<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="limnw%2Fdeis">λιμνώδεις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w>. <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pimelw%3Ds">ἐπιμελῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29chtakw%5Cs">ἐξητακὼς</w> <w lemma="tenagw%2Fdeis">τεναγώδεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="stereou%5Cs">στερεοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxontas">ὑπάρχοντας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="di%2Fodon">δίοδον</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w>, <w lemma="a%29nazeu%2Fcas">ἀναζεύξας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="prwtoporei%2Fan">πρωτοπορείαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqhke">ἔθηκε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Ali%2Fbuas">Λίβυας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhras">Ἴβηρας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="xrhsimw%2Fteron">χρησιμώτερον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sfete%2Fras">σφετέρας</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w>, <w lemma="sugkatami%2Fcas">συγκαταμίξας</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29poskeuh%2Fn">ἀποσκευήν</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paro%5Cn">παρὸν</w> <w lemma="eu%29porw%3Dsi">εὐπορῶσι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdei%2Fwn:">ἐπιτηδείων·</w>
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="a%29fronti%2Fstws">ἀφροντίστως</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="panto%5Cs">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="skeuofo%2Frou">σκευοφόρου</w>, <w lemma="logizo%2Fmenos">λογιζόμενος</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fyhtai">ἅψηται</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fas">πολεμίας</w>, <w lemma="h%28tthqei%5Cs">ἡττηθεὶς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="prosdeh%2Fsetai">προσδεήσεται</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%2Fwn">ἀναγκαίων</w>, <w lemma="kratw%3Dn">κρατῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pai%2Fqrwn">ὑπαίθρων</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29porh%2Fsei">ἀπορήσει</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdei%2Fwn">ἐπιτηδείων</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fbale">ἐπέβαλε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltou%2Fs">Κελτούς</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pimelhth%5Cn">ἐπιμελητὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ou%29ragi%2Fas">οὐραγίας</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29delfo%5Cn">ἀδελφὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Flipe">ἀπέλιπε</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Fgwna">Μάγωνα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="loipw%3Dn">λοιπῶν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltw%3Dn">Κελτῶν</w> <w lemma="malaki%2Fas">μαλακίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fugoponi%2Fas">φυγοπονίας</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fn%27">ἵν᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="kakopaqou%3Dntes">κακοπαθοῦντες</w> <w lemma="tre%2Fpwntai">τρέπωνται</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%29pi%2Fsw">τοὐπίσω</w>, <w lemma="kwlu%2Fh%7C">κωλύῃ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prosfe%2Frh%7C">προσφέρῃ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="xei%3Dras">χεῖρας</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhres">Ἴβηρες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ali%2Fbues">Λίβυες</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29kerai%2Fwn">ἀκεραίων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%28lw%3Dn">ἑλῶν</w> <w lemma="poiou%2Fmenoi">ποιούμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan">πορείαν</w> <w lemma="metri%2Fws">μετρίως</w> <w lemma="kakopaqou%3Dntes">κακοπαθοῦντες</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fnuon">ἤνυον</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fte">ἅτε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fere%2Fkakoi">φερέκακοι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntes">ὄντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunh%2Fqeis">συνήθεις</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Ftais">τοιαύταις</w> <w lemma="talaipwri%2Fais">ταλαιπωρίαις</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltoi%5C">Κελτοὶ</w> <w lemma="dusxerw%3Ds">δυσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%29%2Fmprosqen">τοὔμπροσθεν</w> <w lemma="prou%2Fbainon">προύβαινον</w>, <w lemma="tetaragme%2Fnwn">τεταραγμένων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diapepathme%2Fnwn">διαπεπατημένων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqos">βάθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%28lw%3Dn">ἑλῶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29pipo%2Fnws">ἐπιπόνως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="talaipw%2Frws">ταλαιπώρως</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%2Fmenon">ὑπέμενον</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kakopa%2Fqeian">κακοπάθειαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29%2Fpeiroi">ἄπειροι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fths">τοιαύτης</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntes">ὄντες</w> <w lemma="kakouxi%2Fas">κακουχίας</w>.
<w lemma="e%29kwlu%2Fonto">ἐκωλύοντο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29poneu%2Fein">ἀπονεύειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%29pi%2Fsw">τοὐπίσω</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29festw%3Dtas">ἐφεστῶτας</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w>.
<w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="e%29kakopa%2Fqoun">ἐκακοπάθουν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29grupni%2Fan">ἀγρυπνίαν</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras">τέτταρας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="nu%2Fktas">νύκτας</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fdatos">ὕδατος</w> <w lemma="poiou%2Fmenoi">ποιούμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan:">πορείαν·</w> <w lemma="diafero%2Fntws">διαφερόντως</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29po%2Fnoun">ἐπόνουν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katefqei%2Fronq%27">κατεφθείρονθ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltoi%2F">Κελτοί</w>.
<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28pozugi%2Fwn">ὑποζυγίων</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dsta">πλεῖστα</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fptonta">πίπτοντα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="phlou%5Cs">πηλοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29pw%2Fllunto">ἀπώλλυντο</w>, <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="parexo%2Fmena">παρεχόμενα</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pesei%3Dn">πεσεῖν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpois:">ἀνθρώποις·</w>
<w lemma="kaqezo%2Fmenoi">καθεζόμενοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="skeuw%3Dn">σκευῶν</w> <w lemma="swrhdo%5Cn">σωρηδὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="u%28gro%5Cn">ὑγρὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28perei%3Dxon">ὑπερεῖχον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftw%7C">τοιούτῳ</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpw%7C">τρόπῳ</w> <w lemma="braxu%5C">βραχὺ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29pekoimw%3Dnto">ἀπεκοιμῶντο</w>.
<w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgoi">ὀλίγοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fppwn">ἵππων</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="o%28pla%5Cs">ὁπλὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fbalon">ἀπέβαλον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fxeian">συνέχειαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="phlw%3Dn">πηλῶν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fas">πορείας</w>.
<w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Flis">μόλις</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="perileifqe%2Fntos">περιλειφθέντος</w> <w lemma="qhri%2Fou">θηρίου</w> <w lemma="diesw%2Fqh">διεσώθη</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="pollh%3Ds">πολλῆς</w> <w lemma="talaipwri%2Fas">ταλαιπωρίας</w>, <w lemma="u%28peralgh%5Cs">ὑπεραλγὴς</w> <w lemma="w%29%5Cn">ὢν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="baru%2Fthta">βαρύτητα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29penexqei%2Fshs">ἐπενεχθείσης</w> <w lemma="o%29fqalmi%2Fas">ὀφθαλμίας</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="e%29sterh%2Fqh">ἐστερήθη</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="mia%3Ds">μιᾶς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fyews">ὄψεως</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29pidexome%2Fnou">ἐπιδεχομένου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kairou%3D">καιροῦ</w> <w lemma="katamonh%5Cn">καταμονὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="qerapei%2Fan">θεραπείαν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="perista%2Fsews">περιστάσεως</w> <w lemma="a%29du%2Fnaton">ἀδύνατον</w>.
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<head>Hannibal Goes Through the Marsh</head>But after a careful inquiry as to what part of the road<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note125">Hannibal starts for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>. Spring of B. C. 217.</note>was firm or boggy, Hannibal broke up his camp and marched out. He placed the Libyans and Iberians and all his best soldiers in the van, and the baggage within their lines, that there might be plenty of provisions for their immediate needs. Provisions for the future he entirely neglected. Because he calculated that on reaching the enemy's territory, if he were beaten he should not require them, and if he were victorious he would find abundance in the open country. Behind this vanguard he placed the Celts, and in the rear of all the cavalry. He entrusted the command of the rear-guard to his brother Mago, that he might see to the security of all, and especially to guard against the cowardice and impatience of hard labour which characterised the Celts; in order that, if the<pb n="238" />difficulty of the route should induce them to turn back, he might intercept them by means of the cavalry and force them to proceed. In point of fact, the Iberians and Libyans, having great powers of endurance and being habituated to such fatigues, and also because when they marched through them the marshes<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note126">The marshes between the Arno and the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a> south of Florence.</note>were fresh and untrodden, accomplished their march with a moderate amount of distress: but the Celts advanced with great difficulty, because the marshes were now disturbed and trodden into a deep morass: and being quite unaccustomed to such painful labours, they bore the fatigue with anger and impatience; but were hindered from turning back by the cavalry in their rear. All however suffered grievously, especially from the impossibility of getting sleep on a continuous march of four days and three nights through a route which was under water: but none suffered so much, or lost so many men, as the Celts. Most of his beasts of burden also slipping in the mud fell and perished, and could then only do the men one service: they sat upon their dead bodies, and piling up baggage upon them so as to stand out above the water, they managed to get a snatch of sleep<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note127"><foreign lang="greek">ἀπεκοιμῶντο</foreign>Schw. translates simply<foreign lang="la">dormiebant.</foreign>But the compound means more than that; it conveys the idea of an interval of sleep snatched from other employments. See<bibl n="Hdt. 8.76" default="NO" valid="yes">Herod. 8, 76</bibl>;<bibl n="Aristoph. Wasps 211" default="NO" valid="yes">Aristoph.<title>Vesp.</title>211</bibl>.</note>for a short portion of the night. Another misfortune was that a considerable number of the horses lost their hoofs by the prolonged march through bog. Hannibal himself was with difficulty and much suffering got across riding on the only elephant left alive, enduring great agony from a severe attack of ophthalmia, by which he eventually lost the sight of one eye, because the time and the difficulties of the situation did not admit of his waiting or applying any treatment to it.
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Walbank Commentary