<w lemma="%2Akei%3Dtai">Κεῖται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fas">Ἰβηρίας</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fshn">μέσην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parali%2Fan">παραλίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpw%7C">κόλπῳ</w> <w lemma="neu%2Fonti">νεύοντι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnemon">ἄνεμον</w> <w lemma="li%2Fba:">λίβα·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqos">βάθος</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi">εἴκοσι</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftos">πλάτος</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxai%3Ds">ἀρχαῖς</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka:">δέκα·</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnei">λαμβάνει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fqesin">διάθεσιν</w> <w lemma="lime%2Fnos">λιμένος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Ds">πᾶς</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpos">κόλπος</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fthn">τοιαύτην</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fan">αἰτίαν</w>.
<w lemma="nh%3Dsos">νῆσος</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fmatos">στόματος</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dtai">κεῖται</w> <w lemma="braxu%5Cn">βραχὺν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frou">ἑκατέρου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fsploun">εἴσπλουν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29polei%2Fpousa">ἀπολείπουσα</w>.
<w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="a%29podexome%2Fnhs">ἀποδεχομένης</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pela%2Fgion">πελάγιον</w> <w lemma="ku%3Dma">κῦμα</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpon">κόλπον</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flon">ὅλον</w> <w lemma="eu%29di%2Fan">εὐδίαν</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsxein">ἴσχειν</w>, <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fbes">λίβες</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fteron">ἑκάτερον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fsploun">εἴσπλουν</w> <w lemma="pareispi%2Fptontes">παρεισπίπτοντες</w> <w lemma="klu%2Fdwnas">κλύδωνας</w> <w lemma="a%29potelou%3Dsi">ἀποτελοῦσι</w>.
<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="pneuma%2Ftwn">πνευμάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29kludw%2Fnistos">ἀκλυδώνιστος</w> <w lemma="w%29%5Cn">ὢν</w> <w lemma="tugxa%2Fnei">τυγχάνει</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxousan">περιέχουσαν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fpeiron">ἤπειρον</w>.
<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="muxw%3D%7C">μυχῷ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpou">κόλπου</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fkeitai">πρόκειται</w> <w lemma="xerronhsi%2Fzon">χερρονησίζον</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fros">ὄρος</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dsqai">κεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>, <w lemma="periexome%2Fnhn">περιεχομένην</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftth%7C">θαλάττῃ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29p%27">ἀπ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29natolw%3Dn">ἀνατολῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meshmbri%2Fas">μεσημβρίας</w>, <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fsewn">δύσεων</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnh%7C">λίμνῃ</w> <w lemma="prosepilambanou%2Fsh%7C">προσεπιλαμβανούσῃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frkton">ἄρκτον</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w>,
<w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="qa%2Ftera">θάτερα</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cs">ὃς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fptei">συνάπτει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fpeiron">ἤπειρον</w>, <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="ple%2Fon">πλέον</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="duei%3Dn">δυεῖν</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>.
<w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flis">πόλις</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5C">αὐτὴ</w> <w lemma="meso%2Fkoilo%2Fs">μεσόκοιλός</w> <w lemma="e%29sti:">ἐστι·</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="meshmbri%2Fas">μεσημβρίας</w> <w lemma="pleura%5Cn">πλευρὰν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fpedon">ἐπίπεδον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fsodon:">πρόσοδον·</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipa%5C">λοιπὰ</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxetai">περιέχεται</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffois">λόφοις</w>, <w lemma="dusi%5C">δυσὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="o%29reinoi%3Ds">ὀρεινοῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="traxe%2Fsin">τραχέσιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="trisi%5C">τρισὶ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="xqamalwte%2Frois">χθαμαλωτέροις</w>, <w lemma="spilw%2Fdesi">σπιλώδεσι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dusba%2Ftois:">δυσβάτοις·</w>
<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgistos">μέγιστος</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29natolh%3Ds">ἀνατολῆς</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3D%7C">αὐτῇ</w> <w lemma="para%2Fkeitai">παράκειται</w>, <w lemma="protei%2Fnwn">προτείνων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="qa%2Flattan">θάλατταν</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="kaqi%2Fdrutai">καθίδρυται</w> <w lemma="new%5Cs">νεὼς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asklhpiou%3D">Ἀσκληπιοῦ</w>.
<w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> * <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fsews">δύσεως</w> <w lemma="a%29nti%2Fkeitai">ἀντίκειται</w>, <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fan">παραπλησίαν</w> <w lemma="qe%2Fsin">θέσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="basi%2Fleia">βασίλεια</w> <w lemma="kateskeu%2Fastai">κατεσκεύασται</w> <w lemma="polutelw%3Ds">πολυτελῶς</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2F">ἅ</w> <w lemma="fasin">φασιν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asdrou%2Fban">Ἀσδρούβαν</w> <w lemma="poih%3Dsai">ποιῆσαι</w>, <w lemma="monarxikh%3Ds">μοναρχικῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29rego%2Fmenon">ὀρεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fas">ἐξουσίας</w>.
<w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipai%5C">λοιπαὶ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29latto%2Fnwn">ἐλαττόνων</w> <w lemma="bounw%3Dn">βουνῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28peroxai%5C">ὑπεροχαὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frkton">ἄρκτον</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxousi">περιέχουσι</w>.
<w lemma="kalei%3Dtai">καλεῖται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="triw%3Dn">τριῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29natola%5Cs">ἀνατολὰς</w> <w lemma="neu%2Fwn">νεύων</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hfai%2Fstou">Ἡφαίστου</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="sunexh%5Cs">συνεχὴς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29alh%2Ftou">Ἀλήτου</w> — <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtos">οὗτος</w> <w lemma="eu%28reth%5Cs">εὑρετὴς</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29rgurei%2Fwn">ἀργυρείων</w> <w lemma="meta%2Fllwn">μετάλλων</w> <w lemma="i%29soqe%2Fwn">ἰσοθέων</w> <w lemma="teteuxe%2Fnai">τετευχέναι</w> <w lemma="timw%3Dn">τιμῶν</w> — <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Ftos">τρίτος</w> <w lemma="prosagoreu%2Fetai">προσαγορεύεται</w> <w lemma="%2Akro%2Fnou">Κρόνου</w>.
<w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnhn">λίμνην</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="parakeime%2Fnh%7C">παρακειμένῃ</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftth%7C">θαλάττῃ</w> <w lemma="su%2Frroun">σύρρουν</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="xeiropoih%2Ftws">χειροποιήτως</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="qalattourgw%3Dn">θαλαττουργῶν</w>.
<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="diei%2Frgontos">διείργοντος</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%5Cs">αὐτὰς</w> <w lemma="xei%2Flous">χείλους</w> <w lemma="diakoph%5Cn">διακοπὴν</w> <w lemma="ge%2Ffura">γέφυρα</w> <w lemma="kateskeu%2Fastai">κατεσκεύασται</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="u%28pozu%2Fgia">ὑποζύγια</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%28ma%2Fcas">ἁμάξας</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parakomidh%5Cn">παρακομιδὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%2Fwn">ἀναγκαίων</w>.
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<head>Topography of Carthagena</head>It stands about half-way down the coast of Iberia in<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note18">Description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>.</note>a gulf which faces south-west, running about twenty stades inland, and about ten stades broad at its entrance. The whole gulf is made a harbour by the fact that an island<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note19">Escombrera (<foreign lang="greek">Σκομβραρία</foreign>). I must refer my readers to Mr. Strachan-Davidson's appendix on<title>The Site of the Spanish Carthage</title>for a discussion of these details. See above<ref target="b2c13" targOrder="U">2, 13</ref>;<bibl n="Liv. 26.42" default="NO" valid="yes">Livy, 26, 42</bibl>.</note>lies at its mouth and thus makes the entrance channels on each side of it exceedingly narrow. It breaks the force of the waves also, and the whole gulf has thus smooth water, except when south-west winds setting down the two channels raise a surf: with all other winds it is perfectly calm, from being so nearly landlocked. In the recess of the gulf a mountain juts out in the form of a chersonese, and it is on this mountain that the city stands, surrounded by the sea on the east and south, and on the west by a lagoon extending so far northward that the remaining space to the sea on the other side, to connect it with the continent, is not more than two stades. The city itself has a deep depression in its centre, presenting on its south side a level approach from the sea; while the rest of it is hemmed in by hills, two of them mountainous and rough, three others much lower, but rocky and difficult of ascent; the largest of which lies on the east of the town running<pb n="10" />out into the sea, on which stands a temple of Asclepius. Exactly opposite this lies the western mountain in a closely-corresponding position, on which a palace had been erected at great cost, which it is said was built by Hasdrubal when he was aiming at establishing royal power. The remaining three lesser elevations bound it on the north, of which the westernmost is called the hill of Hephaestus, the next to it that of Aletes,—who is believed to have attained divine honours from having been the discoverer of the silver mines,—and the third is called the hill of Cronus. The lagoon has been connected with the adjoining sea artificially for the sake of the maritime folk; and over the channel thus cut between it and the sea a bridge has been built, for beasts of burden and carts to bring in provisions from the country.
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Walbank Commentary