Polybius, Histories

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Book 6 - Chapter 53

1
<w lemma="%2A%28%2Fotan">Ὅταν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="metalla%2Fch%7C">μεταλλάξῃ</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanw%3Dn">ἐπιφανῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w>, <w lemma="sunteloume%2Fnhs">συντελουμένης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29kfora%3Ds">ἐκφορᾶς</w> <w lemma="komi%2Fzetai">κομίζεται</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="loipou%3D">λοιποῦ</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fsmou">κόσμου</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kaloume%2Fnous">καλουμένους</w> <w lemma="e%29mbo%2Flous">ἐμβόλους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29gora%5Cn">ἀγορὰν</w> <w lemma="pote%5C">ποτὲ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%28stw%5Cs">ἑστὼς</w> <w lemma="e%29nargh%2Fs">ἐναργής</w>, <w lemma="spani%2Fws">σπανίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="katakeklime%2Fnos">κατακεκλιμένος</w>.
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<w lemma="pe%2Fric">πέριξ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="panto%5Cs">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fmou">δήμου</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fntos">στάντος</w>, <w lemma="a%29naba%5Cs">ἀναβὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29mbo%2Flous">ἐμβόλους</w>, <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ui%28o%5Cs">υἱὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fa%7C">ἡλικίᾳ</w> <w lemma="katalei%2Fphtai">καταλείπηται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxh%7C">τύχῃ</w> <w lemma="parw%2Fn">παρών</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtos">οὗτος</w>, <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mh%2F">μή</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2F">εἴ</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnous">γένους</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxei">ὑπάρχει</w>, <w lemma="le%2Fgei">λέγει</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="teteleuthko%2Ftos">τετελευτηκότος</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29reta%5Cs">ἀρετὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29piteteugme%2Fnas">ἐπιτετευγμένας</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="zh%3Dn">ζῆν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w>.
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<w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29namimnhskome%2Fnous">ἀναμιμνησκομένους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnontas">λαμβάνοντας</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fyin">ὄψιν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fta">γεγονότα</w>, <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kekoinwnhko%2Ftas">κεκοινωνηκότας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%2Fs">ἐκτός</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumpaqei%3Ds">συμπαθεῖς</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="khdeuo%2Fntwn">κηδευόντων</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fdion">ἴδιον</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="koino%5Cn">κοινὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fmou">δήμου</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnesqai">φαίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmptwma">σύμπτωμα</w>.
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<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="qa%2Fyantes">θάψαντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsantes">ποιήσαντες</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="nomizo%2Fmena">νομιζόμενα</w> <w lemma="tiqe%2Fasi">τιθέασι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fna">εἰκόνα</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="metalla%2Fcantos">μεταλλάξαντος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29pifane%2Fstaton">ἐπιφανέστατον</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="oi%29ki%2Fas">οἰκίας</w>, <w lemma="cu%2Flina">ξύλινα</w> <w lemma="nai+%2Fdia">ναΐδια</w> <w lemma="peritiqe%2Fntes">περιτιθέντες</w>.
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<w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29kw%2Fn">εἰκών</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fswpon">πρόσωπον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="o%28moio%2Fthta">ὁμοιότητα</w> <w lemma="diafero%2Fntws">διαφερόντως</w> <w lemma="e%29ceirgasme%2Fnon">ἐξειργασμένον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pla%2Fsin">πλάσιν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28pografh%2Fn">ὑπογραφήν</w>.
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<w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fnas">εἰκόνας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fn">ἔν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="dhmotele%2Fsi">δημοτελέσι</w> <w lemma="qusi%2Fais">θυσίαις</w> <w lemma="a%29noi%2Fgontes">ἀνοίγοντες</w> <w lemma="kosmou%3Dsi">κοσμοῦσι</w> <w lemma="filoti%2Fmws">φιλοτίμως</w>, <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fn">ἐπάν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fwn">οἰκείων</w> <w lemma="metalla%2Fch%7C">μεταλλάξῃ</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanh%2Fs">ἐπιφανής</w>, <w lemma="a%29%2Fgousin">ἄγουσιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kfora%2Fn">ἐκφοράν</w>, <w lemma="peritiqe%2Fntes">περιτιθέντες</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="o%28moiota%2Ftois">ὁμοιοτάτοις</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dsi">δοκοῦσι</w> <w lemma="kata%2F">κατά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhn">ἄλλην</w> <w lemma="perikoph%2Fn">περικοπήν</w>.
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<w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prosanalamba%2Fnousin">προσαναλαμβάνουσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29sqh%3Dtas">ἐσθῆτας</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fpatos">ὕπατος</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cs">στρατηγὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w> <w lemma="gegonw%2Fs">γεγονώς</w>, <w lemma="periporfu%2Frous">περιπορφύρους</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="timhth%2Fs">τιμητής</w>, <w lemma="porfura%3Ds">πορφυρᾶς</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="teqriambeukw%5Cs">τεθριαμβευκὼς</w> <w lemma="h%29%2F">ἤ</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="toiou%3Dton">τοιοῦτον</w> <w lemma="kateirgasme%2Fnos">κατειργασμένος</w>, <w lemma="diaxru%2Fsous">διαχρύσους</w>.
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<w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%28rma%2Ftwn">ἁρμάτων</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="poreu%2Fontai">πορεύονται</w>, <w lemma="r%28a%2Fbdoi">ῥάβδοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pele%2Fkeis">πελέκεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%29%2Flla">τἄλλα</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxai%3Ds">ἀρχαῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29wqo%2Fta">εἰωθότα</w> <w lemma="sumparakei%3Dsqai">συμπαρακεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="prohgei%3Dtai">προηγεῖται</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fan">ἀξίαν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstw%7C">ἑκάστῳ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gegenhme%2Fnhs">γεγενημένης</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fa%7C">πολιτείᾳ</w> <w lemma="proagwgh%3Ds">προαγωγῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29mbo%2Flous">ἐμβόλους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flqwsi">ἔλθωσι</w>,
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<w lemma="kaqe%2Fzontai">καθέζονται</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="di%2Ffrwn">δίφρων</w> <w lemma="e%29lefanti%2Fnwn">ἐλεφαντίνων</w>. <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="ka%2Fllion">κάλλιον</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="eu%29mare%5Cs">εὐμαρὲς</w> <w lemma="i%29dei%3Dn">ἰδεῖν</w> <w lemma="qe%2Fama">θέαμα</w> <w lemma="ne%2Fw%7C">νέῳ</w> <w lemma="filodo%2Fcw%7C">φιλοδόξῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="filaga%2Fqw%7C:">φιλαγάθῳ·</w>
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<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29reth%3D%7C">ἀρετῇ</w> <w lemma="dedocasme%2Fnwn">δεδοξασμένων</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fnas">εἰκόνας</w> <w lemma="i%29dei%3Dn">ἰδεῖν</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsas">πάσας</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="zw%2Fsas">ζώσας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pepnume%2Fnas">πεπνυμένας</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fn%27">τίν᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="parasth%2Fsai">παραστήσαι</w>; <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ka%2Fllion">κάλλιον</w>
Whenever any illustrious man dies, he is carried at his funeral into the forum to the so‑called , sometimes conspicuous in an upright posture and more rarely reclined.
Here with all the people standing round, a grown-up son, if he has left one who happens to be present, or if not some other relative mounts the rostra and discourses on the virtues and successful achievements of the dead.
As a consequence the multitude and not only those who had a part in these achievements, but those also who had none, when the facts are recalled to their minds and brought before their eyes, are moved to such sympathy that the loss seems to be not confined to the mourners, but a public one affecting the whole people.
Next after the interment and the performance of the usual ceremonies, they place the image of the departed in the most conspicuous position in the house, enclosed in a wooden shrine.
This image is a mask reproducing with remarkable fidelity both the features and complexion of the deceased.
On the occasion of public sacrifices they display these images, and decorate them with much care, and when any distinguished member of the family dies they take them to the funeral, putting them on men who seem to them to bear the closest resemblance to the original in stature and carriage.
These representatives wear togas, with a purple border if the deceased was a consul or praetor, whole purple if he was a censor, and embroidered with gold if he had celebrated a triumph or achieved anything similar.
They all ride in chariots preceded by the , axes, and other insignia by which the different magistrates are wont to be accompanied according to the respective dignity of the offices of state held by each during his life;
and when they arrive at the rostra they all seat themselves in a row on ivory chairs. There could not easily be a more ennobling spectacle for a young man who aspires to fame and virtue.
For who would not be inspired by the sight of the images of men renowned for their excellence, all together and as if alive and breathing? What spectacle could be more glorious than this?