<w lemma="polu%5Cn">πολὺν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="e%29bouleu%2Fsanto">ἐβουλεύσαντο</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fdrion">συνέδριον</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="e%29ku%2Frwse">ἐκύρωσε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="gnw%2Fmhn">γνώμην</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frti">ἄρτι</w> <w lemma="r%28hqei%2Fsas">ῥηθείσας</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w>. <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29logi%2Fan">ἀλογίαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Amamerti%2Fnois">Μαμερτίνοις</w> <w lemma="e%29pikouri%2Fas">ἐπικουρίας</w> <w lemma="i%29sorropei%3Dn">ἰσορροπεῖν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="bohqei%2Fas">βοηθείας</w> <w lemma="sumfe%2Frousin">συμφέρουσιν</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="tetrume%2Fnoi">τετρυμένοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="progegono%2Ftwn">προγεγονότων</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmwn">πολέμων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prosdeo%2Fmenoi">προσδεόμενοι</w> <w lemma="pantodaph%3Ds">παντοδαπῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29panorqw%2Fsews">ἐπανορθώσεως</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frti">ἄρτι</w> <w lemma="r%28hqei%3Dsi">ῥηθεῖσι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="koinh%3D%7C">κοινῇ</w> <w lemma="sumfe%2Frein">συμφέρειν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w> <w lemma="w%29felei%2Fas">ὠφελείας</w> <w lemma="prodh%2Flous">προδήλους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flas">μεγάλας</w> <w lemma="u%28podeiknuo%2Fntwn">ὑποδεικνυόντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3Dn">στρατηγῶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fkrinan">ἔκριναν</w> <w lemma="bohqei%3Dn">βοηθεῖν</w>.
<w lemma="kurwqe%2Fntos">κυρωθέντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fgmatos">δόγματος</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fmou">δήμου</w>, <w lemma="proxeirisa%2Fmenoi">προχειρισάμενοι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteron">ἕτερον</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cn">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappion">Ἄππιον</w> <w lemma="%2Aklau%2Fdion">Κλαύδιον</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilan">ἐξαπέστειλαν</w>, <w lemma="keleu%2Fsantes">κελεύσαντες</w> <w lemma="bohqei%3Dn">βοηθεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diabai%2Fnein">διαβαίνειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Amessh%2Fnhn">Μεσσήνην</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Amamerti%3Dnoi">Μαμερτῖνοι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cn">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fxonta">κατέχοντα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkran">ἄκραν</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fbalon">ἐξέβαλον</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kataplhca%2Fmenoi">καταπληξάμενοι</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="paralogisa%2Fmenoi:">παραλογισάμενοι·</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappion">Ἄππιον</w> <w lemma="e%29pespw%3Dnto">ἐπεσπῶντο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29nexei%2Frizon">ἐνεχείριζον</w>.
<w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cn">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nestau%2Frwsan">ἀνεσταύρωσαν</w>, <w lemma="nomi%2Fsantes">νομίσαντες</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29bou%2Flws">ἀβούλως</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fndrws">ἀνάνδρως</w> <w lemma="proe%2Fsqai">προέσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29kro%2Fpolin:">ἀκρόπολιν·</w>
<w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="nautikh%3D%7C">ναυτικῇ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmei">δυνάμει</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apelwria%2Fda">Πελωριάδα</w> <w lemma="stratopedeu%2Fsantes">στρατοπεδεύσαντες</w>, <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pezw%3D%7C">πεζῷ</w> <w lemma="strateu%2Fmati">στρατεύματι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2Asu%2Fneis">Σύνεις</w> <w lemma="kaloume%2Fnas">καλουμένας</w> <w lemma="e%29nergw%3Ds">ἐνεργῶς</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fkeinto">προσέκειντο</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Amessh%2Fnh%7C">Μεσσήνῃ</w>.
<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ie%2Frwn">Ἱέρων</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fsas">νομίσας</w> <w lemma="eu%29fuw%3Ds">εὐφυῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="paro%2Fnta">παρόντα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="barba%2Frous">βαρβάρους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Amessh%2Fnhn">Μεσσήνην</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fxontas">κατέχοντας</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerw%3Ds">ὁλοσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29kbalei%3Dn">ἐκβαλεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fas">Σικελίας</w>, <w lemma="ti%2Fqetai">τίθεται</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dt%27">ταῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nazeu%2Fcas">ἀναζεύξας</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Asurakousw%3Dn">Συρακουσῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29poiei%3Dto">ἐποιεῖτο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan">πορείαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnhn">προειρημένην</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin:">πόλιν·</w> <w lemma="katastratopedeu%2Fsas">καταστρατοπεδεύσας</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="qate%2Frou">θατέρου</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Axalkidiko%5Cn">Χαλκιδικὸν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fros">ὄρος</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenon">καλούμενον</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fkleise">ἀπέκλεισε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29co%2Fdou">ἐξόδου</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flei">πόλει</w>.
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cs">στρατηγὸς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappios">Ἄππιος</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parabo%2Flws">παραβόλως</w> <w lemma="peraiwqei%5Cs">περαιωθεὶς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="porqmo%5Cn">πορθμὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dken">ἧκεν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Amessh%2Fnhn">Μεσσήνην</w>.
<w lemma="o%28rw%3Dn">ὁρῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pantaxo%2Fqen">πανταχόθεν</w> <w lemma="e%29nergw%3Ds">ἐνεργῶς</w> <w lemma="proshreiko%2Ftas">προσηρεικότας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fous">πολεμίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sullogisa%2Fmenos">συλλογισάμενος</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxra%2Fn">αἰσχράν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pisfalh%3D">ἐπισφαλῆ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="poliorki%2Fan">πολιορκίαν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w>, <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="gh%3Ds">γῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w> <w lemma="e%29pikratou%2Fntwn">ἐπικρατούντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w>,
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="diepresbeu%2Feto">διεπρεσβεύετο</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29mfote%2Frous">ἀμφοτέρους</w>, <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenos">βουλόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29cele%2Fsqai">ἐξελέσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Amamerti%2Fnous:">Μαμερτίνους·</w> <w lemma="ou%29deno%5Cs">οὐδενὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fxontos">προσέχοντος</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w>,
<w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="e%29panagkazo%2Fmenos">ἐπαναγκαζόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fkrine">ἔκρινε</w> <w lemma="diakinduneu%2Fein">διακινδυνεύειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeirei%3Dn">ἐγχειρεῖν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Asurakosi%2Fois">Συρακοσίοις</w>.
<w lemma="e%29cagagw%5Cn">ἐξαγαγὼν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="pare%2Ftace">παρέταξε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhn">μάχην</w>, <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmws">ἑτοίμως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dna">ἀγῶνα</w> <w lemma="sugkataba%2Fntos">συγκαταβάντος</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Asurakosi%2Fwn">Συρακοσίων</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws:">βασιλέως·</w>
<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="polu%5Cn">πολὺν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="diagwnisa%2Fmenos">διαγωνισάμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29pekra%2Fthsen">ἐπεκράτησεν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katedi%2Fwce">κατεδίωξε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fous">ὑπεναντίους</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraka">χάρακα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w>.
<w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappios">Ἄππιος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="skuleu%2Fsas">σκυλεύσας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="nekrou%5Cs">νεκροὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqen">ἐπανῆλθεν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Amessh%2Fnhn">Μεσσήνην</w>. <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ie%2Frwn">Ἱέρων</w> <w lemma="o%29tteusa%2Fmeno%2Fs">ὀττευσάμενός</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>, <w lemma="e%29pigenome%2Fnhs">ἐπιγενομένης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29nexw%2Frhse">ἀνεχώρησε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="spoudh%5Cn">σπουδὴν</w>
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<head><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> Supports the Mamertines</head>In spite of protracted deliberations, the conflict of<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note31">The Senate shirk the responsibility of decision. The people vote for helping the Mamertines.</note>motives proved too strong, after all, to allow of the Senate coming to any decision; for the inconsistency of aiding the Messenians appeared to them to be evenly balanced by the advantages to be gained by doing so. The people, however, had suffered much from the previous wars, and wanted some means of repairing the losses which they had sustained in every department. Besides these national advantages to be gained by the war, the military commanders suggested that individually they would get manifest and important benefits from it. They accordingly voted in favour of giving the aid.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note32">B. C. 264. Appius Claudius Caudex. M. Fulvius Flaccus, Coss.</note>The decree having thus been passed by the people, they elected one of the consuls, Appius Claudius, to the command, and sent him out with instructions to cross to Messene and relieve the Mamertines. These latter managed, between threats and false representations, to oust the Carthaginian commander who was already in possession of the citadel, invited Appius in, and offered to deliver the city into his hands. The Carthaginians crucified their commander for what they considered to be his cowardice and folly in thus losing the citadel; stationed their fleet near Pelorus; their land forces at a place called Synes; and laid vigorous siege to Messene.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note33">Hiero joins <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> in laying siege to the Mamertines in Messene. Appius comes to the relief of the besieged, B. C. 264.</note>Now at this juncture Hiero, thinking it a favourable opportunity for totally expelling from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> the foreigners who were in occupation of Messene, made a treaty with the Carthaginians. Having done this, he started from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a> upon an expedition against that city. He pitched his camp on the opposite side to the Carthaginians, near what was called the Chalcidian Mount, whereby the garrison were cut off from that way out as well as from the other. The Roman Consul Appius, for his part, gallantly crossed the strait by night and got into Messene. But he found that the enemy had completely surrounded the town and were vigorously pressing on the attack; and he concluded on reflection that the siege could bring him neither credit nor security so long as the enemy commanded land as well as sea. He accordingly first endeavoured<pb n="12" />to relieve the Mamertines from the contest altogether by sending embassies to both of the attacking forces.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note34">After vain attempts at negotiation, Appius determines to attack Hiero.</note>Neither of them received his proposals, and at last, from sheer necessity, he made up his mind to hazard an engagement, and that he would begin with the Syracusans. So he led out his forces and drew them up for the fight: nor was the Syracusan backward in accepting the challenge, but descended simultaneously to give him battle.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note35">Hiero is defeated, and returns to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a>.</note>After a prolonged struggle, Appius got the better of the enemy, and chased the opposing forces right up to their entrenchments. The result of this was that Appius, after stripping the dead, retired into Messene again, while Hiero, with a foreboding of the final result, only waited for nightfall to beat a hasty retreat to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a>.
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Walbank Commentary