Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 34 - Chapter 9

<head lang="la">V. De Hispania</head><w lemma="%2Atou%5Cs">Τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29noikou%3Dntas">ἐνοικοῦντας</w> <w lemma="%2Atourdhtanou%2Fs">Τουρδητανούς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Atourdou%2Flous">Τουρδούλους</w> <w lemma="prosagoreu%2Fousin">προσαγορεύουσιν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fzontes">νομίζοντες</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28te%2Frous:">ἑτέρους·</w>

<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w>, <w lemma="sunoi%2Fkous">συνοίκους</w> <w lemma="fh%2Fsas">φήσας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Atourdhtanoi%3Ds">Τουρδητανοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frkton">ἄρκτον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Atourdou%2Flous">Τουρδούλους</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Ath%3D%7C">Τῇ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="eu%29daimoni%2Fa%7C">εὐδαιμονίᾳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fmeron">ἥμερον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="politiko%5Cn">πολιτικὸν</w> <w lemma="sunhkolou%2Fqhse">συνηκολούθησε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Atourdhtanoi%3Ds">Τουρδητανοῖς</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltikoi%3Ds">Κελτικοῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="geitni%2Fasin">γειτνίασιν</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Frhke">εἴρηκε</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="sugge%2Fneian">συγγένειαν</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Akai%5C">Καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adikai%2Farxos">Δικαίαρχος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29eratosqe%2Fnhs">Ἐρατοσθένης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dstoi">πλεῖστοι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="porqmo%5Cn">πορθμὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29pofai%2Fnousi">ἀποφαίνουσι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Afhsi%5C">Φησὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="krh%2Fnhn">κρήνην</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fw%7C">Ἡρακλείῳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Agadei%2Frois">Γαδείροις</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w>, <w lemma="baqmw%3Dn">βαθμῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgwn">ὀλίγων</w> <w lemma="kata%2Fbasin">κατάβασιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousan">ἔχουσαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fdwr">ὕδωρ</w>, <w lemma="po%2Ftimon">πότιμον</w>, <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="palirroi%2Fais">παλιρροίαις</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipaqei%3Dn">ἀντιπαθεῖν</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fmas">πλήμας</w> <w lemma="e%29klei%2Fpousan">ἐκλείπουσαν</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29mpw%2Fteis">ἀμπώτεις</w> <w lemma="plhroume%2Fnhn">πληρουμένην</w>.

<w lemma="ai%29tia%3Dtai">αἰτιᾶται</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pneu%3Dma">πνεῦμα</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqous">βάθους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pifa%2Fneian">ἐπιφάνειαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gh%3Ds">γῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29kpi%3Dpton">ἐκπῖπτον</w>, <w lemma="kalufqei%2Fshs">καλυφθείσης</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ku%2Fmatos">κύματος</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29piba%2Fseis">ἐπιβάσεις</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w>, <w lemma="ei%29%2Frgetai">εἴργεται</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fwn">οἰκείων</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftwn">τοιούτων</w> <w lemma="e%29co%2Fdwn">ἐξόδων</w>, <w lemma="a%29nastre%2Fyan">ἀναστρέψαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="e%29nto%5Cs">ἐντὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29mfra%2Fttei">ἐμφράττει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="phgh%3Ds">πηγῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Frous">πόρους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3D">ποιεῖ</w> <w lemma="leiyudri%2Fan:">λειψυδρίαν·</w>

<w lemma="gumnwqei%2Fshs">γυμνωθείσης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="eu%29quporh%3Dsan">εὐθυπορῆσαν</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqeroi%3D">ἐλευθεροῖ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="fle%2Fbas">φλέβας</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="phgh%3Ds">πηγῆς</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nablu%2Fein">ἀναβλύειν</w> <w lemma="eu%29po%2Frws">εὐπόρως</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fna">Καρχηδόνα</w> <w lemma="%2Ane%2Fan">Νέαν</w> <w lemma="a%29rgurei%2Fwn">ἀργυρείων</w> <w lemma="mnhsqei%5Cs">μνησθεὶς</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgista">μέγιστα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai%2F">εἶναί</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w>, <w lemma="die%2Fxein">διέχειν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi">εἴκοσι</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w>, <w lemma="perieilhfo%2Fta">περιειληφότα</w> <w lemma="ku%2Fklon">κύκλον</w> <w lemma="tetrakosi%2Fwn">τετρακοσίων</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>,

<w lemma="o%28%2Fpou">ὅπου</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras">τέτταρας</w> <w lemma="muria%2Fdas">μυριάδας</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnein">μένειν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29rgazome%2Fnwn">ἐργαζομένων</w>, <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Frontas">ἀναφέροντας</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fmw%7C">δήμῳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fsthn">ἑκάστην</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w> <w lemma="dismuri%2Fas">δισμυρίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakisxili%2Fas">πεντακισχιλίας</w> <w lemma="draxma%2Fs">δραχμάς</w>.

<w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="katergasi%2Fan">κατεργασίαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhn">ἄλλην</w> <w lemma="e%29w%3D">ἐῶ</w> — <w lemma="makra%5C">μακρὰ</w> <w lemma="ga%2Fr">γάρ</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> — , <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="surth%5Cn">συρτὴν</w> <w lemma="bw%3Dlon">βῶλον</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29rguri%3Dti%2Fn">ἀργυρῖτίν</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fptesqai">κόπτεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="koski%2Fnois">κοσκίνοις</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fdwr">ὕδωρ</w> <w lemma="diatta%3Dsqai:">διαττᾶσθαι·</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fptesqai">κόπτεσθαι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28posta%2Fseis">ὑποστάσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="dihqoume%2Fnas">διηθουμένας</w> <w lemma="a%29poxeome%2Fnwn">ἀποχεομένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28da%2Ftwn">ὑδάτων</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fptesqai:">κόπτεσθαι·</w>

<w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmpthn">πέμπτην</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2Fstasin">ὑπόστασιν</w> <w lemma="xwneuqei%3Dsan">χωνευθεῖσαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29poxuqe%2Fntos">ἀποχυθέντος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="moli%2Fbdou">μολίβδου</w>, <w lemma="kaqaro%5Cn">καθαρὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frguron">ἄργυρον</w> <w lemma="e%29ca%2Fgein">ἐξάγειν</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fanan">Ἄναν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltibhri%2Fas">Κελτιβηρίας</w> <w lemma="r%28ei%3Dn">ῥεῖν</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w>, <w lemma="die%2Fxontas">διέχοντας</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flwn">ἀλλήλων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="e%29nakosi%2Fous">ἐνακοσίους</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29akkai%2Fwn">Οὐακκαίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltibh%2Frwn">Κελτιβήρων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnh">ἔθνη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xwri%2Fa">χωρία</w> <w lemma="dieciw%5Cn">διεξιὼν</w> <w lemma="sulle%2Fgei">συλλέγει</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllais">ἄλλαις</w> <w lemma="po%2Flesi">πόλεσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Asegesa%2Fman">Σεγεσάμαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29interkati%2Fan">Ἰντερκατίαν</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Atoiou%3Dton">Τοιοῦτον</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="u%28fi%2Fstatai">ὑφίσταται</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3D%7C">κατασκευῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="lampro%2Fthti">λαμπρότητι</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2Fanper">οἵανπερ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhro%2Fs">Ἴβηρός</w> <w lemma="tinos">τινος</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="oi%29ki%2Fan">οἰκίαν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28%5Cn">ὃν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="e%29zhlwke%2Fnai">ἐζηλωκέναι</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgei">λέγει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Afaia%2Fkwn">Φαιάκων</w> <w lemma="trufh%5Cn">τρυφὴν</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="krath%3Dras">κρατῆρας</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fsw%7C">μέσῳ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="oi%29ki%2Fas">οἰκίας</w> <w lemma="e%28sta%2Fnai">ἑστάναι</w> <w lemma="plh%2Freis">πλήρεις</w> <w lemma="oi%29%2Fnou">οἴνου</w> <w lemma="kriqi%2Fnou">κριθίνου</w>, <w lemma="a%29rgurou%3Ds">ἀργυροῦς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntas">ὄντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xrusou%3Ds">χρυσοῦς</w>.

<head>V. On Spain</head>The inhabitants are known as Turdetani and Turduli, some considering them to be the same and others different.

Among the latter is Polybius, who says that the Turduli are next to the Turdetani on the north.

The fertility of their country results in the Turdetani as well as the Celts, owing to their proximity, or as Polybius says, owing to their kinship, having a quiet and orderly character.

Dicaearchus, Eratosthenes, and Polybius and most Greeks place the Pillars at the Straits.

Polybius says there is a spring in the temple of Hercules at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>, a few steps leading down to the water, which is drinkable. It behaves in a contrary manner to the tide of the sea, disappearing at high tide and filling again at low water. The reason of this, he says, is that the air which comes from the depths to the surface of the earth is prevented, when the spring is covered by the sea as the tide advances, from finding its natural outlet, and is driven back to the interior, thus stopping up the passage of the spring and causing the flow of water to cease;

but when the spring is uncovered again the air resumes its direct course and sets free the veins of the spring so that it bubbles up in abundance.

Polybius, in speaking of the silver mines near <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>, says they are very extensive and are distant about twenty stades from the town, extending in a circle for four hundred stades.

Here forty thousand miners lived who at that period produced for the Roman government a daily sum of twenty-five thousand drachmae.

I say nothing of the working of the mines in other respects — for it is a long story — but the lumps of silver ore which are washed down by the streams are crushed, he says, and passed through sieves into water. The deposit is then again crushed and while the water is running off undergoes a third crushing.

This is done five times in all and the fifth deposit, after the lead has been drained off, produces pure silver.

Polybius says that this river (the Baetis) and the Anas flow from Celtiberia, being distant from each other about nine hundred stades.

Polybius in enumerating the tribes and cities of the Paccaei and Celtiberians counts making the other cities Segesama and Intercatia.

The construction and splendour of the house of Menelaus as described by Homer recalls Polybius's description of the house of a Spanish king,

who, he says, vied with the Phaeacians in luxury, except that the bowls in the middle of the house which were made of gold and silver were full of beer.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

34.8.1 - 34.9.15

= Athen. vii. 302 C (8. 1–2); Strabo, iii. 2. 7, C. 145 (8. 3); Athen. viii. 330 C–331 B (8. 4–10); Strabo, iii. 1. 6, C. 139 (9. 1–2); iii. 2. 15, C. 151 (9. 3); iii. 5. 5, C. 170 (9. 4); iii. 5. 7, C. 172 (9. 5–7); iii. 2. 10, C. 147 (9. 8–11); iii. 2. 11, C. 148 (9. 12); iii. 4. 13, C. 162 (9. 13); Athen. i. 16 C (9. 14–15). Description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> Following the traditional scheme (above, pp. 566–7) P. probably began his account of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> in the westLusitaniaand passed from there to the south and east. It involved him in several topics widely discussed, viz. the nature of the tides (9. 5–7), the location of the sources of tin, which led to an account of the British Isles (cf. iii. 57. 3) and more polemic against Pytheas (10. 6–7), the Spanish mines (9. 8–10 and Strabo, iii. 2. 8, C. 146), and the question of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' voyages (2. 1–4. 8 n.); see Pdech, LEC, 1956, 14–18. The extent to which P.'s account has survived in Strabo iii is controversial. J. Morr, Die Quellen von Strabons drittem Buch (Phil. Suppl.-B. 18. 8, 1926) thinks P.'s part in the book negligible; Pdech was at first sceptical (LEC, 1956, 15 n. 39), but has since accepted Schulten's arguments (Hermes, 1911, 596–8) that Strabo followed P. for the geography of the interior plateau and the ethnography of the Celtiberians, for the geography of Lusitania, and for his account of the mountain-tribes of the north-west. In favour of this, Pdech argues, is the fact that of Strabo's two other sources in book iii, Artemidorus dealt only with the coastal areas in his periplous (GGM, i. 516, 542), and Poseidonius stayed thirty days at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> (Strabo, iii. 1. 5, C. 138), but did not penetrate the interior. Poseidonius did however use P., for there are direct parallels between Diod. v. 33. 5 and fg. 163, and between Diod. v. 33. 3 and fg. 179; and Poseidonius was the source for Diod. v. 33–38. Hence many of Strabo's references to Poseidonius record material originally in P. (cf. Pdech, Mthode, 579 n. 362). In that case, P. evidently had a fairly full description of the Mediterranean coastal plain and its cities, the Atlantic area around the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tagus&groupId=1000&placeId=1762">Tagus</a>, Anas, and Baetis, and the central plateau (Celtiberia). However, this attribution is not certain, and Strabo iii cannot be taken as necessarily representing P.'s account. For discussion and some bold conclusions see Pdech, Mthode, 578–81.

34.9.4 - 34.9.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῖς κελτικοῖς</w>:</emph> the Celts of Iberia, inhabiting what is now southern Portugal; cf. Strabo, iii. 2. 2, C. 141. In the present passage he adds (iii. 2. 15, C. 151), probably also from P., <w lang="el-GR">ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνοις μὲν</w> (i.e. the Celts) <w lang="el-GR">ἧττον</w> <emph rend="italics">\?\</emph> <w lang="el-GR">τὰ πολλὰ γὰρ κωμηδὸν ξῶσιν</w>. Position of the Pillars. The Pillars of Heracles are frequently men-tioned in classical authors from Pindar (Ol. iii. 44; Nem. iii. 21; Isth. iv. 12) onward; they lay at the world's end, but their nature, origin, and location were disputed. Most authors placed them at the Straits of Gibraltar, at Calpe (Alybe) in Europe and Abinna (or Cynegetike) in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> (cf. Charax in Schol. Dion. Per. 64 (GGM, ii. 434), to whom they were two mountains). Variations on the names appear in Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 4. Strabo, iii. 5. 5, C. 170 (the source of this fragment) has the longest discussion of the problem, and says that some put the Pillars at the Straits, others at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>, and yet others further west; some regarded the capes as the Pillars, while others thought they were islands near the capes. Strabo also records a belief that the Pillars were bronze pillars eight cubits high, in the temple of Heracles at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>, and bearing inscriptions recording the cost of building the temple; this (it is Poseidonius' view) Strabo rejects. Eratosthenes believed the Pillars to be Calpe and Abilyx, which Solinus, 23. 13, calls Calpe and Abinna. See Strabo, i. 3. 5, C. 51, iii. 5. 5–6, C. 170–2; Gruppe, RE, Suppl.-B. iii, 'Herakles', cols. 999–1000.

34.9.5 - 34.9.6

Fluctuating spring at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>. The context in which Strabo discusses this (iii. 5. 7–9, C. 172–5) suggests that P. mentioned it in relation to tides and movements of water, in which he was very interested (cf. iv. 39–42 n. on the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>; below, note following 10. 19). Strabo accepts P.'s explanation, which is consonant with the Stoic doctrine of <w lang="el-GR">πνεῦμα</w>, the universal force composed of fire and air, and giving coherence to the other two elements of earth and water, which was largely formulated by Chrysippus (cf. SVF, ii. 439–44; Seneca, quaest. nat. iii. 16; Pohlenz, Stoa, i. 74; ii. 42; Long, 150–79; Pdech, Mthode, 581 n. 379); he also suggests that the 'veins' of water become soaked from the tide and so flabby, thus allowing the jets to seep away instead of being forced up into the spring, and in <milestone unit="page" n="603">[603]</milestone> addition he accepts the view of Athenodorus of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tarsus&groupId=1097&placeId=1928">Tarsus</a> (his own and Cicero's Stoic friend) that the rise and fall of the tides was comparable to inhalation and exhalation, in consequence of which the spring water was, perhaps, diverted to swell the high tide and returned to its proper channel at low tide. Other views which Strabo rejects were those of Artemidorus and Silenus (Strabo does not tell us what these were) and of Poseidonius, who denied that any reversal of flow took place; apparently he had suggested, rather unconvincingly, that belief in the reversed flow arose from the fact that one of the two wells in the precinct tended to run dry and fill up again at night, which often coincided with an ebb-tide. P.'s source is not known. He probably visited Gadesin 146, if not in 152/1and saw the spring himself; but he may also have learnt of it from Pytheas, either directly or via Timaeus (Ihm, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>', cols. 442, 445), and from Silenus, who also mentioned it (Strabo, iii. 5. 7, C. 172 = FGH, 175 F 9).

34.9.8 - 34.9.11

The silver mines at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>. The method of washing ore described here recalls that used in the gold-mines of Turdetania, and P. may be used by Strabo in his account of this in iii. 2. 8, C. 146; but if so, in iii. 2. 9, C. 147, he interpolates a section from Poseidonius concerned mainly with underground workings. If that is so, we must deduce a change of method between the time of P. and that of Poseidonius. In the first century mining proper had replaced washing metalliferous ores as the main method, except in a remote district like that of the Artabri in north-west Lusitania; cf. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 17. In my discussion of §§ 8–11 I have been much helped by my colleagues G. R. Fisher and W. S. Pitcher, who have generously placed their knowledge of mining at my disposal.

34.9.12 - 34.9.12

The Baetis and the Anas. By Celtiberia P. seems sometimes to mean north-east <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (cf. iii. 17. 2–3 n.), but sometimes he uses the name in an extended sense, as here (cf. Schulten, Hermes, 1911, 576); Paton's translation obscures the fact that Strabo is discussing this point. Strabo explains the extended use as reflecting the expansion of the Celtiberians into neighbouring areas; against this Schulten, loc cit., points out that the Celtiberians had been pushed off the central plateau during the period before P. was writing. The Baetis is the Guadalquivir (cf. xix. 1. 1), the Anas the Guadiana; and they are less than 900 stades (108 m.p. at 8 stades to the Roman mile) apart, especially at their sources. In the previous sentence Strabo, perhaps following P., puts the source of the Baetis in the 'Silver Mountain' not far from Castulo, and this is presumably the northern branch which rises in the Sierra Morena, not more than 35 miles from the valley of the Jabaln, a branch of the Guadiana; today the Guadalquivir is the middle branch which rises in the Sierra de Cazorla in the province of Jan. Carcopino (tapes, 46 n. 3) proposes emending 900 to 90 stades and referring <w lang="el-GR">τοῦτον</w> to the Jcar (Sucro); there is nothing to be said in favour of so violent and arbitrary a treatment of the text. Pdech, Mthode, 558 n. 252, suggests that the 900 stades represent six days' travel (at 150 stades a day; cf. Herod. v. 53), as P. and Scipio Aemilianus accompanied Lucullus north in 151 to besiege Cauca on the sierra north-west of Segovia (App. Hisp. 51). But it is by no means assured that the route taken was by sea through the Pillars to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> and up the Baetis to Corduba. Simon, 46 n. 56, assumes that it lay up the Jcar valley directly to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tagus&groupId=1000&placeId=1762">Tagus</a>, the first point mentioned; in that case Lucullus would not touch the Baetis. But in any case it is not certain that Scipio accompanied Lucullus as far as Cauca (though this is likely). Against the view that he went straight to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> in 151 see 16. 2 n.

34.9.14 - 34.9.15

Luxury of a Spanish prince's house. Schulten (Hermes, 1911, 571–2) suggests that this passage came from P.'s account of Viriathus' marriage to the daughter of a rich Spanish prince, sometime after he took power in 147; if so it would be from the lost res Hispaniae of book xxxviii or xxxix (cf. Diod. xxxiii. 7). But it more probably comes from the description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> in this book; see the next note.

Specifics

34.9.1 - 34.9.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Τουρδητανούς τε καὶ Τουρδούλους</w>:</emph> these seem to have been the same people in origin, since their names differ only in the suffix. Strabo, iii. 1. 6, C. 139, adds to the present passage that there now (in his own time or that of Poseidonius?) appears to be no distinction between them. Many authorities apply the names indiscriminately to the tribes living along the River Baetis (Guadalquivir)cf. iii. 15. 8 n. for an example in Livybut Ptolemy (Geog. ii. 4. 5) distinguishes them, placing the Turduli east and south of the Tur- <milestone unit="page" n="602">[602]</milestone> detani, whereas P. put them to the north, a discrepancy explained by Schulten as due to a shift in Roman times (RE, 'Turdetaner', col. 1379) or an error in P. (RE, 'Turduler', col. 1380). The Turdetani were the native inhabitants of the kingdom of Tartessus, to which they no doubt owed the high level of civilization described in Strabo, iii. 1. 6, C. 139, including historical records, poems, and laws written in verse. Sometimes they are confused with the Tartessians themselves (cf. Diod. xxv. 10. 1). The variation in nomenclature is paralleled in the case of the Bastetani and Bastuli.

34.9.3 - 34.9.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ ἥμερον καὶ τὸ πολιτικόν</w>:</emph> 'quiet and courteous manner'. <w lang="el-GR">εὐδαιμονία</w> is 'prosperity'; 'fertility' (Paton) does not fit the context.

34.9.5 - 34.9.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῷ Ἡρακλείῷ</w>:</emph> the precinct containing the temple of Heracles: cf. Strabo, iii. 5. 9, C. 175, <w lang="el-GR">τοῦ νέω τοῦ ἐν τῷ Ἡρακλείῳ</w>. It lay on the east side of the island on which <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> stood (see the next note), facing east (cf. Strabo, iii. 5. 3, C. 169; Mela, iii. 46); traditionally founded by the Tyrians, it contained the bones of Heracles. The Tyrian Heracles was Melqart (vii. 9. 2 n.; Vol. II, p. 48). The temple, which was traditionally believed to be 12 m.p. from the city (to match the 12 labours: Strabo, loc. cit.; Itin. Ant. 408. 3) was said by Strabo to be in fact farther away. It has been located where the channel separating the island from the mainland enters the ocean, at the south-east end of the island. On the site and the cult see A. Garca y Bellido, Arch. esp. de arq. 1963, 70–153. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν Γαδείροις</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> was a Phoenician settlement from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tyre&groupId=1053&placeId=1855">Tyre</a> (Phoen. Gadir), dating back to c. 1100 traditionally (Vell. Pat. i. 2. 3), but in fact probably to the eighth or ninth century. It occupied a flat but rocky island off the coast of Turdetania and is the modern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cadiz&groupId=103&placeId=338">Cadiz</a>. P.'s dimensions for the island, 12 by 3 m.p. (15. 3 n.) may be compared with those in Strabo, iii. 5. 3, C. 169, <w lang="el-GR">νῆσον ἔχουσιν οὐ πολὺ μείξονα τῶν ἑκατὸν σταδίων τὸ μῆκος, πλάτος δ᾽ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπον καὶ σταδιαῖον</w> (i.e. 12.5 m.p. and, in places, only 0.125 m.p. wide, at 8 stades to the Roman mile). The actual measurements are c. 2.4 km. by 1.6 km. (Ihm, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>', col. 447).

34.9.6 - 34.9.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ πνεῦμα</w>:</emph> this wind in the caverns of the earth may connect with the Stoic <w lang="el-GR">πνεῦμα</w> (cf. SVF, ii. 143–6, §§ 434–44); but in his comparison of the tides to inhalation and exhalation Strabo, iii. 5. 7, C. 173, is following Athenodorus, not P. (§§ 5–6). Moreover the concept of winds in the earth is much more typical of Peripatetic physical theories; cf. Arist. Meteor. ii. 8. 365 b 27–28 (cf. 11. 18 n.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καλυφθείσης μὲν αὐτῆς ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος</w>:</emph> 'when the surface is <milestone unit="page" n="604">[604]</milestone> covered by the water'; <w lang="el-GR">αὐτῆς</w> is the earth's surface, not the spring (as in Paton). The spring is not submerged. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὰς ἐπιβάσεις τῆς θαλάττης</w>:</emph> 'as the tide advances'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν οἰκείων τοιούτων ἐξόδων</w>:</emph> 'from its proper outlets there'. For Strabo's discussion of P.'s views see §§ 5–6 n.

34.9.8 - 34.9.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν περὶ Καρχηδόνα Νέαν ἀργυρείων</w>:</emph> see x. 10. 11 for the silver mines and x. 9. 8–10. 13 n. for the city of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>; P. does not use the name <w lang="el-GR">Καρχηδὼν Νέα</w> (cf. iii. 39. 6 n.), and here it is from Strabo. For P.'s usage see ii. 13. 1. The circumference of the mines, 400 stades, works out at 50 m.p. or, reckoning 8 stades to the Roman mile, 48 m.p. Hbner, RE, 'Carthago nova', col. 1624, places them at Mazarron, but the mines there are 30 km. west of Cartagena, which hardly fits the 20 stades (2.5 m.p.) mentioned here. Schulten, Geografa, ii. 274, locates them at La Unin, a mining village 10 km. east of the city, and Davies, 107, between Cartagena and Mazarron; see his account of lead ingots found near Cartagena, and the works cited by J. M. Blzquez, Hispania, 1973, 221 n. 13, especially A. Beltrn, MMAP, 1944, 201 ff., 'Las minas romanas de la regin de Cartagena segn los datos de la coleccin de su Museo'; ibid. 1947, 202 ff.; and A. Fernndez de Avils, Arch. esp. de arq. 1942, 136 ff., 'El poblado minero iberoromano en Cabezo Agudo, en la Unin'. Badian, Publicans, 34, estimates that the workings occupied c. 100 square miles, and comments on the huge revenues and size of the enterprise. Brunt, Conference Econ. Hist. Aix, 139, argues convincingly (cf. Badian, Publicans, 31–35) against the view of Frank, ES, i. 154–5, and Van Nostrand, ES, iii. 128, that the mines were worked by publicani from the time of Cato's governorship of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> in 195 (cf. Livy, xxiv. 21. 7, 'uectigalia magna instituit ex ferrariis argentariisque'; cf. Cato, HRR, fg. 93, referring to the area north of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a>); and J. S. Richardson, JRS, 1976, 139–47, shows that it is likely that at the time referred to by P. the exploitation of the Spanish mines was allocated locally to small-scale contractors, not leased under a censoria locatio to the societates publicanorum. <milestone unit="page" n="605">[605]</milestone>

34.9.9 - 34.9.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τέτταρας μυριάδας . . . τῶν ἐργαζομένων</w>:</emph> the numbers seem large. In the silver mines of seventeenth-century Mexico there were c. 30 to 40 men per mine (P. J. Bakewell, Silver mining and society in colonial Mexico, Zacatecas, 1546–1700 (Cambridge, 1971), 127, 135); applied to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> this would suggest 1,000 shafts. But, although such numbers of workers are found in 16th–17th-century Potos (Bolivia), where there were over 30,000 in 1603, this includes those employed in washing, sorting, and smelting, as well as in other occupations (Anon, Bibl. de Autores Espaoles, 183 (Madrid, 1965), 372–85). I owe these references to J. S. Richardson of St. Andrews, who suggests that P.'s figures may likewise include workers other than miners in the shafts (see his discussion in JRS, 1976, 151–2). I am also indebted to my colleague J. R. Fisher for helpful discussion of the numbers employed in the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> mines.

34.9.10 - 34.9.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν . . . συρτὴν βῶλον τὴν ἀργυρῖτιν</w>:</emph> 'the silver-bearing ore washed down (in the streams)'. Blmner, RE, 'Silber', col. 21, considers P.'s account here to be incomplete; the reference is to galena (lead ore) with a silver content. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κόπτεσθαι καὶ κοσκίνοις . . . διαττᾶσθαι</w>:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">διαττᾶσθαι</w> is Casaubon's emendation of <w lang="el-GR">διαρτᾶσθαι</w>; but this means 'to be separated', and could perhaps stand unaltered. Tr. 'crushed and separated (or riddled) through sieves into water'. The combination of crushing, sieving, and washing was designed to eliminate useless gangue, and to sort out the pieces of ore as to size. The water washed away the lighter dirt, while the heavier lead sank to the bottom. From the 16th century onwards sieves with mesh of " to " diameter were used in the Derbyshire lead mines; see J. H. Rieuwert, Lead Mining in the Peak District (Bakewell, 1968), 16, for the process; also G. Agricola, De re metallica (Basel, 1657), 225 ff. with drawing (English translation by H. C. and L. H. Hoover (London, 1912), 290 ff.) for similar methods used in copper mining at Neusohl in the Carpathians. But P. does not make wholly clear what was actually discarded and what smelted at the various stages in the sieving. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς ὑποστάσεις</w>:</emph> 'the deposit', viz. the heavy particles of metal which have gone through the sieve. P. does not explain what happens to the larger pieces which are caught in the sieve. The likelihood is that some were discarded and others crushed further by hammering, and then smelted too. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀποχεομένων τῶν ὑδάτων</w>:</emph> after being again sieved into water (either in a large tub or a trough) the deposit is again crushed, probably by pestle or hammer, while the water is running off (and so able to carry away light impurities).

34.9.11 - 34.9.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">χωνευθεῖσαν</w>:</emph> 'smelted'; omitted by Paton. Firing with an admixture of some kind of flux brings about the exuding of unwanted <milestone unit="page" n="606">[606]</milestone> slag and also changes lead sulphide to lead (cf. Agricola, De re metallica, 192; English translation, 244). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀποχυθέντος τοῦ μολίβδου</w>:</emph> P. is here describing the process of cupellation, by which the still impure galena obtained by repeated crushing, washing and smelting (see above) was cupelled on a porous hearth of bone-ash or marl, so that the lead oxidised and formed molten litharge (PbO) in which any remaining impurities in the silver were dissolved. This lithargeP.'s <w lang="el-GR">μόλιβδος</w>was then run off, leaving refined silver (on the process see Davies, 53–56). P. (or Strabo) has omitted the cupellation and seems to believe, falsely, that the lead could simply be poured off (cf. Davies, 40 n. 11).

34.9.13 - 34.9.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ τῶν Οὐακκαίων καὶ τῶν Κελτιβήρων ἔθνη</w>:</emph> for P.'s concept of Celtiberia see § 12 n., and for the Vaccaei, situated on the middle reaches of the Douro, see iii. 14. 1 n.; Schulten, RE, 'Vaccaei', cols. 2034–8. <milestone unit="page" n="607">[607]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Σεγεσάμαν καὶ Ἰντερκατίαν</w>:</emph> Segesama is evidently the same as Segisama, mentioned by Ptol. Geog. ii. 6. 49, as Segisama Iulia; it was Augustus' headquarters in his Cantabrian War (Florus, ii. 33. 48). Hbner, RE, 'Segisama', col. 1074, mentions the view that coins with the Iberian legend eganh (i.e. Segesane(n)s(ium)) are from this town, the site of which is unknown. See further G. K. Jenkins's review of Greek coins from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, Jahrb. fr Num. und Geldgesch. 1961, 114–15, nos. 135 and 137. (Whether the Segisamenses mentioned on inscriptions (CIL, ii. 900, 3281) came from here or from Segisama Brasaca (CIL, ii. 4157) is uncertain.) The Segisamo which was a station between Tarraco and Asturia, and appears on an inscription delimiting its territory from the prata of legio IV (Macedonica), formed part of the conuentus Cluniensis (Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 26–27) and is probably too far north to be identified with the Vaccaean town especially if (as is likely, but not certain) legio IV was stationed near Reinosa; cf. Ritterling, RE, 'legio IIII Macedonica', col. 1550. Intercatia was also a Vaccaean town, besieged in 151 by the consul L. Licinius Lucullus, until Scipio negotiated terms (App. Hisp. 53–54; Livy, ep. 48; Val. Max. iii. 2. 6). It is mentioned by Ptol. Geog. ii. 6. 49, and lay near Villanueva del Campo, on the border between the provinces of Zamorra and Valladolid (cf. Schulten, RE, 'Intercatia (1)', col. 1603). It need not be assumed that P. necessarily visited either of these towns (so Pdech, Mthode, 580). 〈 <emph rend="bold">xxv. 1</emph> should probably stand here; it deals with Ti. Gracchus' victories in Celtiberia; see pp. 20–21.〉

34.9.14 - 34.9.14

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοιοῦτον δέ τινα ὑφίσταται κτλ</w>.:</emph> the reference is to Homer's description of Menelaus' house, which Telemachus visits in Od. iv, leaving in Od. xv. It resembles the house of this Spanish chieftain in 'the splendour of its table-utensils' (for <w lang="el-GR">κατασκευή</w> in this sense see xxx. 26. 3 n.), but Homer has no elaborate account of Menelaus' table-equipment, and Athenaeus may be thinking of the cup and silver mixing-bowl which he presented to Telemachus (Od. xv. 120–3). In fact, P.'s comments seem directed rather to Alcinous' palace (Od. vii. 88 ff.), to which 'Phaeacian luxury' more properly refers. The <w lang="el-GR">τρυφή</w> of the Phaeacians was proverbial (cf. Theopompus, FGH, 115 F 114), but P. is ironical about the gold and silver vessels (for gold and silver cf. Homer, Od. vii. 88–91) filled with plebeian beer. <milestone unit="page" n="608">[608]</milestone> (The suggestion of Wunderer, i. 100, that P. is copying Theopompus seems superfluous.) Von Scala, 336–8, argued that P. was suggesting that Phaeacia, the realm of Alcinous, together with the Isles of the Blessed (often confused with the Elysian Fields), was to be located in or near <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, where the gentle climate (8. 4) recalls Od. vii. 118 f., <w lang="el-GR">ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ αἰεὶ / Ζεφυρίη πνείουσα τὰ μὲν φύει, ἄλλα δὲ πέσσει</w>, and the plants constantly in flower (8. 4) recall Od. vii. 117 f., <w lang="el-GR">τάων οὔ ποτε καρπὸς ἀπόλλυται οὐδ᾿ ἀπολείπει / χείματος οὐδὲ θέρευς?, ἐπετήσιος</w>. This is attractive and fits the discussion of where <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' voyages were to be located, which was probably attached to P.'s description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>. On this hypothesis P. was providing a rational explanation of the Phaeacian wonderland, just as he provided one for Scylla and Charybdis: it was a poetical version of the balmy realm of Turdetania (cf. 8. 4 n.). It is perhaps not a serious objection that Turdetania was not (like Phaeacia) an island. Further passages dealing with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, which would properly stand here are 10. 6–7 (see ad loc.), 15. 3, and Strabo, iii. 2. 8, C. 146, describing the gold-working in Turdetania, apparently following the same source as for the silver mines near <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>, which are described two pages later (9. 8–11). See Pdech, LEC, 1956, 17; above, p. 565. 〈<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' voyages. Since these were described after the account of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (cf. pp. 567–8, 2. 1–4. 8 n.), the following passages should stand here: 2. 1–4. 8 (extended; cf. 4. 8 n.), 11. 12–20.〉

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