Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 38 - Chapter 18

<w lemma="%2A%28%2Foqen">Ὅθεν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftois">τοιούτοις</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntos">ὄντος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="diabouli%2Fou">διαβουλίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="a%29ko%2Flouqon">ἀκόλουθον</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fbh">ἐξέβη</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="doca%2Fntwn">δοξάντων</w>.

<w lemma="parauti%2Fka">παραυτίκα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fkleisan">συνέκλεισαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29andrwni%2Fdan">Ἀνδρωνίδαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ala%2Fgion">Λάγιον</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28postra%2Fthgon">ὑποστράτηγον</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsikra%2Fthn">Σωσικράτην</w>, <w lemma="e%29pene%2Fgkantes">ἐπενέγκαντες</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fan">αἰτίαν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="prostath%2Fsai">προστατήσαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="diabouli%2Fou">διαβουλίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunapofh%2Fnaito">συναποφήναιτο</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmpein">πέμπειν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akaiki%2Flion">Καικίλιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sullh%2Fbdhn">συλλήβδην</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kakw%3Dn">κακῶν</w> <w lemma="ai%29%2Ftios:">αἴτιος·</w>

<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pau%2Frion">ἐπαύριον</w> <w lemma="kaqi%2Fsantes">καθίσαντες</w> <w lemma="dikasta%5Cs">δικαστὰς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsikra%2Ftous">Σωσικράτους</w> <w lemma="katedi%2Fkasan">κατεδίκασαν</w> <w lemma="qa%2Fnaton">θάνατον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fsantes">δήσαντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="streblou%3Dntes">στρεβλοῦντες</w> <w lemma="prosekarte%2Froun">προσεκαρτέρουν</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeiran">διέφθειραν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnqrwpon">ἄνθρωπον</w>, <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29po%2Fnta">εἰπόντα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnois">ἐκείνοις</w> <w lemma="prosdokwme%2Fnwn">προσδοκωμένων</w>.

<w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Ala%2Fgion">Λάγιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29andrwni%2Fdan">Ἀνδρωνίδαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Farxippon">Ἄρχιππον</w> <w lemma="a%29fh%3Dkan">ἀφῆκαν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqous">πλήθους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fstasin">ἐπίστασιν</w> <w lemma="paragenome%2Fnou">παραγενομένου</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aswsikra%2Fth">Σωσικράτη</w> <w lemma="paranomi%2Fan">παρανομίαν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Adiai%2Fou">Διαίου</w> <w lemma="labo%2Fntos">λαβόντος</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29andrwni%2Fdou">Ἀνδρωνίδου</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanton">τάλαντον</w>, <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arxi%2Fppou">Ἀρχίππου</w> <w lemma="tettara%2Fkonta">τετταράκοντα</w> <w lemma="mna%3Ds">μνᾶς</w>.

<w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ska%2Fmmatos">σκάμματος</w> <w lemma="w%29%2Fn">ὤν</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w>, <w lemma="e%29du%2Fnato">ἐδύνατο</w> <w lemma="lh%3Dcai">λῆξαι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="a%29naisxunti%2Fas">ἀναισχυντίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paranomi%2Fas">παρανομίας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnos">προειρημένος</w>.

<w lemma="paraplh%2Fsia">παραπλήσια</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fprace">ἔπραξε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="braxei%3D">βραχεῖ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnw%7C">χρόνῳ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%3Dnon">Φιλῖνον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akori%2Fnqion:">Κορίνθιον·</w> <w lemma="proqei%5Cs">προθεὶς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fan">αἰτίαν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="diape%2Fmpetai">διαπέμπεται</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Amenalki%2Fdan">Μεναλκίδαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="fronei%3D">φρονεῖ</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fn">τόν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%3Dnon">Φιλῖνον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ui%28ou%5Cs">υἱοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="mastigw%3Dn">μαστιγῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="streblw%3Dn">στρεβλῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="suno%2Fyei">συνόψει</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flwn">ἀλλήλων</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flhce">ἔληξε</w> <w lemma="pri%5Cn">πρὶν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeire">διέφθειρε</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="meira%2Fkia">μειράκια</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%3Dnon">Φιλῖνον</w>.

<w lemma="toiau%2Fths">τοιαύτης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29noi%2Fas">ἀνοίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29krisi%2Fas">ἀκρισίας</w> <w lemma="sumbainou%2Fshs">συμβαινούσης</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2Fan">οἵαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="barba%2Frois">βαρβάροις</w> <w lemma="eu%28%2Froi">εὕροι</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="r%28a%7Cdi%2Fws">ῥᾳδίως</w>, <w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Ftws">εἰκότως</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fn">ἄν</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="e%29pizhth%2Fseie">ἐπιζητήσειε</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frdhn">ἄρδην</w> <w lemma="a%29pw%2Flonto">ἀπώλοντο</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w>.

<w lemma="e%29gw%5C">ἐγὼ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fpoimi">εἴποιμι</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="kaqaperanei%5C">καθαπερανεὶ</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxh">τύχη</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="a%29nterei%3Dsai">ἀντερεῖσαι</w> <w lemma="panou%3Drgos">πανοῦργος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="texnikh%5C">τεχνικὴ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnoian">ἄνοιαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mani%2Fan">μανίαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnwn">ἡγουμένων</w>, <w lemma="h%28%2Ftis">ἥτις</w> <w lemma="e%29cwqoume%2Fnh">ἐξωθουμένη</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnth%7C">πάντῃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntws">πάντως</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29gnoi%2Fas">ἀγνοίας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proestw%2Ftwn">προεστώτων</w>, <w lemma="boulome%2Fnh">βουλομένη</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="sw%2F%7Czein">σῴζειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%2Fs">Ἀχαιούς</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kataleipo%2Fmenon">καταλειπόμενον</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dlqen">ἦλθεν</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fsper">ὥσπερ</w> <w lemma="a%29gaqo%5Cs">ἀγαθὸς</w> <w lemma="palaisth%2Fs">παλαιστής</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="sfh%3Dlai">σφῆλαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="r%28a%7Cdi%2Fws">ῥᾳδίως</w> <w lemma="h%28tth%3Dsai">ἡττῆσαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnas:">Ἕλληνας·</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fper">ὅπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhse">ἐποίησε</w>.

<w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbh">συνέβη</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%5Cn">ὀργὴν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qumo%5Cn">θυμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29kkauqh%3Dnai">ἐκκαυθῆναι</w> <w lemma="porrwte%2Frw">πορρωτέρω</w>, <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29lqei%3Dn">ἐλθεῖν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fhs">Λιβύης</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>, <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="proestw%3Dtas">προεστῶτας</w>, <w lemma="o%29%2Fntas">ὄντας</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2Fous">οἵους</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dpon">εἶπον</w>, <w lemma="e%29pilabome%2Fnous">ἐπιλαβομένους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="proterh%2Fmatos">προτερήματος</w>, <w lemma="a%29podei%2Fcasqai">ἀποδείξασθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29se%2Fbeian">ἀσέβειαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%28mofu%2Flous">ὁμοφύλους</w>.

<w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dcai">πρᾶξαι</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fwn">ἰδίων</w>, <w lemma="e%29pilabome%2Fnous">ἐπιλαβομένους</w> <w lemma="a%29formh%3Ds">ἀφορμῆς</w> <w lemma="tinos">τινος</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="proterh%2Fmatos">προτερήματος</w>, <w lemma="dh%3Dlo%2Fn">δῆλόν</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w>.

<w lemma="a%28%2Fpantes">ἅπαντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="paroimi%2Fan">παροιμίαν</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fmatos">στόματος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsxon">ἔσχον</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> "<w lemma="%2Aei%29">Εἰ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="a%29pwlo%2Fmeqa">ἀπωλόμεθα</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29sw%2Fqhmen">ἐσώθημεν</w>."

Such being the members of the council, the result of their deliberations was in accord with their characters.

Not only did they at once imprison Andronidas and Lagius, but the under-strategus Sosicrates as well, alleging that he had presided over the previous council, and had taken part in the decision to send to Caecilius, and was in fact the main cause of all the evil.

On the following day they appointed a tribunal and condemned Sosicrates to death, and binding him on the rack continued the torture until he died under it without making any such avowal as they expected.

As for Lagius and Andronidas and Archippus, they released them, partly because the attention of the people had been aroused by the flagrant injustice of their treatment of Sosicrates, and partly because Diaeus received a talent from Andronidas and forty minae from Archippus;

for Diaeus could not even when he was at bay, as the saying is, abstain from such shameless and illegal exactions.

He had a short time previously behaved in a very similar manner to Philinus of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>. For accusing him of communicating with Menalcidas and of being a partisan of the Romans, he continued to flog and rack Philinus himself and his sons before each others\' eyes until both the father and the boys gave up the ghost.

One is inclined to ask oneself, in view of the fact that all were guilty of such folly and demoralization as it would not be easy to find among barbarians, how it came to pass that the whole nation was not utterly destroyed.

For my part I should say that some sort of resourceful and ingenious fortune counteracted the folly and insanity of the leading statesmen — a power which, though the leaders in their folly took every means and every opportunity to expel her, yet had resolved to leave nothing undone to save <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>, and like a skilful wrestler adopted the sole device left to her,

and that was to bring about the speedy discomfiture and easy defeat of the Greeks, as she in fact did.

For owing to this the indignation and wrath of the Romans were not still further aroused, nor did the forces come from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>, nor were the leading statesmen, whose characters were such as I said and who only wanted a pretext, able to reveal fully their guilty intentions to their countrymen.

For it is evident from the analogy of their previous conduct, such as I have described it, how they would probably have acted against their own people if they had had any opportunity or achieved any success.

Everybody in fact kept repeating the proverb, "Had we not perished so soon we would never have been saved."

Walbank Commentary

Overview

38.17.1 - 38.18.12

Events at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> after the defeats in Central Greece On the placing here of this excerpt from de uirt. et uit. see p. 49; 18. 5 and 18. 12 are also in de sent.

Specifics

38.18.2 - 38.18.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀνδρωνίδαν καὶ Λάγιον</w>:</emph> on Andronidas see 17. 1 n.; Lagius must have accompanied him to Metellus. <milestone unit="page" n="715">[715]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν ὑποστράτηγον Σωσικράτην</w>:</emph> otherwise unknown and not in RE. On the office see iv. 59. 2, v. 94. 1 n. In 219 Miccus of Dyme was hypostrategos while commanding the troops of Dyme, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pharae&groupId=878&placeId=1582">Pharae</a>, and Tritaea (iv. 59. 2) and in 217 Lycus of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pharae&groupId=878&placeId=1582">Pharae</a> was apparently hypostrategos of the synteleia of Patrae (v. 94. 1, above 16. 4 n.). No other such synteleiai under hypostrategoi are mentioned, and we know nothing of Sosicrates' special assignment. Hence it is possible that there was only one synteleia, and only one hypostrategos, that he in fact came from one of the western group of cities linked with Patrae, and that the post ranked high as an Achaean magistracy. See Larsen, CP, 1971, 84–86; GFS, 497. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῦ διαβουλίου</w>:</emph> the 'council' which had resolved, before Diaeus' return, to send envoys to Metellus (17. 1 n.) (whereas in § 1 the word could equally well mean 'discussion'); whether the body indicated is the federal boule or the damiurgi is uncertain (Niese, iii. 348 n. 7).

38.18.3 - 38.18.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δικαστάς</w>:</emph> cf. ii. 37. 10–11 n. (e); Achaean dicasts are mentioned only there and here, and the federal assembly seems often to have acted as a court. To call it now might have been inconvenient. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">στρεβλοῦντες</w>:</emph> to elicit a confession that he was in league with the Romans (17. 2). P. does not say what the charge was; and De Sanctis, iv. 3. 153 n. 176, suggests that besides being responsible for the embassy to Metellus it included culpable delay in sending reinforcements to Critolaus. If he was in charge of the troops from Patrae (16. 4), this suggestion becomes still more attractive.

38.18.4 - 38.18.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἄρχιππον</w>:</emph> evidently another of the envoys to Metellus; cf. Wilcken, RE, 'Archippos (10)', col. 542. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῦ Διαίου λαβόντος . . . τάλαντον κτλ</w>.:</emph> whether true or false, this would be said.

38.18.5 - 38.18.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ τοῦ σκάμματος ὤν</w>:</emph> this is the sanded area where wrestling took place (references in LSJ), and the meaning here is probably that Diaeus was in the area and about to face his contest (with the Romans). A reference to some other sport such as jumping (cf. Plato, Crat. 413 A, <w lang="el-GR">ὑπὲρ τὰ ἐσκαμμένα ἅλλεσθαι)</w> or the pentathlon (cf. Eustath. ad Hom. Od. i. 156, p. 1404 l. 56, <w lang="el-GR">καὶ ὁ βατήρ ὃς ἦν ἀρχὴ τοῦ τῶν πεντάθλων σκάμματος</w>; the sense would then be: Diaeus was at the touchline) seems less likely. For discussion see von Scala, 286; Wunderer, i. 36.

38.18.6 - 38.18.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φιλῖνον τὸν Κορίνθιον</w>:</emph> otherwise unknown (cf. Treves, RE, 'Philinos (5)', col. 2179). The reference to Menalcidas would date Philinus' execution to Diaeus' generalship of 148/7 (cf. 9. 1–8 n.). De Sanctis, iv. 3. 153 n. 179 takes the fact that P. can only find the cases of Sosicrates and Philinus to quote as repressive measures carried out by Diaeus to be evidence that he enjoyed general support.

38.18.7 - 38.18.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐδ᾿ . . . ἐν βαρβάροις</w>:</emph> cf. xi. 5. 6.

38.18.8 - 38.18.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τύχη τις . . . πανοῦργος καὶ τεχνική</w>:</emph> 'some kind of resourceful <milestone unit="page" n="716">[716]</milestone> and ingenious fortune'; but the adjectives have really an adverbial force, for P. is not speaking about some particularized Fortune (Ziegler, RE, 'Polybios (1)', col. 1537). Indeed the personification is not pressed (note <w lang="el-GR">τις)</w> and P. is more interested in the paradox salvation though quick ruinthan in suggesting a metaphysical explanation. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐξωθουμένη πάντῃ καὶ πάντως</w>:</emph> Diaeus and his party did all they could to thwart the 'power' bent on saving them. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὥσπερ ἀγαθὸς παλαιστής</w>:</emph> cf. xxix. 8. 9 for the simile; for P.'s use of sporting expressions see i. 57 n.; von Scala, 22 n. 2.

38.18.10 - 38.18.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μηδ᾿ ἐλθεῖν τὰς ἐκ τῆς Λιβύης δυνάμεις</w>:</emph> cf. 16. 3 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μήτε τοὺς προεστῶτας . . . ἀποδείξασθαι τὴν . . . ἀσέβειαν</w>:</emph> this indicates that Diaeus did not in fact carry out atrocities; to paint the picture he wants P. has to resort to what might have happened (Fuks, JHS, 1970, 87 n. 66).

38.18.11 - 38.18.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διὰ τὸ κατὰ? λόγον</w>:</emph> 'in all likelihood'.

38.18.12 - 38.18.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν παροιμίαν</w>:</emph> various versions exist; cf. Plut. Them. 29. 7, <w lang="el-GR">ἀπωλόμεθα ἄν, εἰ μὴ ἀπωλόμεθα</w> (cf. Mor. 185 F, 328 F, 602 A), a remark derived from Teles, ap. Stob. iii. 40. 8 Hense. Rather nearer is Menander, CAF, iii. fg. 840, <w lang="el-GR">οὐχ ὅθεν ἀπωλλύμεσθα, σωθείημεν ἄν</w> but the point of <w lang="el-GR">ταχέως</w> is lacking. See also Corp. paroem. graec. i. 396. This sentence is also in the exc. de sent. where the words are added: <w lang="el-GR">ὡσανεί, εἰ μὴ οἱ κακοὶ ἀπώλοντο, οὐκ ἂν ἡ Ἑλλὰς διεσέσωτο</w>; this is clearly a Byzantine addition, not a record of a form in which the remark was bandied about in 146 (so Wunderer, i. 21). Events down to the capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> Shortly after the rejection of his offer (17. 1 n.) Metellus was succeeded by the consul for 146, L. Mummius (cf. xxxix. 3. 3), who reached the Isthmus in advance of his army of 23,000 foot and 3,500 horse (Paus. vii. 16. 1; Zon. ix. 31. 3; de uir. ill. 60). After a success against Roman advanced units, Diaeus with 15,000 heavy-armed troops and 600 cavalry decided to risk a battle; this ended in defeat (cf. xxxix. 8. 6; Paus. vii. 16. 1–6; Livy, ep. 52; Iustin. xxxiv. 2. 2 (much rhetorical elaboration); Zon. ix. 31; Flor. i. 32. 5; for a list of 156 dead from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Epidaurus&groupId=572&placeId=1070">Epidaurus</a> see IG, iv <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> . 1. 28). Diaeus fled to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Megalopolis&groupId=745&placeId=1360">Megalopolis</a> and there killed his wife and took poison (Paus. vii. 16. 6; Livy, Ox. ep. 52; Zon. ix. 31. 5: de uir. ill. 60. 2). Pausanias' reference to his 'cowardly death' may derive ultimately from P. (cf. Deininger, 238 n. 33; he points out that this would be in contradiction to the views expressed in xxx. 7. 10–8. 4), but the comparison with the Athenian Callistratus, who died at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a>, is hardly likely to be from the Achaean historian. After three days' delay Mummius entered <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>, which was sacked; the remaining cities capitulated (Paus. <milestone unit="page" n="717">[717]</milestone> vii. 16. 7–8; Zon. ix. 31. 5–6; de uir. ill. 60. 3). See Niese, iii. 350–1; De Sanctis, iv. 3. 156–7. The date of the Isthmus battle can be calculated from the movements of the Commission of Ten who returned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> in spring (March/April) 145 after spending six months in Greece (xxxix. 5. 1). Since they will therefore have arrived in September or October 146, the battle must have been shortly before that, in August or September (De Sanctis, iv. 3. 157 n. 186). The likelihood is that P. ended the res Graeciae for 147/6 with the Achaean defeat, the sack of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> and the Achaean capitulation, leaving the subsequent organization, and the deliberate destruction of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> to the next olympiad year; see pp. 47, 49; xxxix. 2. 1–3 n., 5. 1 n.

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