<w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29panenexqe%2Fntwn">ἐπανενεχθέντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="prosede%2Fcato">προσεδέξατο</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dmos">δῆμος</w>. <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilen">ἐξαπέστειλεν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndras">ἄνδρας</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29piskeyome%2Fnous">ἐπισκεψομένους</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenoi">παραγενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="mete%2Fqhkan">μετέθηκαν</w>, <w lemma="braxe%2Fa">βραχέα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prosepe%2Fteinan">προσεπέτειναν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w>.
<w lemma="to%2Fn">τόν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="fo%2Frwn">φόρων</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhsan">ἐποίησαν</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fmisun">ἥμισυν</w>, <w lemma="xi%2Flia">χίλια</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanta">τάλαντα</w> <w lemma="prosqe%2Fntes">προσθέντες</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="nh%2Fswn">νήσων</w> <w lemma="e%29kxwrei%3Dn">ἐκχωρεῖν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="prosepe%2Ftacan">προσεπέταξαν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsai">ὅσαι</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dntai">κεῖνται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fas">Σικελίας</w>.
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="susta%5Cs">συστὰς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fas">Σικελίας</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemos">πόλεμος</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftois">τοιούτοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dton">τοιοῦτον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsxe">ἔσχε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fth">ἔτη</w> <w lemma="polemhqei%5Cs">πολεμηθεὶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi">εἴκοσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttara">τέτταρα</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w>, <w lemma="po%2Flemos">πόλεμος</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsmen">ἴσμεν</w> <w lemma="a%29koh%3D%7C">ἀκοῇ</w> <w lemma="maqo%2Fntes">μαθόντες</w> <w lemma="poluxroniw%2Ftatos">πολυχρονιώτατος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%2Fstatos">συνεχέστατος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgistos">μέγιστος</w>.
<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="xwri%5Cs">χωρὶς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="loipw%3Dn">λοιπῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%2Fnwn">ἀγώνων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraskeuw%3Dn">παρασκευῶν</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fpomen">εἴπομεν</w> <w lemma="a%29nw%2Fteron">ἀνώτερον</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fpac">ἅπαξ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fmfw">συνάμφω</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fosin">πλείοσιν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fois">πεντακοσίοις</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mikrw%3D%7C">μικρῷ</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fpousin">λείπουσιν</w> <w lemma="e%28ptakosi%2Fois">ἑπτακοσίοις</w> <w lemma="ska%2Ffesi">σκάφεσι</w> <w lemma="penthrikoi%3Ds">πεντηρικοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29nauma%2Fxhsan">ἐναυμάχησαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w>.
<w lemma="a%29pe%2Fbalo%2Fn">ἀπέβαλόν</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmw%7C">πολέμῳ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="penth%2Freis">πεντήρεις</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="nauagi%2Fais">ναυαγίαις</w> <w lemma="diafqareisw%3Dn">διαφθαρεισῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%28ptakosi%2Fas">ἑπτακοσίας</w>, <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fas">πεντακοσίας</w>.
<w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fzontas">θαυμάζοντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antigo%2Fnou">Ἀντιγόνου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%2Fou">Πτολεμαίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmhtri%2Fou">Δημητρίου</w> <w lemma="naumaxi%2Fas">ναυμαχίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="sto%2Flous">στόλους</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Ftws">εἰκότως</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="i%28storh%2Fsantas">ἱστορήσαντας</w> <w lemma="e%29kpeplh%3Dxqai">ἐκπεπλῆχθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28perbolh%5Cn">ὑπερβολὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcewn">πράξεων</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="boulhqei%2Fh">βουληθείη</w> <w lemma="sullogi%2Fsasqai">συλλογίσασθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cn">διαφορὰν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="penthrikw%3Dn">πεντηρικῶν</w> <w lemma="ploi%2Fwn">πλοίων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="trih%2Freis">τριήρεις</w>, <w lemma="ai%28%3Ds">αἷς</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2F">οἵ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Ape%2Frsai">Πέρσαι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnas">Ἕλληνας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqhnai%3Doi">Ἀθηναῖοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimo%2Fnioi">Λακεδαιμόνιοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="e%29nauma%2Fxoun">ἐναυμάχουν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="dunhqei%2Fh">δυνηθείη</w> <w lemma="thlikau%2Ftas">τηλικαύτας</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w> <w lemma="eu%28rei%3Dn">εὑρεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftth%7C">θαλάττῃ</w> <w lemma="dihgwnisme%2Fnas">διηγωνισμένας</w>.
<w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proteqe%5Cn">προτεθὲν</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxh%7C">τύχῃ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnioi">ἔνιοι</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dsi">δοκοῦσι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toma%2Ftws">αὐτομάτως</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fan">λίαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Ftws">εἰκότως</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftois">τοιούτοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="thlikou%2Ftois">τηλικούτοις</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w> <w lemma="e%29naskh%2Fsantes">ἐνασκήσαντες</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="e%29peba%2Flonto">ἐπεβάλοντο</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w> <w lemma="h%28gemoni%2Fa%7C">ἡγεμονίᾳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dunastei%2Fa%7C">δυναστείᾳ</w> <w lemma="tolmhrw%3Ds">τολμηρῶς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w>
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<head>The Longest and Harshest War in History</head>When this treaty was sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> the people refused to accept it, but sent ten commissioners to examine into the business. Upon their arrival they made no change in the general terms of the treaty, but they introduced some slight alterations in the direction of increased severity towards <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>. Thus they reduced the time allowed for the payment of the indemnity by one half; they added a thousand talents to the sum demanded; and extended the evacuation of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> to all islands lying between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>.Such were the conditions on which the war was ended, after<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note161">Greatness of the war.</note>lasting twenty-four years continuously. It was at once the longest, most continuous, and most severely contested war known to us in history. Apart from the other battles fought and the preparations made, which I have described in my previous chapters, there were two sea-fights, in one of which the combined numbers of the two fleets exceeded five hundred quinqueremes, in the other nearly approached seven hundred. In the course of the war, counting what were destroyed by shipwreck, the Romans lost seven hundred quinqueremes, the Carthaginians five hundred. Those therefore who have spoken with wonder of the sea-battles of an Antigonus, a Ptolemy, or a Demetrius, and the greatness of their fleets, would we may well believe have been overwhelmed with astonishment at the hugeness of these proportions if they had had to tell the story of this war.<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note162"><foreign lang="greek">ἱστορήσαντας.</foreign>There seems no need to give this word the unusual sense of<foreign lang="la">narratum legere</foreign>here, as some do.</note>If, further,<pb n="72" />we take into consideration the superior size of the quinqueremes, compared with the triremes employed by the Persians against the Greeks, and again by the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in their wars with each other, we shall find that never in the whole history of the world have such enormous forces contended for mastery at sea.These considerations will establish my original observation, and show the falseness of the opinion entertained by certain Greeks. It was<emph>not</emph>by mere chance or without knowing what they were doing that the Romans struck their bold stroke for universal supremacy and dominion, and justified their boldness by its success. No: it was the natural result of discipline gained in the stern school of difficulty and danger.
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Walbank Commentary