Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 8 - Chapter 15

<head lang="la">IV. Res Asiae</head><w lemma="%2Abw%3Dlis">Βῶλις</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnei">γένει</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Akrh%2Fs">Κρής</w>, <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polu%5Cn">πολὺν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fa%7C">βασιλείᾳ</w> <w lemma="diatetrifw%5Cs">διατετριφὼς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="h%28gemonikh%3D%7C">ἡγεμονικῇ</w> <w lemma="prostasi%2Fa%7C">προστασίᾳ</w>, <w lemma="dokw%3Dn">δοκῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnesin">σύνεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Flman">τόλμαν</w> <w lemma="para%2Fbolon">παράβολον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tribh%5Cn">τριβὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polemikoi%3Ds">πολεμικοῖς</w> <w lemma="ou%29deno%5Cs">οὐδενὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29la%2Fttw">ἐλάττω</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsi%2Fbios">Σωσίβιος</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="pleio%2Fnwn">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgwn">λόγων</w> <w lemma="pistwsa%2Fmenos">πιστωσάμενος</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraskeua%2Fsas">παρασκευάσας</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fnoun">εὔνουν</w> <w lemma="e%28autw%3D%7C">ἑαυτῷ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fqumon">πρόθυμον</w>, <w lemma="a%29nadi%2Fdwsi">ἀναδίδωσι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dcin">πρᾶξιν</w>, <w lemma="le%2Fgwn">λέγων</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="basilei%3D">βασιλεῖ</w> <w lemma="mei%3Dzon">μεῖζον</w> <w lemma="xari%2Fsaito">χαρίσαιτο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%3Dtas">ἐνεστῶτας</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="sunepinoh%2Fsas">συνεπινοήσας</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fni">τίνι</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpw%7C">τρόπῳ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnatai">δύναται</w> <w lemma="sw%3Dsai">σῶσαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaio%2Fn">Ἀχαιόν</w>.

<w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="diakou%2Fsas">διακούσας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Abw%3Dlis">Βῶλις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fh%2Fsas">φήσας</w> <w lemma="e%29piske%2Fyasqai">ἐπισκέψασθαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnwn">εἰρημένων</w>, <w lemma="e%29xwri%2Fsqh:">ἐχωρίσθη·</w>

<w lemma="dou%5Cs">δοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="e%28autw%3D%7C">ἑαυτῷ</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="du%2F%27">δύ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="proselqw%5Cn">προσελθὼν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsi%2Fbion">Σωσίβιον</w>, <w lemma="a%29nede%2Fcato">ἀνεδέξατο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dcin">πρᾶξιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="au%28to%2Fn">αὑτόν</w>, <w lemma="fh%2Fsas">φήσας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fw">πλείω</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Asa%2Frdesi">Σάρδεσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="e%29mpeirei%3Dn">ἐμπειρεῖν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akambu%2Flon">Καμβύλον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fna">ἡγεμόνα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antio%2Fxw%7C">Ἀντιόχῳ</w> <w lemma="strateuome%2Fnwn">στρατευομένων</w> <w lemma="%2Akrhtw%3Dn">Κρητῶν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fthn">πολίτην</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="suggenh%3D">συγγενῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flon">φίλον</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w>.

<w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akambu%2Flon">Καμβύλον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="tattome%2Fnous">ταττομένους</w> <w lemma="%2Akrh%3Dtas">Κρῆτας</w> <w lemma="pepisteu%3Dsqai%2F">πεπιστεῦσθαί</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="fulakthri%2Fwn">φυλακτηρίων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fpisqe">ὄπισθε</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkras">ἄκρας</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%2Ftines">οἵτινες</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%5Cn">κατασκευὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29pede%2Fxonto">ἐπεδέχοντο</w>, <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sunexei%2Fa%7C">συνεχείᾳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akambu%2Flon">Καμβύλον</w> <w lemma="tetagme%2Fnwn">τεταγμένων</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29throu%3Dnto">ἐτηροῦντο</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsibi%2Fou">Σωσιβίου</w> <w lemma="decame%2Fnou">δεξαμένου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fnoian">ἐπίνοιαν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dieilhfo%2Ftos">διειληφότος</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="dunato%5Cn">δυνατὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="swqh%3Dnai">σωθῆναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaio%5Cn">Ἀχαιὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="periestw%2Ftwn">περιεστώτων</w>, <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dunatou%3D">δυνατοῦ</w> <w lemma="kaqa%2Fpac">καθάπαξ</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxontos">ὑπάρχοντος</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="mhdeno%5Cs">μηδενὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%28te%2Frou">ἑτέρου</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="be%2Fltion">βέλτιον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Abw%2Flidos">Βώλιδος</w>, <w lemma="toiau%2Fths">τοιαύτης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sundramou%2Fshs">συνδραμούσης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Abw%3Dlin">Βῶλιν</w> <w lemma="proqumi%2Fas">προθυμίας</w>, <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="e%29la%2Fmbane">ἐλάμβανε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dgma">πρᾶγμα</w> <w lemma="prokoph%2Fn">προκοπήν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28%2F">ὅ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsi%2Fbios">Σωσίβιος</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="proedi%2Fdou">προεδίδου</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mhde%5Cn">μηδὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29llei%2Fpein">ἐλλείπειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibola%2Fs">ἐπιβολάς</w>, <w lemma="polla%5C">πολλὰ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="eu%29%3D">εὖ</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnwn">γενομένων</w> <w lemma="u%28pisxnei%3Dto">ὑπισχνεῖτο</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fsein">δώσειν</w>,

<w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%3D">Ἀχαιοῦ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="sw%7Czome%2Fnou">σῳζομένου</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fritas">χάριτας</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="u%28perbolh%3Ds">ὑπερβολῆς</w> <w lemma="au%29%2Fcwn">αὔξων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flas">μεγάλας</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dge">ἦγε</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Abw%3Dlin:">Βῶλιν·</w>

<w lemma="o%28%2F">ὅ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnos">προειρημένος</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%2Fr">ἀνήρ</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Ftoimos">ἕτοιμος</w> <w lemma="w%29%5Cn">ὢν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dcin">πρᾶξιν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fna">οὐδένα</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="e%29pimei%2Fnas">ἐπιμείνας</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fpleuse">ἐξέπλευσε</w>, <w lemma="sunqh%2Fmata">συνθήματα</w> <w lemma="labw%5Cn">λαβὼν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fsteis">πίστεις</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Aniko%2Fmaxon">Νικόμαχον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ro%2Fdon">Ῥόδον</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cs">ὃς</w> <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="patro%5Cs">πατρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fqesin">διάθεσιν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fnoian">εὔνοιαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstin">πίστιν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaio%2Fn">Ἀχαιόν</w>, <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Amelagko%2Fman">Μελαγκόμαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fefeson">Ἔφεσον</w>.

<w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaio%5Cs">Ἀχαιὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%2F">τά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%3Don">Πτολεμαῖον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllas">ἄλλας</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fsas">ἁπάσας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcwqen">ἔξωθεν</w> <w lemma="e%29pibola%5Cs">ἐπιβολὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29xei%2Frize">ἐχείριζε</w>.

<head>IV. Affairs of Asia</head><head>Capture of Achaeus</head>There was a certain Cretan named Bolis who had long occupied a high position at the court of Ptolemy, being regarded as a man possessed of superior intelligence, exceptional courage, and much military experience.

Sosibius, who had by continued intercourse with this man secured his confidence and rendered him favourably disposed to himself and ready to oblige him, put the matter in his hands, telling him that under present circumstances there was no more acceptable service he could render the king than to contrive a plan to save Achaeus.

Bolis after listening to him, said he would think the matter over, and left him.

After taking counsel with himself he came to Sosibius two or three days afterwards and agreed to undertake the business, adding that he had spent some time in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardis&groupId=948&placeId=1686">Sardis</a> and knew its topography, and the Cambylus the commander of the Cretans in Antiochus\' army was not only his fellow-citizen, but his relative and friend.

It happened that Cambylus and his force of Cretans had charge of one of the outposts behind the citadel where the ground did not admit of siege-works, but was guarded simply by the continuous line of these troops of Cambylus.

Sosibius received this suggestion with joy, and since he was firmly convinced either that it was impossible to rescue Achaeus from his dangerous situation, or that once one regarded it as possible, no one could do it better than Bolis, since, moreover, Bolis himself helped matters on by displaying such zeal, the project rapidly began to move.

Sosibius both advanced funds to meet all the expenses of the undertaking and promised a large sum in the event of its success, then by dwelling in the most exaggerated terms on the rewards to be expected from the king and from Achaeus himself whom they were rescuing raised the hopes of Bolis to the utmost.

Bolis, who was quite ready for the enterprise, set sail without the least delay carrying dispatches in cypher and credentials first to Nicomachus at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, whose affection for Achaeus and fidelity towards him were regarded as being like those of a father to a son, and next to Melancomas at Ephesus.

For these were the two men who in former times had acted as the agents of Achaeus in his negotiations with Ptolemy and all his other foreign schemes.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

8.14.0 - 8.21.0

The capture of Achaeus The events here described from part of the res Asiae of Ol. 141, 3 = 214/13, and probably took place in 213; see above, pp. 3 and 5. For the capture of Sardes, which left Achaeus besieged in the citadel, see vii. 15–18. The 'mercenary source' postulated in v. 40. 4–57. 8 n. could be behind these chapters; see also vii. 15–18 n.

Specifics

8.15.1 - 8.15.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ</w>:</emph> of Ptolemy. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διατετριφὼς ἐν ἡγεμονικῇ προστασίᾳ</w>:</emph> 'enjoying the authority, or the pomp and circumstance, of a military leader'. <w lang="el-GR">προστασία</w> bears both meanings. On Bolis, unknown apart from this account, see Wilcken, RE, 'Bolis', col. 675; van Effenterre, 296; Launey, i. 260, 567 n. 16.

8.15.2 - 8.15.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Σωσίβιος</w>:</emph> cf. v. 35. 7 n., xv. 25. 1–2 n.; the main figure at the <milestone unit="page" n="93">[93]</milestone> Alexandrian court. On the Egyptian alliance with Achaeus cf. v. 67. 12–13 n.

8.15.4 - 8.15.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν Καμβύλον . . . οὐ μόνον πολίτην, ἀλλὰ? καὶ συγγενῆ καὶ φίλον</w>:</emph> their city is unknown, but van Effenterre (193 n. 1, 295–6) suggests plausibly that Cambylus had gone over to Antiochus with many other mercenaries before <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Raphia&groupId=925&placeId=1656">Raphia</a> (cf. v. 40. 1–3, 61. 8–9 nn., 70. 10–12), while Bolis had remained with Ptolemy. On Cambylus see Schoch, RE, Suppl-B. iv, 'Kambylos', col. 864; van Effenterre, 295; Launey, i. 259–60. For Cretans in Antiochus' service cf. v. 79. 10, vii. 15. 2 (Lagoras).

8.15.5 - 8.15.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατασκευήν . . . οὐκ ἐπεδέχοντο</w>:</emph> 'did not admit of siege-works'.

8.15.6 - 8.15.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δεξαμένου τὴν ἐπίνοιαν</w>:</emph> 'receiving his suggestion warmly'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοιαύτης δέ συνδραμούσης . . . προθυμίας</w>:</emph> 'and since this coincided with such enthusiasm on the part of Bolis'.

8.15.9 - 8.15.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συνθήματα καὶ πίστεις</w>:</emph> cf. 16. 9, 17. 4, 17. 8; 'dispatches in cypher and credentials' (Paton). For a full discussion of the use of cypher in such cases see Aen. Tact. 31. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρός τε Νικόμαχον εἰς Ῥόδον</w>:</emph> who had probably acted with Melancomas as Achaeus' representative in securing Aetolian mercenaries (cf. vii. 16. 7 n.; Sthelin, RE, 'Nikomachos (8)', col. 459). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς Μελαγκόμαν εἰς Ἔφεσον</w>:</emph> Holleaux (tudes, iii. 131 n. 1) suggests that Melancomas like his two homonyms in OGIS, 134, was an Aetolian.

8.15.10 - 8.15.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ τὸν πρὸ τοῦ χρόνον</w>:</emph> 'previously', and perhaps right up to the time Achaeus was besieged in Sardes (Holleaux, tudes, iii. 134 n. 3). Paton, 'in former times' (so too Bevan, Seleucus, ii. 8), introduces a nuance not in the Greek. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς ἄλλας ἁπάσας τὰς ἔξωθεν ἐπιβολάς</w>:</emph> 'his other foreign schemes' (Paton); for instance his enrolment of Aetolian mercenaries (§ 9).

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