relates how Attalus prevented Demetrius, whose help Orophernes had bought with a payment of 600 talents and a promise of 400 more (10. 4 n.), from giving further assistance by inciting a pretender against him, the later king Alexander Balas.

Specifics

32.11.1 - 32.11.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα προσέθηκαν τοῖς χρήμασιν</w>:</emph> cf. xiii. 2. 5 n. The sense is 'they delivered up their lives to money', implying that they lost both; P. may also be thinking of Archias, the governor of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cyprus&groupId=119&placeId=356">Cyprus</a> (xxxiii. 5. 4). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ὀροφέρνης ὁ τῆς Καππαδοκίας βασιλεύς</w>:</emph> cf. 10. 1–8 n., 10. 4 n., xxxi. 7. 1 n. By his extortion of money (some of which he deposited at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Priene&groupId=1093&placeId=1917">Priene</a>, xxxiii. 6. 2) he alienated the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cappadocia&groupId=435&placeId=343">Cappadocia</a> (Diod. xxxi. 32). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπώλετο καὶ . . . ἐξέπεσεν</w>:</emph> hysteron proteron to avoid hiatus; cf. ii. 2. 2 n., viii. 14. 6 n., x. 23. 2, xi. 19 a 1, xiv. 10. 9, xxiii. 16. 8 n.

32.11.2 - 32.11.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συγκεφαλαιωσάμενοι τὴν τούτου κάθοδον</w>:</emph> already related in a lost section (cf. § 3, <w lang="el-GR">προσελάβομεν)</w>, in which P. passed directly from res Italiae to <w lang="el-GR">τὰ κατὰ τὴν Καππαδοκίαν</w> (§ 3), treating these as an extension of res Italiae, but not dealing with other res Asiae at this point. 11. 10 and 12 probably belong to this narrative. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν εἰθισμένην τάξιν κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. xv. 25. 19, Vol. II, p. 1; Walbank, Polybius, 111–12; Yale Stud. 1975, 203 ff.

32.11.3 - 32.11.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν . . . ἀπόπλουν καὶ τὴν . . . κάθοδον</w>:</emph> cf. 10. 8 n., and below 12 n.

32.11.4 - 32.11.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς καιρούς</w>:</emph> in 158/7.

32.11.5 - 32.11.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ τὴν τῶν Ὠρωπίων πόλιν</w>:</emph> the coastal town of Oropus lay on the Epirus, about 7 km. east of the mouth of the Asopus, and directly opposite <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Eretria&groupId=576&placeId=1079">Eretria</a>; it is modern Skala Oropou (cf. Bursian, i. 219–21; J. Wiesner, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oropos&groupId=820&placeId=1480">Oropos</a> (1)', cols. 1171–4; E. Kirsten and W. Kraiker, Griechenlandkunde <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> (Heidelberg, 1962), 178 ff.). Oropus was famous for the cult of Amphiaraus; and, lying on the frontier of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Attica&groupId=383&placeId=721">Attica</a> and Boeotia, it had a stormy history. From 288 to 171 it belonged to the Boeotian Confederacy (cf. Touloumakos, 48 n. 1), but upon the dissolution of the confederacy in 171 (xxvii. 2. 10 n.) it became independent and remained so until 146. The dispute with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> <milestone unit="page" n="531">[531]</milestone> began with an Athenian raid into Oropian territory for reasons unknown; the Oropians appealed to the Senate which, perhaps as an indication of goodwill towards <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>, appointed Sicyon to decide the matter, and the Sicyonian arbitrators fined the Athenians (who did not appear at the hearing) 500 talents. In 156–5 the Athenians sent three philosophers to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and they succeeded in getting the fine reduced to 100 talents (cf. xxxiii. 2 n.). On all this see Paus. vii. 11. 4. Later the Athenians introduced a garrison into Oropus and took hostages; when the garrison inflicted injuries on the Oropians and they got no help from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, they appealed to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (which already had strained relations with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> over <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delos&groupId=533&placeId=1004">Delos</a>: cf. 7. 5 n.), and bribed the general Menalcidas (see xxx. 16. 2 n.) to persuade the Achaeans to intervene. On learning of this the Athenians withdrew from Oropus, after plundering it, and Menalcidas, who had won Callicrates' support by promising him a share in the bribe, urged an invasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Attica&groupId=383&placeId=721">Attica</a>, but was restrained (Paus. vii. 11. 5–8). Pausanias' account goes on to describe the consequent intrigues inside <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>; it can be supplemented from Syll. 675, an Oropian decree honouring Hiero, son of Telecles, of Aegeira (on Telecles see 3. 14 n.), which shows how, after an appeal to an Achaean <w lang="el-GR">σύνοδος</w>, and the summoning of a <w lang="el-GR">σύγκλητος</w> (see xxix. 24. 5–6 nn., appendix, p. 414) to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Argos&groupId=361&placeId=689">Argos</a>, the Achaeans took diplomatic and perhaps other steps (though this is not clear), resulting in the restoration to Oropus of its population, which had at some stage been expelled. Pausanias does not mention this expulsion, and perhaps only the anti-Athenian party was involved (Regenbogen, RE, Suppl.-B. vii, 'Pausanias (17)', col. 1035; Lehmann, 316 n. 374); the pro-Athenian party may be referred to in Syll. 675 ll. 18–19, <w lang="el-GR">πρός τε Ἀθηναίους καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς ἀντι-πρεσβεύοντας ἡμ[ῖν]</w>. The Athenians set up a cleruchy, which will have issued coins marked <w lang="el-GR">ΩΡΩΠΙ</w>§<w lang="el-GR">ΩΝ</w> (AM, 1879, 262 ff.; Ferguson, 327). Menalcidas' strategia was probably in 151/0 (cf. Paus. vii. 11. 7, 12. 3; Ehrenberg, RE, 'Menalkidas', cols. 703–4; Lehmann, 316 n. 373), and it is not clear how far P. extended his account of the Oropian affair (cf. § 6, <w lang="el-GR">τὰ μὲν ἀναδραμόντες, τὰ δὲ προλαβόντες τοῖς χρόνοις συγ-κεφαλαιωσόμεθα τὴν ὅλην πρᾶξιν)</w>; nor is the chronology sufficiently clear to show which particular part of the story occurred in Ol. 155, 3 = 158/7, and led P. to select this year in which to relate 'the whole story'. But if the Athenian philosophers were heard at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> in 155 (xxxiii. 2), they probably arrived the previous autumn, and certainly in Ol. 156, 1 = 156/5. A possible chronology puts the Athenian attack on Oropus in 157 (the phrase <w lang="el-GR">τὰ μὲν ἀναδραμόντες</w> may suggest earlier friction between the two states in 158), the Oropian embassy to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> that autumn, the Senate's reference of the dispute to Sicyon early 156, the Sicyonian arbitration in summer 156, and the Athenian embassy to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> the same autumn. <milestone unit="page" n="532">[532]</milestone> The relationship between Pausanias' slightly pro-Athenian account and P.'s (lost) version is not clear. Wachsmuth (Leip. Stud. 1887, 271 ff.) postulates a post-Polybian source for the former, but Niese (i. 14 n. 7, iii. 5) regards it as a free rendering of P., and this is the view of Regenbogen, RE, Suppl.-B. vii, 'Pausanias (17)', cols. 1034–5 (cf. Wilamowitz, Hermes, 1886, 91 ff. = Kl. Schr. v. 1 ff.; Hiller von Gaertringen, commenting on Syll. 675), and Lehmann, 315 n. 369. Niese's view seems the more likely, and suggests that P.'s interest in the Oropian affair arose out of its close connection with the Achaean intrigues which led up to the Achaean War. But whether at this point he took the story down to 151/0 is uncertain, given the fragmentary nature of books xxxiii and xxxv. The passage from Apollodorus quoted in Philodemus (cf. Mekler, Acad. phil. index Herc. (1902), 82; Ferguson, 325 n. 2) is too fragmentary to be of use. On the Oropian affair see Ferguson, 324–8; Lehmann, 314–18; Ehrenberg, RE, 'Menalkidas', cols. 703–4; Gruen, JHS, 1976, 51–53, and other works mentioned above.

32.11.6 - 32.11.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ μέρος αὐτῆς οὔσης οὐδ᾽ ὅλως ἐπιφανοῦς</w>:</emph> 'since it was a scattered episode and not at all clear'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εὐτελῆ καὶ ἀσαφῆ ποιῶμεν τὴν διήγησιν</w>:</emph> 'produce an account that is trivial and obscure', i.e. trivial because the separate parts were of no consequence in themselves and obscure because these separate parts were not in themselves clear or because, if related separately, their relevance one to another would be hard to grasp. Pdech, Mthode, 504 n. 56, suggests emending <w lang="el-GR">εὐτελῆ</w> to <w lang="el-GR">ἀτελῆ</w>, 'incomplete'; but this is unnecessary, and seems to rest on a misunderstanding of the meaning of <w lang="el-GR">εὐτελῆς</w> (cf. Walbank, Polybius, 113 n. 82).

32.11.7 - 32.11.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">το ῖς κατὰ μέρος ἐκ διαστήματος λεγομένοις</w>:</emph> 'when it is told disjointedly under different dates' (Paton). Somewhat inconsistently P. rejects the argument advanced here in xxxviii. 5. 3–4, where he defends his normal procedure against the Ephorean treatment <w lang="el-GR">κατὰ γένος</w> .

32.11.8 - 32.11.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ . . . τὰς ἀποτυχίας</w>:</emph> after the failure of Orphernes' envoys in their plot against Ariarathes (10. 4 n.) and the latter's arrival in Pergamum, where Attalus gave him help (10. 8 n., 12), Orophernes' position weakened and he was led to plunder a temple of Zeus under Mt. Ariadne (which enjoyed <w lang="el-GR">ἀσυλία)</w> in order to pay his mercenaries (Diod. xxxi. 34). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἑλκώδεις</w>:</emph> 'irritable, over-sensitive'; for the medical metaphor see <milestone unit="page" n="533">[533]</milestone> Wunderer, i. 90 (who, however, wrongly translates it 'ansssig, hostile').

32.11.9 - 32.11.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Θεοτίμῳ</w>:</emph> an otherwise unknown supporter of Orophernes.

32.11.10 - 32.11.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν Ἰακὴν καὶ τεχνιτικὴν ἀσωτίαν</w>:</emph> 'the refined debauchery of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ionia&groupId=171&placeId=413">Ionia</a>'. Contempt for the Ionians as weak and effeminate goes back at least to the fifth century; cf. Herod. i. 143. 2, v. 69. 1, vi. 13. 1; Thuc. v. 9. 1, vi. 77. 1, vii. 5. 4, viii. 25. 3, 25. 5. Xenophanes (Diels, FVS, i. 129–30, fg. 3) accused them of <w lang="el-GR">ἁβροσύνη ἀνωφελής</w>, learnt from the Lydians (Aesch. Persae, 41, speaks of <w lang="el-GR">ἁβροδιαίτων . . . Λυδῶν ὄχλος</w> ) and Bacchylides, 18. 2, makes them <w lang="el-GR">ἁβρόβιοι</w>. See further Corpus paroem. graec. i. 144; Athen. iv. 132 F, 159 D, xii. 524 F, 526 D; Theophr. fg. 86 Wimmer. P. uses the same expression of the Egyptians (xxxix. 7. 7), and his characterization owes something to the association between character and climate first made by Hippocrates and to be found in Aristotle, Pol. vii. 7. 1–3. 1327 b 19 (cf. Gelzer, Kl. Schr. iii. 4–5; Walbank, Harv. Stud. 1972, 156–7); but it also reflects the idealization of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> and the Dorians (cf. Plut. Lyc. 4. 3, where Lycurgus compares <w lang="el-GR">τὰς Ἰωνικὰς πολυτελείας καὶ τρυφάς</w> with the severe and simple civilization of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a>, as a doctor compares healthy bodies with those that are unsound and sickly). See further E. Will, Doriens et Ioniens (Strasbourg, 1956). <w lang="el-GR">τεχνιτικήν</w> is Kaibel's correction of cod. A of Athenaeus, which here reads <w lang="el-GR">τεχνητικήν</w>. Schweighaeuser already had made the suggestion in his lexicon, perhaps in the belief that P. was referring to the conduct of technitai of Dionysus, since he would also emend <w lang="el-GR">Ἰακήν</w> to <w lang="el-GR">Ἰακχικήν</w> (against this see Wunderer, i. 110); nevertheless it is probably right, since <w lang="el-GR">τεχνητικός</w> is not found elsewhere.

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