Polybius, Histories

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Book 8 - Chapter 35

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<w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Atibe%2Frios">Τιβέριος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cs">στρατηγὸς</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fxw%7C">λόχῳ</w> <w lemma="e%29nedreuqei%5Cs">ἐνεδρευθεὶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gennai%2Fws">γενναίως</w> <w lemma="u%28posta%5Cs">ὑποστὰς</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fstreyen">κατέστρεψεν</w>. <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftwn">τοιούτων</w> <w lemma="peripeteiw%3Dn">περιπετειῶν</w>, <w lemma="po%2Ftera">πότερα</w> <w lemma="xrh%5C">χρὴ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsxousin">πάσχουσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pitima%3Dn">ἐπιτιμᾶν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="suggnw%2Fmhn">συγγνώμην</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w>, <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29sfale%5Cs">ἀσφαλὲς</w> <w lemma="a%29pofh%2Fnasqai">ἀποφήνασθαι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcantas">πράξαντας</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="u%28poxeiri%2Fous">ὑποχειρίους</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmws">ἑτοίμως</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpois">ἀνθρώποις</w> <w lemma="w%28risme%2Fna">ὡρισμένα</w> <w lemma="di%2Fkaia">δίκαια</w> <w lemma="parabai%2Fnousin:">παραβαίνουσιν·</w>
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<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fqen">αὐτόθεν</w> <w lemma="a%29postate%2Fon">ἀποστατέον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29pofa%2Fsews">ἀποφάσεως</w> <w lemma="a%29rgw%3Ds">ἀργῶς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="ble%2Fponta">βλέποντα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="perista%2Fseis">περιστάσεις</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29pitimhte%2Fon">ἐπιτιμητέον</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fnwn">ἡγεμόνων</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="suggnw%2Fmhn">συγγνώμην</w> <w lemma="dote%2Fon">δοτέον</w>. <w lemma="e%29%2Fstai">ἔσται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w>.
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<w lemma="%2A%29arxi%2Fdamos">Ἀρχίδαμος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28pido%2Fmenos">ὑπιδόμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnous">Κλεομένους</w> <w lemma="filarxi%2Fan">φιλαρχίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffugen">ἔφυγεν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aspa%2Frths">Σπάρτης</w>, <w lemma="met%27">μετ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="peisqei%5Cs">πεισθεὶς</w> <w lemma="e%29nexei%2Frisen">ἐνεχείρισεν</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnw%7C">προειρημένῳ</w>.
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<w lemma="toigarou%3Dn">τοιγαροῦν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fou">βίου</w> <w lemma="sterhqei%5Cs">στερηθεὶς</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29pologi%2Fan">ἀπολογίαν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="kate%2Flipe">κατέλιπε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29piginome%2Fnous:">ἐπιγινομένους·</w>
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<w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="u%28poqe%2Fsews">ὑποθέσεως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="menou%2Fshs">μενούσης</w>, <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnous">Κλεομένους</w> <w lemma="filarxi%2Fas">φιλαρχίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dunastei%2Fas">δυναστείας</w> <w lemma="e%29phuchme%2Fnhs">ἐπηυξημένης</w>, <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeiri%2Fsas">ἐγχειρίσας</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="fugw%5Cn">φυγὼν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftuxe">ἔτυχε</w> <w lemma="parado%2Fcws">παραδόξως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="swthri%2Fas">σωτηρίας</w>, <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="eu%29lo%2Fgws">εὐλόγως</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmelle">ἔμελλε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="e%29gkurh%2Fsein">ἐγκυρήσειν</w>;
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<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Apelopi%2Fdas">Πελοπίδας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Aqhbai%3Dos">Θηβαῖος</w>, <w lemma="ei%29dw%5Cs">εἰδὼς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aleca%2Fndrou">Ἀλεξάνδρου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tura%2Fnnou">τυράννου</w> <w lemma="paranomi%2Fan">παρανομίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ginw%2Fskwn">γινώσκων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Ds">πᾶς</w> <w lemma="tu%2Frannos">τύραννος</w> <w lemma="polemiwta%2Ftous">πολεμιωτάτους</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fzei">νομίζει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqeri%2Fas">ἐλευθερίας</w> <w lemma="proestw%3Dtas">προεστῶτας</w>, <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aqhbai%2Fwn">Θηβαίων</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="dhmokrati%2Fas">δημοκρατίας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpeiqen">ἔπειθεν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29epaminw%2Fndan">Ἐπαμινώνδαν</w> <w lemma="proesta%2Fnai">προεστάναι</w>,
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<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parw%5Cn">παρὼν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Aqettali%2Fan">Θετταλίαν</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmios">πολέμιος</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="katalu%2Fsei">καταλύσει</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aleca%2Fndrou">Ἀλεξάνδρου</w> <w lemma="monarxi%2Fas">μοναρχίας</w> <w lemma="presbeu%2Fein">πρεσβεύειν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%2Fmeine">ὑπέμεινε</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w>.
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<w lemma="toigarou%3Dn">τοιγαροῦν</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w> <w lemma="u%28poxei%2Frios">ὑποχείριος</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29xqroi%3Ds">ἐχθροῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fblaye">ἔβλαψε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aqhbai%2Fous">Θηβαίους</w> <w lemma="mega%2Fla">μεγάλα</w>, <w lemma="kate%2Fluse">κατέλυσε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="progegenhme%2Fnhn">προγεγενημένην</w> <w lemma="do%2Fcan">δόξαν</w>, <w lemma="ei%29kh%3D%7C">εἰκῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29kri%2Ftws">ἀκρίτως</w> <w lemma="pisteu%2Fsas">πιστεύσας</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fkist%27">ἥκιστ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29xrh%3Dn">ἐχρῆν</w>.
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<w lemma="paraplh%2Fsia">παραπλήσια</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Agna%2Fi+os">Γνάϊος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cs">στρατηγὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpaqe">ἔπαθε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeliko%5Cn">Σικελικὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w>, <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgws">ἀλόγως</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeiri%2Fsas">ἐγχειρίσας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fois:">πολεμίοις·</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteroi">ἕτεροι</w>.
<head>Discussion of some similar Instances</head>Tiberius, the Roman pro-consul, fell into an ambush and after a gallant resistance perished with all who accompanied him. Regarding such accidents it is by no means safe to pronounce whether the sufferers are to be blamed or pardoned, because many who have taken all reasonable precautions have notwithstanding fallen victims to enemies who did not scruple to violate the established laws of mankind.
Nevertheless we should not out of indolence at once abandon the attempt to reach a decision of this point, but keeping in view the times and circumstances of each case censure certain generals and acquit others. What I mean will be clear from the following instances.
Archidamus, the king of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>, fearful of the ambition of Cleomenes, went into exile; but a short time afterwards was induced to put himself into the power of Cleomenes.
Consequently he lost both his throne and his life, leaving nothing to be said in his defence to posterity.
For the situation being still the same and Cleomenes having become even more ambitious and powerful, we cannot but confess that in surrendering to the very man from whom he had formerly saved himself almost miraculously by flight, he deserved the fate he met with.
Again, Pelopidas of Thebes, though acquainted with the unprincipled character of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, and well aware that every tyrant regards as his chief enemies the champions of liberty, after prevailing on Epaminondas to espouse the cause of democracy not only at Thebes but throughout Greece, and after himself appearing in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> with a hostile force for the purpose of overthrowing the despotism of Alexander, actually ventured a second time to go on a mission to this very tyrant.
The consequence was that by falling into the hands of his enemies he both inflicted great damage on Thebes and destroyed his previous reputation by rashly and ill-advisedly reposing confidence where it was utterly misplaced.
A similar misfortune befell the Roman consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio in the first Punic War, when he ill-advisedly surrendered to the enemy. I could mention more than one other case.