Polybius, Histories

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Book 3 - Chapter 108

1
<w lemma="%2Adio%5C">Διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parakale%2Fsantes">παρακαλέσαντες</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29mi%2Flion">Αἰμίλιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="o%29fqalmw%3Dn">ὀφθαλμῶν</w> <w lemma="qe%2Fntes">θέντες</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fteron">ἑκάτερον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="a%29pobhsome%2Fnwn">ἀποβησομένων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhs">μάχης</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilan">ἐξαπέστειλαν</w>, <w lemma="e%29nteila%2Fmenoi">ἐντειλάμενοι</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="kairw%3D%7C">καιρῷ</w> <w lemma="kri%2Fnein">κρίνειν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fla">ὅλα</w> <w lemma="gennai%2Fws">γενναίως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="patri%2Fdos">πατρίδος</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fws">ἀξίως</w>.
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<w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenoi">παραγενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunaqroi%2Fsantes">συναθροίσαντες</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqh">πλήθη</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w> <w lemma="gnw%2Fmhn">γνώμην</w> <w lemma="diesa%2Ffhsan">διεσάφησαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pareka%2Floun">παρεκάλουν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fponta">πρέποντα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="parestw%3Dsi">παρεστῶσι</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w>, <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29topaqei%2Fas">αὐτοπαθείας</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Aleuki%2Fou">Λευκίου</w> <w lemma="diatiqeme%2Fnou">διατιθεμένου</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w>.
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<w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dsta">πλεῖστα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnwn">λεγομένων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="tei%2Fnonta">τείνοντα</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="nou%3Dn">νοῦν</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="newsti%5C">νεωστὶ</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftwn">γεγονότων</w> <w lemma="sumptwma%2Ftwn:">συμπτωμάτων·</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dde">ὧδε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7Cde%2F">τῇδέ</w> <w lemma="pou">που</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="diatetra%2Ffqai">διατετράφθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prosdei%3Dsqai">προσδεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="paraine%2Fsews">παραινέσεως</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pollou%2Fs">πολλούς</w>.
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<w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29peira%3Dto">ἐπειρᾶτο</w> <w lemma="sunista%2Fnein">συνιστάνειν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="progegenhme%2Fnais">προγεγενημέναις</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxais">μάχαις</w> <w lemma="e%29lattwma%2Ftwn">ἐλαττωμάτων</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="e%28%5Cn">ἓν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fw">πλείω</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="eu%28%2Froi">εὕροι</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="ai%29%2Ftia">αἴτια</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dton">τοιοῦτον</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fbh">ἐξέβη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w>,
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<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="kairw%3Dn">καιρῶν</w> <w lemma="ou%29demi%2Fa">οὐδεμία</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fpetai">λείπεται</w> <w lemma="pro%2Ffasis">πρόφασις</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndres">ἄνδρες</w> <w lemma="w%29%3Dsi">ὦσι</w>, <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="nika%3Dn">νικᾶν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29xqrou%2Fs">ἐχθρούς</w>.
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<w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fnas">ἡγεμόνας</w> <w lemma="a%29mfote%2Frous">ἀμφοτέρους</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fpote">οὐδέποτε</w> <w lemma="sunhgwni%2Fsqai">συνηγωνίσθαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdois">στρατοπέδοις</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmesi">δυνάμεσι</w> <w lemma="kexrh%3Dsqai">κεχρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="gegumnasme%2Fnais">γεγυμνασμέναις</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="neosullo%2Fgois">νεοσυλλόγοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29ora%2Ftois">ἀοράτοις</w> <w lemma="panto%5Cs">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="deinou%3D:">δεινοῦ·</w>
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<w lemma="to%2F">τό</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="a%29gnoei%3Dsqai">ἀγνοεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fous">ὑπεναντίους</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28wrako%2Ftas">ἑωρακότας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29ntagwnista%5Cs">ἀνταγωνιστὰς</w> <w lemma="parata%2Fttesqai">παρατάττεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sugkatabai%2Fnein">συγκαταβαίνειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerei%3Ds">ὁλοσχερεῖς</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnous">κινδύνους</w>.
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<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Atrebi%2Fan">Τρεβίαν</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="sfale%2Fntes">σφαλέντες</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fas">Σικελίας</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="proterai%2Fa%7C">προτεραίᾳ</w> <w lemma="paragenhqe%2Fntes">παραγενηθέντες</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="fwti%5C">φωτὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fdas">πόδας</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fra%7C">ἡμέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="pareta%2Fcanto:">παρετάξαντο·</w>
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<w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhni%2Fan">Τυρρηνίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29gwnisame%2Fnois">ἀγωνισαμένοις</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3D%7C">αὐτῇ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="sunidei%3Dn">συνιδεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29cege%2Fneto">ἐξεγένετο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fous">πολεμίους</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29e%2Fra">ἀέρα</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenon">γενόμενον</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmptwma">σύμπτωμα</w>.
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<w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="ta%29nanti%2Fa">τἀναντία</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxei">ὑπάρχει</w>.
<head>Aemilius Paulus Harangues the Army</head>With earnest words of exhortation, therefore, to<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note171">The Consuls Aemilius Paulus, and Terentius Varro go to the seat of war.</note>Aemilius, putting before him the gravity in every point of view of the result of the battle, they despatched him with instructions to seek a favourable opportunity to fight a decisive battle with a courage worthy of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. Having arrived at the camp and united their forces, they made known the will of the Senate to the soldiers, and Aemilius exhorted them to do their duty in terms which evidently came from his heart. He addressed himself especially to explain and excuse the reverses which they had lately experienced; for it was on this point particularly that the soldiers were depressed and stood in need of encouragement.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note172">Speech of Aemilius.</note>"The causes," he argued, "of their defeats in former battles were many, and could not be reduced to one or two. But those causes were at an end; and no excuse existed now, if they only showed themselves to be men of courage, for not conquering their enemies. Up to that time both Consuls had never been engaged together, or employed thoroughly trained soldiers: the combatants on the contrary had been raw levies, entirely unexperienced in danger; and what was most important<pb n="265" />of all, they had been so entirely ignorant of their opponents, that they had been brought into the field, and engaged in a pitched battle with an enemy that they had never once set eyes on. Those who had been defeated on the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Trebia&groupId=1044&placeId=1838">Trebia</a> were drawn up on the field at daybreak, on the very next morning after their arrival from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>; while those who had fought in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>, not only had never seen the enemy before, but did not do so even during the very battle itself, owing to the unfortunate state of the atmosphere.