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Book 8 - Chapter 1

1
<head lang="la">I. Ex Prooemio</head><w lemma="%2Aou%29k">Οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29llo%2Ftrion">ἀλλότριον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai%2F">εἶναί</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhs">ὅλης</w> <w lemma="h%28mw%3Dn">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%3Ds">ἐπιβολῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxai%3Ds">ἀρχαῖς</w> <w lemma="proqe%2Fsews">προθέσεως</w> <w lemma="sunepisth%3Dsai">συνεπιστῆσαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29kou%2Fontas">ἀκούοντας</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="megalei%3Don">μεγαλεῖον</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcewn">πράξεων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="filo%2Ftimon">φιλότιμον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frou">ἑκατέρου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="politeu%2Fmatos">πολιτεύματος</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsews">προαιρέσεως</w>, <w lemma="le%2Fgw">λέγω</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w>.
2
<w lemma="ti%2Fs">τίς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29pishmh%2Fnaito">ἐπισημήναιτο</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="thlikou%3Dton">τηλικοῦτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="sunestame%2Fnoi">συνεσταμένοι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29la%2Fttw">ἐλάττω</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29kmh%5Cn">ἀκμὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="a%29dh%2Flous">ἀδήλους</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fson">ἴσον</w> <w lemma="a%29mfo%2Fteroi">ἀμφότεροι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllontos">μέλλοντος</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w>, <w lemma="e%29fami%2Fllous">ἐφαμίλλους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paro%5Cn">παρὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%3Dtas">ἐνεστῶτας</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnous">κινδύνους</w>,
3
<w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="h%29rkou%3Dnto">ἠρκοῦντο</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="prokeime%2Fnais">προκειμέναις</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolai%3Ds">ἐπιβολαῖς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Asardo%2Fnos">Σαρδόνος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fas">Σικελίας</w> <w lemma="h%29mfisbh%2Ftoun:">ἠμφισβήτουν·</w> <gap extent="8" /><w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="periela%2Fmbanon">περιελάμβανον</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fsin">ἐλπίσιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="xorhgi%2Fais">χορηγίαις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="paraskeuai%3Ds">παρασκευαῖς</w>;
4
<w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flist%27">μάλιστ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fn">ἄν</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29mble%2Fyas">ἐμβλέψας</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fseie">θαυμάσειε</w>. <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="e%29ntelh%3D">ἐντελῆ</w> <w lemma="proeka%2Fqhto">προεκάθητο</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpeda">στρατόπεδα</w>, <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pezo%5Cn">πεζὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Agna%2Fi+os">Γνάϊος</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="nautiko%5Cn">ναυτικὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fplios">Πόπλιος</w>.
5
<w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fws">οἰκείως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w>.
6
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpois">τόποις</w> <w lemma="e%29fw%2Frmei">ἐφώρμει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolai%3Ds">ἐπιβολαῖς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="sto%2Flos">στόλος</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkos">Μάρκος</w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29ale%2Frios">Οὐαλέριος</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fplios">Πόπλιος</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fplei">ἐπέπλει</w> <w lemma="%2Asoulpi%2Fkios">Σουλπίκιος</w>.
7
<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fappios">Ἄππιος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="penthrikoi%3Ds">πεντηρικοῖς</w> <w lemma="ska%2Ffesi">σκάφεσι</w>, <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkos">Μάρκος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aklau%2Fdios">Κλαύδιος</w> <w lemma="pezika%5Cs">πεζικὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29fh%2Fdreue">ἐφήδρευε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fan">Σικελίαν</w>.
8
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5C">αὐτὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ami%2Flkas">Ἀμίλκας</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fei">ἐποίει</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w>.
<head>I. From the Preface</head>It appears to me not to be foreign to my general purpose and original plan to call the attention of my readers to the vast scope of operations of the two states <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>, and the diligence with which they pursued their purposes.
For who can help admiring the way in which, although they had on their hands such a serious war for the possession of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, and another no less serious for the possession of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, and though they were in each case both of them quite uncertain as to their prospects of success and in an equally perilous position,
they were yet by no means content with the undertakings on which they were thus engaged, but disputed likewise the possession of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>, not only entertaining hopes of conquest all the world over, but laying in supplies and making preparations for the purpose?
It is indicate when we come to look into the details that our admiration is fully arouse. The Romans had two complete armies for the defence of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> under the two consuls and two others in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, the land forces there being commanded by Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio and the fleet by Publius Cornelius Scipio;
and of course the same was the case with the Carthaginians.
But besides this a Roman fleet lay off the coast of Greece to observe the mots of Philip, commanded first by Marcus Valerius and later by Publius Sulpicius, while at the same time Appius with a hundred quinqueremes and Marcus Claudius Marcellus with a land force protected their interests in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>, Hamilcar doing the same on the part of the Carthaginians.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
8.0.0 - 8.2.0
<p rend="Plain Text">The magnitude of the war and the importance of universal history</p> <p rend="Plain Text">For the possibility that this extract was inserted in connexion with some incident in the res Siciliae of 213, and perhaps at a point corresponding to Livy, xxiv. 27. 5, see above, pp. 4–5. It should be preceded by 35–36, which Bttner-Wobst has displaced from here. Book viii had no introduction (above, p. 4).</p>
Specifics
8.1.1 - 8.1.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς ἐν ἀρχαῖς προθέσεως</w>:</emph> the plan (i. 1. 5, cf. viii. 2. 3–4) of explaining how in less than fifty-three years the Romans had become masters of the world. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ φιλότιμον τῆς . . . προαιρέσεως</w>:</emph> 'consistency of purpose'. </p>
8.1.3 - 8.1.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ Σαρδόνος καὶ Σικελίας ἠμφισβήτουν</w>:</emph> on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> see below, 3–7. The clash in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a> was over. There the native chieftain Hampsicora had revolted against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> in 215, without awaiting the expected forces from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>. He was defeated by a Roman army temporarily commanded by T. Manlius Torquatus pro praetore (Broughton, i. 257 n. 4); and though Punic forces under Hasdrubal forced Manlius on the defensive, he managed soon to defeat the combined enemy, capture Hasdrubal, and assure Roman possession of the island. For these events P.'s account is lost; see Livy, xxiii. 34. 10–15, 40. 1–41. 7; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 250–1. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ πάντα περιελάμβανον</w>:</emph> 'they envisaged world-conquest'; for the phrase cf. ii. 52. 5. The reference to Philip in § 6 leads Bttner-Wobst (vol. ii. 56) to assume that he was also mentioned here alongside <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a>; but there, as in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, the Romans and Carthaginians were fighting each other directly, whereas <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> was not immediately involved in the Greek front. Hence there seems no need to assume a lacuna after <w lang="el-GR">ἠμφισβήτουν</w>. Hultsch (Quaestiones Polybianae, ii. 9–10) also assumes a lacuna, but after <w lang="el-GR">παρασκευαῖς</w>, consequent upon his conjectures <w lang="el-GR">ἀμφισβητοῦντες καὶ πάντα περιλαμβάνοντες</w>. On P.'s concept of the Second Punic War as one fought for world-domination see Walbank, JRS, 1963, 1–12. </p>
8.1.4 - 8.1.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δύο . . . κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν . . . ἐντελῆ . . . στρατόπεδα</w>:</emph> 'two fullscale armies in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>'; so correctly Niese (GGA, 1901, 622), adopting Schweighaeuser's iusti exercitus. Since they are under consuls <w lang="el-GR">(μετὰ τῶν ὑπάτων)</w>, they will be normal consular armies of two legions each (cf. i. 16. 2, iii. 107. 10, vi. 19. 7, 27. 4). Kahrstedt (iii. 440) argues from the fact that there were only two legions in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (see next note) that here too there are only two legions in question, and that <w lang="el-GR">στρατόπεδα</w> is 'legions'; but this flies in the face of all P. tells us about consular armies. According to the annalistic source of Livy <milestone unit="page" n="67">[67]</milestone> (xxiv. 44) it can be calculated that the Romans put twenty-two legions in the field in 213, thirteen of them in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>; but P. seems here to be drawing on a Punic (i.e. Greek) source without precise knowledge of the number of legions, and interested only in the consular armies, and not in the distribution of the other forces in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (cf. De Sanctis, iii. 2. 320–1; Gelzer, Kl. Schr. iii. 242). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δύο δὲ κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν</w>:</emph> 'and two in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>'. The relative clause shows P. to be writing in even more general terms, since here <w lang="el-GR">στρατόπεδον</w> covers the fleet as well as the land forces of the Scipios. The latter amounted to something over two legions, including the men originally taken out by Cnaeus (iii. 49 1–4; Livy, xxi. 17. 8, 32. 3, the greater part of two legions) and the reinforcements brought by Publius in 217 (iii. 97. 1–2; Livy, xxii. 22. 1); but this does not mean that <w lang="el-GR">δύο στρατόπεδα</w> has the sense 'two legions' (so Kahrstedt, iii. 440). The two <w lang="el-GR">στρατόπεδα</w> are the land forces and the fleet <w lang="el-GR">(τὸ μὲν πεζόν . . . τὸ δὲ ναυτικόν</w> . . .). The phrase <w lang="el-GR">ναυτικὸν στρατόπεδον</w> is found frequently from Herodotus onwards; cf. especially Xen. Hell. vi. 3. 18, <w lang="el-GR">τά τε στρατόπεδα διαλύειν καὶ τὰ ναυτικὰ καὶ τὰ πεζικά</w>. Kahrstedt's argument (iii. 442 n. 1), that P. means 'zwei Legionen, von denen den Teil zu Lande Cn. Scipio, den zur See Publius fhrt', is unconvincing, for Roman legions were not divided into a 'land' and a 'sea' section. But in fact P. is wrong (cf. Thiel, 87 n. 156), for both brothers commanded the land forces (cf. iii. 97–99; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 278 n. 138; Scullard, Scip. 46–50), and indeed after Cnaeus' victory off the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> (iii. 95–6) we hear of no naval warfare in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>. P.'s source here is inadequately informed about Spanish affairs. </p>
8.1.5 - 8.1.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἰκεί?ως δὲ ταῦτα συνέβαινε κτλ</w>.:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">οἰκείως</w> is here equivalent to <w lang="el-GR">ὁμοίως</w> 'similarly' (so Suidas); Schweighaeuser comments 'subintelligendum uero putamus datiuum <w lang="el-GR">τούτοις</w>, conuenienter his, pro horum ratione'. His suggestion of <w lang="el-GR">ταὐτὰ</w> for <w lang="el-GR">ταῦτα</w> (cf. § 8) may well be right. </p>
8.1.6 - 8.1.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ μὴν . . . ἐφώρμει . . . στόλος</w>:</emph> there was a Roman fleet in Greek waters from 214 onwards (cf. Livy, xxiv. 40. 2); its first commander, M. Valerius P.f. P.n. Laevinus (cf. H. Volkmann, RE, 'Valerius (211)', cols. 45–49), was relieved in 210 (Livy, xxvi. 26. 4) by P. Sulpicius Ser.f. P.n. Galba Maximus (cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Sulpicius (64)', cols. 801–8), who remained in this province until 205 (when he handed over to P. Sempronius Tuditanus: Livy, xxix. 12. 2). </p>
8.1.7 - 8.1.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἄππιος μὲν . . . Μάρκος δὲ Κλαύδιος</w>:</emph> Ap. Claudius P.f. Ap.n. Pulcher (cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Claudius (293)', cols. 2846–7) was praetor at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lilybaeum&groupId=690&placeId=1261">Lilybaeum</a> in 215 (cf. vii. 3. 1 n.), and in 214 took over eastern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> as propraetor (cf. 3. 1, <w lang="el-GR">ἀντιστράτηγος)</w> till the arrival of the consul M. Claudius M.f. M.n. Marcellus (cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Claudius (220)', cols. 2738–55) towards the end of the year. He served under Marcellus in 213, during the attack on Leontini (Livy, xxiv. 27. 4–6, <milestone unit="page" n="68">[68]</milestone> 30. 1–33. 8) and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a> (7. 12; Livy, xxiv. 36. 6), and returned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> at the end of that year (Livy, xxiv. 39. 12). Appius' position under Marcellus is not clear; Broughton (i. 262) lists him as a legatus, but admits that he may have been a propraetor (so Mnzer, loc. cit.; cf. De Sanctis, iii. 2. 257 n. 113). P. is wrong here as he is about the Scipios, for in 3. 1 Appius commands the army and M. Marcellus the fleet, and though Appius occasionally takes charge of the fleet (cf. Livy, xxiv. 27. 5, 33. 2, 39. 12), it was evidently under Marcellus' overriding command; see Thiel, 87 n. 156. The 100 quinqueremes mentioned here (cf. Livy, xxiv. 27. 5) are probably the ships built in 214 (Livy, xxiv. 11. 6; cf. Thiel, 74–75); they were later reinforced with a further thirty (Livy, xxiv. 36. 4). </p>
8.1.8 - 8.1.8
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀμίλκας</w>:</emph> probably the admiral of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> battle (cf. iii. 95. 2 n.); Livy (xxii. 19. 3, xxiv. 35. 3) calls him Himilco, as does Zonaras (ix. 4. 9). For his command of the Punic forces which reached <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> in 213 see Livy, xxiv. 35. 3–36. 10, 39. 10–13. </p>

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