Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 6 - Chapter 19

<head lang="la">VI. De Militia Romana</head><w lemma="%2A%29epeida%5Cn">Ἐπειδὰν</w> <w lemma="a%29podei%2Fcwsi">ἀποδείξωσι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftous">ὑπάτους</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxous">χιλιάρχους</w> <w lemma="kaqista%3Dsi">καθιστᾶσι</w>, <w lemma="tettaraskai%2Fdeka">τετταρασκαίδεκα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fnt%27">πέντ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29niausi%2Fous">ἐνιαυσίους</w> <w lemma="e%29xo%2Fntwn">ἐχόντων</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="stratei%2Fas">στρατείας</w>, <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="loipw%3Dn">λοιπῶν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%28%5Cc">ἓξ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="stratei%2Fas">στρατείας</w> <w lemma="telei%3Dn">τελεῖν</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkhn">ἀνάγκην</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="tettara%2Fkonta">τετταράκοντα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="e%28%5Cc">ἓξ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftesin">ἔτεσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="genea%3Ds">γενεᾶς</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tetrakosi%2Fas">τετρακοσίας</w> <w lemma="draxma%5Cs">δραχμὰς</w> <w lemma="tetimhme%2Fnwn:">τετιμημένων·</w>

<w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="paria%3Dsi">παριᾶσι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="nautikh%5Cn">ναυτικὴν</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w>. <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="pote">ποτε</w> <w lemma="katepei%2Fgh%7C">κατεπείγῃ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="perista%2Fsews">περιστάσεως</w>, <w lemma="o%29fei%2Flousin">ὀφείλουσιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="pezoi%5C">πεζοὶ</w> <w lemma="strateu%2Fein">στρατεύειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi">εἴκοσι</w> <w lemma="stratei%2Fas">στρατείας</w> <w lemma="e%29niausi%2Fous">ἐνιαυσίους</w>.

<w lemma="politikh%5Cn">πολιτικὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="labei%3Dn">λαβεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcestin">ἔξεστιν</w> <w lemma="ou%29deni%5C">οὐδενὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="stratei%2Fas">στρατείας</w> <w lemma="e%29niausi%2Fous">ἐνιαυσίους</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w> <w lemma="tetelekw%2Fs">τετελεκώς</w>.

<w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllwsi">μέλλωσι</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="katagrafh%5Cn">καταγραφὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stratiwtw%3Dn">στρατιωτῶν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftous">ὑπάτους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%2Fs">ἀρχάς</w>, <w lemma="prole%2Fgousin">προλέγουσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fmw%7C">δήμῳ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="h%28%3D%7C">ᾗ</w> <w lemma="deh%2Fsei">δεήσει</w> <w lemma="paragene%2Fsqai">παραγενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fais">ἡλικίαις</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpantas">ἅπαντας</w>. <w lemma="poiou%3Dsi">ποιοῦσι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="e%29niauto%2Fn">ἐνιαυτόν</w>.

<w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="e%29pelqou%2Fshs">ἐπελθούσης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="strateusi%2Fmwn">στρατευσίμων</w> <w lemma="paragenome%2Fnwn">παραγενομένων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dq%27">ταῦθ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%28qroisqe%2Fntwn">ἁθροισθέντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Akapetw%2Flion">Καπετώλιον</w>, <w lemma="diei%3Dlon">διεῖλον</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="new%2Fteroi">νεώτεροι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxwn">χιλιάρχων</w>,

<w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fmou">δήμου</w> <w lemma="katastaqw%3Dsin">κατασταθῶσιν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3Dn">στρατηγῶν</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttara">τέτταρα</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttara">τέτταρα</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpeda">στρατόπεδα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerh%3D">ὁλοσχερῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fthn">πρώτην</w> <w lemma="diai%2Fresin">διαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmewn">δυνάμεων</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%2Ftous">πρώτους</w> <w lemma="katastaqe%2Fntas">κατασταθέντας</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras">τέτταρας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenon">καλούμενον</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpedon">στρατόπεδον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fneiman">ἔνειμαν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28pome%2Fnous">ἑπομένους</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras">τέτταρας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fton">τρίτον</w>, <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="teleutai%2Fous">τελευταίους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Ftarton">τέταρτον</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="presbute%2Frwn">πρεσβυτέρων</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="prw%2Ftous">πρώτους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w>, <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="deute%2Frous">δευτέρους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w> <w lemma="tiqe%2Fasi">τιθέασι</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpedon">στρατόπεδον</w>, <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fton">τρίτον</w>, <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="teleutai%2Fous">τελευταίους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Ftarton">τέταρτον</w> [<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w>

<head>VI. The Roman Military System</head>After electing the consuls, they appoint military tribunes, fourteen from those who have seen five years' service

and ten from those who have seen ten. As for the rest, a cavalry soldier must serve for ten years in all and an infantry soldier for sixteen years before reaching the age of forty-six, with the exception of those whose census is under four hundred drachmae, all of whom are employed in naval service. In case of pressing danger twenty years' service is demanded from the infantry.

No one is eligible for any political office before he has completed ten years' service. The consuls, when they are about to enrol soldiers, announce at a meeting of the popular assembly the day on which all Roman citizens of military age must present themselves,

and this they do annually. On the appointed day, when those liable to service arrive in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and assemble on the Capitol, the junior tribunes divide themselves into four groups, as the popular assembly or the consuls determine, since the main and original division of their forces is into four legions. The four tribunes first nominated are appointed to the first legion, the next three to the second, the following four to the third, and the last three to the fourth. Of senior tribunes the first two are appointed to the first legion, the next three to the second, the next two to the third, and the three last to the fourth.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

6.19.2 - 6.19.2

Years of service. The text is corrupt. For the infantry MSS. vary between <w lang="el-GR">ἓξ οὐ</w> FS and <w lang="el-GR">ἓξ. οὕξ</w> D <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> G. Cavaignac (Rev. Phil., 1914, 76– 80) attempts a defence of <w lang="el-GR">ἕξ</w>, ignoring <w lang="el-GR">οὐ</w>; but when six campaigns were accepted as the legitima stipendia in 140 (App. Hisp. 78), insubordination and disaffection had obviously created exceptional circumstances. Most editors read <w lang="el-GR">δεκαέξ</w> with Casaubon or <w lang="el-GR">ἓξ καὶ δέκα</w> with Bttner-Wobst; and sixteen years was certainly the figure in Augustus' time (Dio, liv. 25. 6; subsequently raised to twenty, Dio, lv. 23. 1). Plutarch (C. Gracchus, 2. 5, <w lang="el-GR">τῶν ἄλλων δέκα στρατευομένων ἐν ἀνάγκαις)</w> suggests that ten years were normal in the Gracchan period; but here, too, the reference is to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, where perhaps less than the normal maximum was being demanded, as in 140. See Mommsen, St.-R. i. 505 n. 3; Marquardt, ii. 381 n. 2; E. Meyer, Kl. Schr. ii. 199 n. 3; Last, CAH, ix. 135. The years during which a man might be called on for military service were from 17 (Gell. x. 28) to 46 (Cic. de sen. 60). App. Hisp. 78 is irrelevant to this question; see R. E. Smith, Service in the post-Marian Roman Army (Manchester, 1958), 7 n. 4. Plut. C. Gracchus, 2. 5, is concerned only with the qualification for office and not with years of service. See also P. A. Brunt, JRS, 1962, 80 n. 113. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πλὴν τῶν ὑπὸ τὰς τετρακοσίας δραχμὰς τετιμημένων</w>:</emph> in the middle of the second century 400 drachmae was evidently the minimum property census for admission into the fifth class. On the basis of 1 drachma = 1 denarius = 10 asses (cf. ii. 15. 1 n.), this makes 4,000 'sextantal' asses, a considerable reduction on the 'Servian' requirement of 11,000 asses (Livy, i. 43. 7), and an indication of some degree of proletarianization of the army in the course of the second century (cf. Last, CAH, ix. 134; E. Gabba, Athen., 1949, 177 ff., 181 ff.; Gabba's date for the reduction (214–212) is not convincing).

6.19.5 - 6.20.9

Procedure of enrolment. P.'s account suggests that this was an annual affair (19. 6); but it is clear from Livy that the details and extent of the enrolment varied from year to year to suit the city's needs (cf. Livy, xxii. 11. 3, 38, 57, xxv. 5, xxvii. 38, xxxi. 11. 1, xxxiv. 56. 3, 56. 12, xli. 10. 11, xlii. 27. 5, 32; Veith, Heerwesen, <milestone unit="page" n="698">[698]</milestone> 304), that troops could be enrolled locally (e.g. Livy, xxiii. 32. 19, Picenum), and that not all citizens due for service proceeded on a given date to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. Thus P.'s account is over-schematic, like his account of the constitution. Enrolment was by tribes; whether in bringing forward the recruits four by four (20. 3) account was taken of their property class as well as of their age and physique is not known P. does not mention it. Under the Servian system the basis of enrolment seems to have been the century (cf. Dion. Hal. iv. 19); and this is what one might expect after the setting up of the centuriate organization, which in origin was primarily for military purposes (cf. Last, JRS, 1945, 42 ff.). Several passages (Livy, iv. 46. 1 (418); Val. Max. vi. 3. 4, cf. Varro ap. Non. p. 28 Lindsay; Livy, ep. 14 (275)) suggest that enrolment by tribes was practised from the fifth century onwards, and one (Dion. Hal. iv. 14) even assigns it to Servius. Hence Mommsen (St.-R. iii. 1. 268) rejects Dion. Hal. iv. 19 and assumes tribal enrolment from very early times (cf. Liebenam, RE, 'Dilectus', col. 596). But Dion. Hal. iv. 14 may well depend on a late annalistic source, who imports a contemporary practice into the regal period; and Livy, iv. 46. 1, if reliable, perhaps refers to the exceptional circumstances of a tumultus. Recently E. Gabba has argued (Athen., 1951, 251–5) that enrolment on the basis of tribes, a method likely to produce a more effective use of man-power, was introduced to meet the crisis of a tumultus, and became normal under the pressure of the First Punic War, with its tremendous need for men. His argument seems convincing, and the change would represent one more factor in that decline in importance in the centuria, which is reflected in the political sphere by the reform of the comitia centuriata (cf. 14. 7 n.). For discussion see also P. Fraccaro, Atti del 2 Congresso Nazionale di Studi Romani, 3 (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 1931), 91–97; Athen., 1934, 57–71; De Sanctis, Riv. fil., 1933, 289 ff. On the antiquated character of P.'s military account see E. Rawson, BSR, 1971, 13–31; but see too Nicolet, Entretiens sur Polybe, 212 n. Brunt, Manpower, 625–34, commenting on 19. 5–20. 9, analyses the evidence for the procedure of enrolment and concludes that the system here described would have been impossible to operate in the second century, when it would have involved bringing over 100,000 men to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> annually, a pointless procedure posing an insuperable problem of food and housing. On the appointment of military tribunes see J. Pinsent, Military Tribunes and Plebeian Consuls: the Fasti from 444V to 342V (Wiesbaden, 1975), 51–61.

Specifics

6.19.1 - 6.19.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">χιλιάρχους καθιστασι</w>:</emph> cf. 12. 6. These are the twenty-four tribunes of the four urban legions, the tribuni militum a populo; the five years' military service is not elsewhere attested.

6.19.3 - 6.19.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τούτους . . . ναυτικὴν χρείαν</w>:</emph> those below the fifth class are the proletarii (or capite censi). Thiel (12; Hist. 73–78) argues that such citizens served only in the marines, and the crews consisted of allies, slaves, and libertini; but the more natural interpretation is of service in the crew (cf. Marquardt, ii. 380 n. 10; R. O. Fink, AJP, 1949, 211).

6.19.4 - 6.19.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολιτικὴν . . . ἀρχήν</w>:</emph> the ten years correspond to the obligatory ten years in cavalry service, the branch in which a young noble would normally serve; the limitation prevented a man standing for office until he had completed his twenty-seventh year. See Mommsen, St.-R. i. 505–7; Afzelius, Class. et med., 1946, 276.

6.19.5 - 6.19.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">προλέγουσιν ἐ?ν τῷ δήμῳ</w>:</emph> i.e. in the assembly, probably the comitia tributa. For the consuls' edict cf. Livy, ii. 55. 1, v. 19. 4, vii. 6. 12, xxvi. 35. 2. Those <w lang="el-GR">ἐν παῖς ἡλικίαις</w> are the iuniores; cf. ii. 23. 9 n.

6.19.6 - 6.19.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς τὸ Καπετώλιον</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxvi. 31. 11, 'ipse in Capitolium ad dilectum discessit'; Varro, ap. Non., p. 28 Lindsay. Several passages (Livy, iii. 69. 6; Dio, fg. 109. 5; Varro, Rust. iii. 2) suggest that the recruits assembled in the Campus Martius. Perhaps they then ascended the Capitol tribe by tribe for enrolment; or alternatively (Gabba, Athen., 1951, 253 n. 2) the use of the Campus may be later than the period of which P. is writing. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καθάπερ ἂν ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου . . . ἢ τῶν στρατηγῶν</w>:</emph> 'according to the order in which they have been appointed by the people or the consuls' (misunderstood in the Loeb translation). Apparently P. is describing the enrolment into the four legiones urbanae, the tribunes of which were all appointed by the people (12. 6 n.); but he implies <milestone unit="page" n="699">[699]</milestone> a similar process, if further legions had to be enrolled, and so adds the words <w lang="el-GR">τῶν στρατηγῶν</w> to cover the military tribunes of such legions. There was presumably an order of nomination for tribunes appointed by the consuls, as there was an order of election for the twenty-four elected in the comitia tributa. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν ὁλοσχερῆ καὶ πρώτην διαίρεσιν</w>:</emph> four legions, i.e. two consular armies, formed a normal levy (cf. i. 16. 2); but again P. is overschematic.

6.19.9 - 6.19.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν . . . πρεσβυτέρων</w>:</emph> those with ten years' service (§ 1).

Addenda & corrigenda

6.19.2 - 6.19.2

<emph rend="bold">19. 2.</emph> Years of service. App. Hisp. 78 is irrelevant to this question; see R. E. Smith, Service in the post-Marian Roman Army (Manchester, 1958), 7 n. 4. Plut. C. Gracchus, 2. 5, is concerned only with the qualification for office and not with years of service. See also P. A. Brunt, JRS, 1962, 80 n. 113.

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