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Book 38 - Chapter 9

1
<head lang="la">III. Bellum Achaicum</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="paragenome%2Fnwn">παραγενομένων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Apeloponnh%2Fsou">Πελοποννήσου</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aau%29rh%2Flion">Αὐρήλιον</w> <w lemma="presbeutw%3Dn">πρεσβευτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diasafou%2Fntwn">διασαφούντων</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="sumbebhko%2Fta">συμβεβηκότα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%2Fs">αὐτούς</w>,
2
<w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgon">ὀλίγον</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="e%29kindu%2Fneusan">ἐκινδύνευσαν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fntwn">λεγόντων</w> <w lemma="met%27">μετ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29ch%2Fsews">αὐξήσεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kainologi%2Fas:">καινολογίας·</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="peripe%2Fteian">περιπέτειαν</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fkontos">ἥκοντος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="deinou%3D">δεινοῦ</w> <w lemma="diesa%2Ffoun">διεσάφουν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fqesin">πρόθεσιν</w> <w lemma="w%28rmhko%2Ftwn">ὡρμηκότων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paradeigmati%2Fzein">παραδειγματίζειν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%2Fs:">αὐτούς·</w>
3
<w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="h%29gana%2Fkthsen">ἠγανάκτησεν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fsin">γεγονόσιν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fpote">οὐδέποτε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraxrh%3Dma">παραχρῆμα</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="katesth%2Fsato">κατεστήσατο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29iou%2Flion">Ἰούλιον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpempe">ἔπεμπε</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dsa">δοῦσα</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Ftas">τοιαύτας</w> <w lemma="e%29ntola%2Fs">ἐντολάς</w>,
4
<w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="metri%2Fws">μετρίως</w> <w lemma="e%29pitimh%2Fsantas">ἐπιτιμήσαντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="memyame%2Fnous">μεμψαμένους</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fsi">γεγονόσι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="parakalei%3Dn">παρακαλεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dida%2Fskein">διδάσκειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="xei%2Frista">χείριστα</w> <w lemma="parakalou%3Dsi">παρακαλοῦσι</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fxein">προσέχειν</w> <w lemma="mh%2Ft%27">μήτ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="laqei%3Dn">λαθεῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="a%29llotrio%2Fthta">ἀλλοτριότητα</w> <w lemma="diempeso%2Fntas">διεμπεσόντας</w>,
5
<w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai%2F">ποιήσασθαί</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="dio%2Frqwsin">διόρθωσιν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29gnohme%2Fnwn">ἠγνοημένων</w>, <w lemma="a%29pereisame%2Fnous">ἀπερεισαμένους</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fous">αἰτίους</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%28marti%2Fas">ἁμαρτίας</w>.
6
<w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fan">λίαν</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="e%29ge%2Fneto">ἐγένετο</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aau%29rh%2Flion">Αὐρήλιον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdwke">ἔδωκε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29ntola%5Cs">ἐντολὰς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="diaspa%2Fsai">διασπάσαι</w> <w lemma="boulome%2Fnh">βουλομένη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnos">ἔθνος</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="ptoh%3Dsai">πτοῆσαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kataplh%2Fcasqai">καταπλήξασθαι</w> [<w lemma="boulome%2Fnh">βουλομένη</w>] <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29qa%2Fdeian">αὐθάδειαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxqeian">ἀπέχθειαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w>.
7
<w lemma="tine%5Cs">τινὲς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="u%28pela%2Fmbanon">ὑπελάμβανον</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2Fkrisin">ὑπόκρισιν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnein">μένειν</w> <w lemma="a%29telh%3D">ἀτελῆ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fna:">Καρχηδόνα·</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqe%5Cs">ἀληθὲς</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxen">εἶχεν</w>,
8
<w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29podedegme%2Fnoi">ἀποδεδεγμένοι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnos">ἔθνος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="pollou%3D">πολλοῦ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnou">χρόνου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fzontes">νομίζοντες</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5C">αὐτὸ</w> <w lemma="pisto%5Cn">πιστὸν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnikw%3Dn">Ἑλληνικῶν</w>, <w lemma="a%29nasobh%3Dsai">ἀνασοβῆσαι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fkrinan">ἔκριναν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="fronhmati%2Fzesqai">φρονηματίζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fra">πέρα</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fontos">δέοντος</w>, <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nalabei%3Dn">ἀναλαβεῖν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cn">διαφορὰν</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerh%3D">ὁλοσχερῆ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w> <w lemma="ou%29damw%3Ds">οὐδαμῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29bou%2Flonto">ἐβούλοντο</w>. —
<head>III. The Achaean War</head>When Aurelius Orestes and the other legates returned from the Peloponnesus and informed the senate of what had happened to them
and how they had been very nearly in danger of their lives, both exaggerating the truth and exercising their invention — for they did not represent the danger to which they had been exposed as a fortuitous one, but pretended that the Achaeans had of set purpose determined to make and example of them — the senate was more indignant at the occurrence than it had ever been before, and at once appointed a commission under Sextus Julius Caesar and dispatched it with instructions, however, merely to administer a mild censure for what had taken place, and then to beg and instruct the Achaeans not to give heed in future to those who urged them to the worst courses or to incur before they were aware of it the hostility of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, but once again to correct their errors and bring the blame home to the real authors of the offence. This made it quite evident that by the instructions they gave to Aurelius they did not wish to dissolve the League, but to alarm the Achaeans and to deter them from acting in a presumptuous and hostile manner. Some, it is true, thought that the Romans were playing false, as the fate of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> was still undecided. This, however, was not the fact; but having for so long acknowledged the League and regarding it as the most loyal of the Greek powers, they thought fit to alarm the Achaeans and curb their undue arrogance, but by no means wished to go to war with them or proceed to an absolute rupture.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
38.9.1 - 38.9.8
<p rend="Plain Text">Dispatch of Sex. Iulius Caesar as legatus to the Achaeans</p> <p rend="Plain Text">This excerpt from de legat. Rom. is probably the first of the surviving extracts from res Graeciae of Ol. 158, 2 = 147/6. Against placing it under res Italiae are the views about it expressed in §§ 6 ff., which clearly represent Greek criticisms, to which P. tries to reply apologetically. The loss of book xxxvii has deprived us of P.'s account of the earlier events leading up to the Achaean War. The main source remains Paus. vii. 12 ff. (Niese, iii. 337 ff.; Will, ii. 328–31) and Pausanias' source is uncertain. For the view that he worked directly but tendentiously from P. see Regenbogen, RE, Suppl.-B. viii, 'Pausanias', col. 1075; but his source is usually thought to be non-Polybian (cf. Wachsmuth, Leip. Stud. 1887, 269–98; B. Baier, Studien zur achischen Bundesverfassung, Progr. Wrzburg, 1886). The background of the rising was the return of the detainees from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (followed by some conflicts over property: Zon. ix. 31. 1), the defeat of P. Iuventius in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> in 148 (xxxvi. 17. 1–15 n.) and the sending of help to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> against Andriscus (Livy, ep. 50), and trouble between the Confederation and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> over the frontier district bordering on Arcadia. Probably in 152/1 the Spartans sent an embassy to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to try to secede from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>; its leader was Menalcidas (cf. xxx. 16. 2 n., xxxii. 11. 5 n.), who was Achaean general in 151/0, but later had to flee when in 150/49 his successor Diaeus (cf. 10. 7 n.) took action against him. Diaeus first accepted a bribe of three talents to quash an action brought against Menalcidas by Callicrates (cf. xxxvi. 13. 1–2 n.), but later queried the right of the Spartans to send an independent embassy to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and had 24 Spartans condemned to death. In 149/8 Diaeus and Callicrates were sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to oppose the Spartans; Callicrates died en route but Diaeus' speech led the Senate to a decision to release <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> and other communities from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>, and so to weaken the confederation (Paus. vii. 12. 3–8; Iustin. xxxiv. 1. 2). The Senate delayed sending a promised embassy and both Diaeus and Menalcidas brought back reports favourable to their own case.</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> now seceded from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (iii. 5. 6) and in spring 148, de- <milestone unit="page" n="698">[698]</milestone> spite Roman warnings, the Achaean general Damocritus (17. 9 n.) invaded and plundered <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Laconia&groupId=662&placeId=1211">Laconia</a>. In autumn, having handed over the generalship to Diaeus, he was fined 50 talents for not having pressed home his advantage against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> (allegedly through treachery), and being unable to pay fled and went into exile. Diaeus carried out a policy of terrorism against supposed supporters of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> (cf. 18. 6), but on receiving instructions from Metellus, who had now defeated Andriscus (xxxvi. 17. 16 n.), he contented himself with attacking and garrisoning perioecic towns. Menalcidas attacked one of these, provoking Achaean reprisals, and the Spartans, who were suffering from famine, forced him to commit suicide (147); Paus. vii. 13. 5–8. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">Now at last (147) the Roman legatus, L. Aurelius Orestes (cf. xxxi. 2. 9 n., below § 1) arrived in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> and, having summoned <w lang="el-GR">τοὺς ἐν ἑκάστῃ πόλει ἔχοντας τὰς ἀρχάς</w>probably the city magistrates (Busolt–Swoboda, ii. 1546), but perhaps the Achaean damiurgi (Larsen, 185 f.), since Pausanias (vii. 14. 2) shortly afterwards calls them <w lang="el-GR">οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν Ἀχαιῶν</w>to the house where he was staying (Paus. vii. 14. 1; Iustin. xxxiv. 1. 6) and Diaeus with them, announced the decision to separate <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Argos&groupId=361&placeId=689">Argos</a>, Arcadian <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Orchomenus&groupId=814&placeId=1470">Orchomenus</a>, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> in Trachis from the Confederation (Paus. vii. 14. 1; Iustin. xxxiv. 1. 6; Livy, ep. 51; Ox. ep. 51; Dio, xxi. 72). The Achaean leaders at once summoned the people, who were evidently already assembled at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> for a syncletos (Larsen, 185–6) and the Roman envoys left <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.</p> <p rend="Plain Text">It is not possible to determine exactly the month when Orestes' embassy reached <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>. Morgan, Historia, 1969, 437, makes it August (147); but he is reckoning back from the arrival of Sex. Caesar's embassy, which coincided with Critolaus' election as general for 147/6 (Paus. vii. 14. 3–4), and which he therefore dates to October. But the date of the Achaean elections varied within the period from mid-September to early November (Aymard, ACA, 255–62); nor can the time taken by an embassy to Greece be tied down to one month. However, it seems likely that P. concluded his account of the affairs of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> for Ol. 158, 1 = 148/7 with the reception of Orestes' demandsan effective closing-point.</p>
38.9.6 - 38.9.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διασπάσαι βουλομένη τὸ ἔθνος κτλ</w>.:</emph> patently unconvincing (cf. De Sanctis, iv. 3. 140 n. 153), since there is no suggestion of any reversal of the decision to separate the cities mentioned (9. 1–8 n.); contra Gruen, JHS, 1976, 60–62. </p>
Specifics
38.9.1 - 38.9.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν περὶ τὸν Αὐρήλιον πρεσβευτῶν</w>:</emph> L. Aurelius Orestes, cos. 157; see 9. 1–8 n. For the date, 147, see Livy, Ox. ep. 51. Klebs, RE, 'Aurelius (179)', cols. 2514–15. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ συμβεβηκό?τα περὶ αὐτούς</w>:</emph> according to Livy, ep. 51; Ox. ep. 51; Dio, xxi. 72 and Iustin. xxxiv. 1. 8, they were struck or only escaped injury through flight; cf. Eutrop. iv. 14; Cic. pro lege Man. 11. There is nothing of this in Pausanias (vii. 14. 3) and it is clearly part of the exaggerated account to which P. refers (cf. Florus, i. 32. 2, 'legatos Romanos, dubium an et manu, certe oratione uiolauit'blaming <milestone unit="page" n="699">[699]</milestone> Critolaus). According to Strabo, viii. 6. 23, C. 381, they had filth dropped over them as they passed someone's house (perhaps from P. ?). See Niese, iii. 343 n. 1; De Sanctis, iv. 3. 138–40. </p>
38.9.2 - 38.9.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετ᾿ αὐξήσεως καὶ καινολογίας</w>:</emph> this note of criticism, which runs curiously counter to the general pro-Roman flavour of P.'s narrative here, may connect with the fact that P.'s brother Thearidas was sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to excuse the Achaean behaviour (10. 1) and must clearly have had the task of minimizing what had happened (Deininger, 224 n. 7). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ περιπέτειαν</w>:</emph> 'by chance'. </p>
38.9.3 - 38.9.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρεσβευτὰς . . . τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἰούλιον</w>:</emph> cf. Paus. vii. 14. 4; Dio, xxi. 72. 2. Sex. Iulius Caesar, cos. 157, together with L. Aurelius Orestes (xxxii. 10. 2); see Mnzer, RE, 'Iulius (148/9)', cols. 475–6. </p>
38.9.5 - 38.9.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπερεισαμένους τὴν ἄγνοιαν κτλ</w>.:</emph> a clear order to proceed against the anti-Roman party. </p>
38.9.7 - 38.9.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τινὲς μὲν οὖν ὑπελάμβανον</w>:</emph> another echo of the controversies in Greece about Roman policy; cf. xxxvi. 9. 1–10. 7 n. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καθ᾿ ὑπόκρισιν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους</w>:</emph> for the following lacuna Hultsch proposed 〈<w lang="el-GR">οὕτως χειρίζειν τὰ κατὰ? τὴν Ἀχαΐαν</w>〉; but cf. xxxv. 2. 13, which might suggest something like 〈<w lang="el-GR">μετρίως χρῆσθαι τοῖς λόγοις</w>〉. </p>
38.9.8 - 38.9.8
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πόλεμον δ᾿ ἀναλαβεῖν</w>:</emph> probably true despite Iustin. xxxiv. 1. 3, 'quaerentibus . . . Romanis causas belli'. No doubt the Romans counted on reducing <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> to impotence without war; cf. Morgan, Historia, 1969, 434. </p>

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