Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 18 - Chapter 42

<head lang="la">III. Res Italiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amarke%2Fllou">Μαρκέλλου</w> <w lemma="%2Aklaudi%2Fou">Κλαυδίου</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftou">ὑπάτου</w> <w lemma="pareilhfo%2Ftos">παρειληφότος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fpaton">ὕπατον</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dkon">ἧκον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2F">οἵ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2F">οἵ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxwn">συμμάχων</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippon">Φίλιππον</w> <w lemma="sunqhkw%3Dn">συνθηκῶν</w>.

<w lemma="lo%2Fgwn">λόγων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pleio%2Fnwn">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnwn">γενομένων</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftw%7C">συγκλήτῳ</w>, <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="bebaiou%3Dn">βεβαιοῦν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="o%28mologi%2Fas:">ὁμολογίας·</w>

<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dmon">δῆμον</w> <w lemma="ei%29senexqe%2Fntos">εἰσενεχθέντος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="diabouli%2Fou">διαβουλίου</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkos">Μάρκος</w>, <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29piqumw%3Dn">ἐπιθυμῶν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fsews">διαβάσεως</w>, <w lemma="a%29nte%2Flege">ἀντέλεγε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pollh%5Cn">πολλὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29poiei%3Dto">ἐποιεῖτο</w> <w lemma="spoudh%5Cn">σπουδὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="diako%2Fyai">διακόψαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>.

<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2F">ὅ</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dmos">δῆμος</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="proai%2Fresin">προαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29peku%2Frwse">ἐπεκύρωσε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="dialu%2Fseis">διαλύσεις</w>.

<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%29pitelesqeisw%3Dn">ἐπιτελεσθεισῶν</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndras">ἄνδρας</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="katasth%2Fsasa">καταστήσασα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanw%3Dn">ἐπιφανῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fpempe">ἐξέπεμπε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="xeiriou%3Dntas">χειριοῦντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="bebaiw%2Fsontas">βεβαιώσοντας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhsi">Ἕλλησι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqeri%2Fan">ἐλευθερίαν</w>.

<w lemma="e%29poih%2Fsanto">ἐποιήσαντο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftw%7C">συγκλήτῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fas">συμμαχίας</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adamo%2Fcenon">Δαμόξενον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29gie%2Fa:">Αἰγιέα·</w>

<w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ntirrh%2Fsews">ἀντιρρήσεως</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paro%5Cn">παρὸν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fswpon">πρόσωπον</w> <w lemma="%2A%29hlei%2Fous">Ἠλείους</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29mfisbhtei%3Dn">ἀμφισβητεῖν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaioi%3Ds">Ἀχαιοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Atrifuli%2Fas">Τριφυλίας</w>, <w lemma="%2Amesshni%2Fous">Μεσσηνίους</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fnhs">Ἀσίνης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apu%2Flou">Πύλου</w>, <w lemma="summa%2Fxous">συμμάχους</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxontas">ὑπάρχοντας</w>, <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlou%5Cs">Αἰτωλοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraiw%3Dn">Ἡραιῶν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w>, <w lemma="u%28pe%2Frqesin">ὑπέρθεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flabe">ἔλαβε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="diabou%2Flion">διαβούλιον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhton">σύγκλητον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w>.

<head><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>: Treaty with Philip Confirmed</head>After Marcus Marcellus had entered upon the consulship the ambassadors from Philip, and from<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note81">B. C. 196. Coss. L. Funius Purpureo, M. Claudius Marcellus. The treaty with Philip is confirmed.</note>Flamininus and the allies, arrived at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to discuss the treaty with Philip; and after a lengthened hearing the confirmation of the terms was decreed in the Senate. But on the matter being brought before the people, Marcus Claudius, who was ambitious of being himself sent to Greece, spoke against the treaty, and did his best to get it rejected. The people however ratified the terms, in accordance with the wish of Flamininus; and, upon this being settled, the Senate immediately despatched a commission of ten men of high rank to arrange the settlement of Greece in conjunction with Flamininus, and to confirm the freedom of the Greeks. Among others Damoxenus of Aegium and his colleagues, envoys from the Achaean league, made a proposal in the Senate for an alliance with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>; but as some opposition was raised to this at the time, on account of a counter-claim of the Eleians upon Triphylia, and of the Messenians, who were at the time actually in alliance with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, upon <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Asine&groupId=372&placeId=703">Asine</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pylus&groupId=920&placeId=1648">Pylus</a>, and of the Aetolians upon <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a>,—the decision was referred to the commission of ten. Such were the proceedings in the Senate. . . .

Walbank Commentary

Overview

18.42.0 - 18.42.0

Restoration of Brachylles and plot against him The events here recounted fall in winter 197/6 and form part of the res Graeciae of Ol. 145, 4 (197/6): see p. 28 and cf. Livy, xxxiii. 27. 5–29. 12.

18.40.0 - 18.48.0

The Roman settlement in Greece and the Isthmus declaration These events of spring–summer 196 follow in Livy (xxxiii. 30. 1–35. 12) immediately after the account of the events in Boeotia.

Specifics

18.42.1 - 18.42.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μαρκέλλου Κλαυδίου</w>:</emph> M. Claudius M.f. M.n. Marcellus, consul for A.U.C. 558 = 196 B.C., was the son of the famous Marcellus of the Hannibalic War; cf. x. 32. 6 n. His colleague was L. Furius Sp.f. Sp.n. Purpurio. The consular year began on 15 March, but the Roman year was anything from two to four months in advance of the seasons at this time (cf. De Sanctis, iv. 1. 368 ff.; Holleaux, tudes, iv. 336–48; v. 249–94); hence Marcellus probably entered office towards he end of 197 (Julian). The exact wording of the first few words of this extract (with hiatus) probably derives from the epitomator. According to Livy, xxxiii. 24. 3–7, the envoys were heard and the Commission of Ten appointed before the end of the consular year A.U.C. 557, and Nissen (KU, 143) would emend <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ</w> here to <w lang="el-GR">οὐκέτι</w> (Niese, ii. 646 n. 2, corrects this to <w lang="el-GR">οὔπω)</w>; but the account of Marcellus' opposition occurs in Livy (xxxiii. 35. 5–6) after the new consuls have taken office, as in P., whereas Nissen's emendation would bring it back into the end of the previous year. It seems clear that Livy here follows an annalistic source, and our text of P. cannot be adjusted on that basis.

18.42.2 - 18.42.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ συγκλήτῳ</w>:</emph> embassies were heard in the Senate; cf. vi. 13. 7 n.

18.42.3 - 18.42.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μάρκος . . . ἀντέλεγε</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxiii. 25. 4, who says that he argued that Philip would revolt in the absence of a Roman army, and that only the intercessio of two tribunes, probably acting in collaboration with the Senate, secured the reference to the plebs of the question whether or not peace should be made; the concilium plebis now ratified the proposal; cf. Bleicken, 55. For Marcellus' agitation against the peace compare that of Cn. Lentulus, the consul of 201, against peace with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> (Livy, xxx. 40. 7–16, 43. 1–4; Bleicken, 88 n. 2).

18.42.4 - 18.42.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπεκύρωσε τὰς διαλύσεις</w>:</emph> Livy, xxxiii. 25. 7, 'omnes . . . tribus "uti rogas" iusserunt'. Since Philip had accepted the terms put forward at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nicaea&groupId=792&placeId=1431">Nicaea</a> (38. 2), he was presumably allowed to send representatives to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (39. 5) on this basis. From the Roman point of view the peace was now ratified: whether Philip had to swear it to the Roman legati is uncertain, but probably he did (cf. xxi. 42–44 for the parallel events after the Syrian War: Larsen, CP, 1936, 347).

18.42.5 - 18.42.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἄνδρας δέκα . . . τῶν ἐπιφανῶν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxiii. 24. 7, 'decem legati more maiorum, quorum ex consilio T. Quinctius imperator leges pacis Philippo daret, decreti adiectumque ut in eo numero legatorum P. Sulpicius et P. Villius essent, qui consules prouinciam Macedoniam obtinuissent'. For P. Villius Tappulus cf. 48. 3, 50. 1. The following names are also recorded: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus (48. 3), P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus (48. 2, 50. 1), L. Stertinius (48. 2), L. Terentius Massaliota (48. 3, 50. 1), and perhaps M. Caecilius Metellus. who was honoured with a statue in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Larissa&groupId=669&placeId=1224">Larissa</a> by the newly founded Thessalian <w lang="el-GR">κοινόν (Ἀρχ. ἐφ</w>.. 1910, 374 f., no. 22; Mnzer, RE, 'Caecilius (73) and (76)', Suppl.-B. iii, col. 222). Broughton, MRR, i. 339, adds <milestone unit="page" n="605">[605]</milestone> P. Aelius Paetus, who visited Antiochus at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lysimacheia&groupId=719&placeId=1320">Lysimacheia</a> in either 196 or 195 (cf. 50. 2 n.). There are no grounds for supposing (Homo, Rev. hist. 122, 1916, 6; Passerini, Athen. 1932, 110 ff., 326 ff.) that the Ten were sent out to oppose Flamininus' policy; cf. Aymard, PR, 173 n. 31.

18.42.6 - 18.42.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ τῆς συμμαχίας οἱ παρὰ? τῶν Ἀχαιῶν πρέσβεις</w>:</emph> presumably on the swearing of a regular foedus. When, in the autumn of 198, the Achaeans went over to the Roman side, 'societatem cum 〈Attalo〉 ac Rhodiis praesenti decreto confirmarunt; cum Romanis, quia iniussu populi non poterat rata esse, in id tempus, quo Romam mitti legati possent, dilata est' (Livy, xxxii. 23. 1–2). The issue was not apparently raised by the Achaean delegates who went to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> after the conference in Locris (cf. 10. 11 n.), and so first came up now. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δαμόξενον τὸν Αἰγιέα</w>:</emph> Damoxenus of Aegium (not <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aegae&groupId=285&placeId=560">Aegae</a>, as Paton) is not mentioned elsewhere; but cf. 39. 4 n. Whether he was alone is not clear from P.'s formula.

18.42.7 - 18.42.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">γενομένης δ᾽ἀντιρρήσεως</w>:</emph> presumably by the representatives of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a>, Messene, and Aetolia (cf. Kromayer, AS, ii. 1. 114 n. 2). Aymard (PR, 174 n. 34) points out that neither <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a> nor <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Messenia&groupId=760&placeId=1380">Messenia</a> had been involved in this war; but clearly the question of the Achaean treaty (with implications for the territorial status quo) will have been known to be likely to arise, and envoys would be sent with the specific object of making the claims here mentioned. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἠλείους . . . ὑπὲρ τῆς Τριφυλίας</w>:</emph> seized by Philip from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a> during the Social War (iv. 77. 8–9, 79–80; cf. v. 27. 4), its subsequent fate is recounted confusedly by Livy, who dates its cession to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> first in 208 (Livy, xxviii. 8. 6) and then in 199 (Livy, xxxiii. 5. 4); evidently in the first passage Livy has misrepresented a promise, not fulfilled, but the second is to be accepted (cf. Livy, xxxii. 19. 7, Macedonum beneficiis . . . recentibus). The Eleans certainly had a case, since Philip had transferred the territory to the Achaeans (who had never previously possessed it) during the war. But the Romans were eventually to confirm the Achaeans in its possession (47. 10; cf. Livy, xxxiii. 34. 9). The affair has been much discussed; see for a sound summary Aymard, PR, 59–60 n. 53. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μεσσηνίους ὑπὲρ Ἀσίνης καὶ Πύλου</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Asine&groupId=372&placeId=703">Asine</a> lay on the west coast of the Gulf of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Messenia&groupId=760&placeId=1380">Messenia</a>, east of Mt. Acritas (modern Mt. Tsarnaoura); it was a Dryopian town (Herod. viii. 73. 2; Strabo, viii. 359, 373). Most topographers have identified it with the modern town of Koroni, on the basis of the list of sites from north to south given by Paus. iv. 34. 4–12, and this seems acceptable. True, a statue base with an inscription found at Koroni (M. N. Valmin, Bulletin de la Socit Royale des Lettres de Lund, 1934–5, 44–46) seems to suggest that this was the ancient Corone, which Pausanias places north of the sanctuary of Apollo Corynthus, and which ought to correspond to <milestone unit="page" n="606">[606]</milestone> Petalidi; but to accept this identification would create chaos in Pausanias' list, which is apparently based on autopsy, and the best solution would seem to be that this stone was moved from Petalidi to Koroni for building purposes. See Roebuck, 18–22. Pylos, or Coryphasium (cf. iv. 16. 7, 25. 4, ix. 38. 8), is well known from the events recorded in Thucydides, and stood on the site of Palaiokastro at the north-west corner of Navarino Bay (cf. G. B. Grundy, JHS, 1896, 1–54; R. M. Burrows, ibid. 55–76). The Achaeans must have seized <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Asine&groupId=372&placeId=703">Asine</a> before entering the Second Macedonian War, when <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Messenia&groupId=760&placeId=1380">Messenia</a> was allied to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (see below), and perhaps since 209, when the Aetolians demanded the return of Pylos alone (Livy, xxvii. 30. 13; cf. Niese, ii. 646 n. 4); Pylos was in their hands by 220 (iv. 25. 4 n.; Niese, ii. 411 n. 1). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συμμάχους τότε Ῥωμαίων ὑπάρχοντας</w>:</emph> referring to both Eleans and Messenians. For the latter there is independent evidence for a treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, evidently sworn during the First Macedonian War (cf. Livy, xxxiv. 32. 16, quoted in xvi. 13. 3 n.), and, since <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> also had a treaty (Livy, xxxiv. 31. 5, also quoted in xvi. 13. 3 n.), <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a> no doubt had one too. See Badian, 57–58. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Αἰτωλοὺς . . . περὶ τῆς Ἡραιῶν πόλεως</w>:</emph> on the site of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a> cf. ii. 54. 12 n. It was promised to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> by Philip in 208 (Livy, xxviii. 8. 6, who says reddidit as he does for Triphylia: see above, § 7 n.) and restored in 199 (Livy, xxxii. 5. 4), but there is no evidence that it had ever belonged to Aetolia. An error in the text is excluded by the reference to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a> in Livy, xxxiii. 34. 9 (see below, 47. 10 n.); and an error by P. himself (De Sanctis, iv. 1. 104 n. 207, suggests a confusion with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phigaleia&groupId=886&placeId=1597">Phigaleia</a>) is improbable. Any explanation of the Aetolian claim is therefore conjectural, as well as the date the Macedonians acquired the town. Aymard (PR, 25–27 n. 5) suggests that the Aetolians took <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a> during the First Macedonian War, and that Philip recaptured it before 208 and failed to hand it over to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>; but there is no space in our records of 211–208 for such a capture and recapture to take place and go unmentioned, nor would so short an Aetolian tenure give much ground for the present claim (cf. Walbank, Philip, 17 n. 2 for fuller discussion). It seems on the whole more likely that Doson garrisoned and kept the town after its submission in 223 (ii. 54. 13 n.). P.'s failure to mention it along with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Orchomenus&groupId=814&placeId=1470">Orchomenus</a> in iv. 6. 4–6 is not decisive against this hypothesis, as Aymard, loc. cit., argues. The Aetolian claim may have rested on a promise by Philip to hand over the town, made in the separate peace of 206, as he probably promised certain towns in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> (3. 12 n.); the Aetolians could hardly bring up a claim to it along with that to the Thessalian towns at the conference in Locris, since by then it was in Achaean hands. The alternative is to assume that it was Aetolian at some date in the third century before the Achaeans <milestone unit="page" n="607">[607]</milestone> acquired it (under Dioetas, probably in 236/5: Polyaen. ii. 36; cf. Beloch, iv. 2. 224; Tarn, CAH, vii. 745); but in that case it is odd that the Aetolians laid no claim to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tegea&groupId=1011&placeId=1780">Tegea</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Orchomenus&groupId=814&placeId=1470">Orchomenus</a>, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phigaleia&groupId=886&placeId=1597">Phigaleia</a>, which had been more recently in their possession (Aymard, loc. cit.).

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