Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 34 - Chapter 12

<head lang="la">VIII. De Thracia, Macedonia, Graecia</head><w lemma="%2Akai%5C">Καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Flla">ἄλλα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="pista%5C">πιστὰ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgei">λέγει</w>, <w lemma="to%2F">τό</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="suntetrh%3Dsqai">συντετρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pela%2Fgh">πελάγη</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="eu%28ri%2Fskesqai">εὑρίσκεσθαι</w> <w lemma="ke%2Framo%2Fn">κέραμόν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Axi%3Don">Χῖον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aqa%2Fsion">Θάσιον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Ana%2Frwni">Νάρωνι</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fmfw">ἄμφω</w> <w lemma="katopteu%2Fesqai">κατοπτεύεσθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pela%2Fgh">πελάγη</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2F">ἀπό</w> <w lemma="tinos">τινος</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Frous">ὄρους</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="nh%2Fswn">νήσων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aliburni%2Fdwn">Λιβυρνίδων</w> <w lemma="%2Atiqei%2Fs">Τιθείς</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="ku%2Fklon">κύκλον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fwn">πεντακοσίων</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fistron">Ἴστρον</w> <w lemma="e%28ni%5C">ἑνὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stoma%2Ftwn">στομάτων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29adri%2Fan">Ἀδρίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29mba%2Fllein">ἐμβάλλειν</w>.

<w lemma="toiau%3Dta">τοιαῦτα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29eratosqe%2Fnous">Ἐρατοσθένους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnia">ἔνια</w> <w lemma="parakou%2Fsmata%2F">παρακούσματά</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="laodogmatika%2F">λαοδογματικά</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbio%2Fs">Πολύβιός</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgwn">λέγων</w> <w lemma="suggrafe%2Fwn">συγγραφέων</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%29ek">Ἐκ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apollwni%2Fas">Ἀπολλωνίας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fan">Μακεδονίαν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29egnati%2Fa">Ἐγνατία</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="o%28do%5Cs">ὁδὸς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fw">ἕω</w>, <w lemma="bebhmatisme%2Fnh">βεβηματισμένη</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Flion">μίλιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katesthlwme%2Fnh">κατεστηλωμένη</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="%2Akuye%2Flwn">Κυψέλων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Febrou">Ἕβρου</w> <w lemma="potamou%3D:">ποταμοῦ·</w> <w lemma="mili%2Fwn">μιλίων</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fwn">πεντακοσίων</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fnte">πέντε</w>.

<w lemma="logizome%2Fnw%7C">λογιζομένῳ</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="polloi%2F">πολλοί</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Flion">μίλιον</w> <w lemma="o%29ktasta%2Fdion">ὀκταστάδιον</w> <w lemma="tetrakisxi%2Flioi">τετρακισχίλιοι</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Den">εἶεν</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdioi">στάδιοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="diako%2Fsioi">διακόσιοι</w> <w lemma="o%29gdoh%2Fkonta">ὀγδοήκοντα</w>,

<w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w>, <w lemma="prostiqei%5Cs">προστιθεὶς</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="o%29ktastadi%2Fw%7C">ὀκτασταδίῳ</w> <w lemma="di%2Fpleqron">δίπλεθρον</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2F">ὅ</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fton">τρίτον</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fou">σταδίου</w>, <w lemma="prosqete%2Fon">προσθετέον</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="e%28bdomh%2Fkonta">ἑβδομήκοντα</w> <w lemma="o%29ktw%2F">ὀκτώ</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fton">τρίτον</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="mili%2Fwn">μιλίων</w> <w lemma="a%29riqmou%3D">ἀριθμοῦ</w>.

<w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsou">ἴσου</w> <w lemma="diasth%2Fmatos">διαστήματος</w> <w lemma="sumpi%2Fptein">συμπίπτειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28do%5Cn">ὁδὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Fs">τούς</w> <w lemma="t%27">τ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apollwni%2Fas">Ἀπολλωνίας</w> <w lemma="o%28rmhqe%2Fntas">ὁρμηθέντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29epida%2Fmnou">Ἐπιδάμνου</w>.

<w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsa">πᾶσα</w> <w lemma="%2A%29egnati%2Fa">Ἐγνατία</w> <w lemma="kalei%3Dtai">καλεῖται</w>, <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fth">πρώτη</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akandaoui%2Fas">Κανδαουίας</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgetai">λέγεται</w>, <w lemma="o%29%2Frous">ὄρους</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illurikou%3D">Ἰλλυρικοῦ</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Aluxnidou%3D">Λυχνιδοῦ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apulw%3Dnos">Πυλῶνος</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fpou">τόπου</w> <w lemma="o%28ri%2Fzontos">ὁρίζοντος</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="o%28dw%3D%7C">ὁδῷ</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuri%2Fda">Ἰλλυρίδα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fan">Μακεδονίαν</w>.

<w lemma="e%29kei%3Dqen">ἐκεῖθεν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Abarnou%3Dnta">Βαρνοῦντα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fas">Ἡρακλείας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alugkhstw%3Dn">Λυγκηστῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29eordw%3Dn">Ἐορδῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fedessan">Ἔδεσσαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ape%2Fllan">Πέλλαν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="%2Aqessalonikei%2Fas:">Θεσσαλονικείας·</w>

<w lemma="mi%2Flia">μίλια</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%2F">ἐστί</w>, <w lemma="fhsi%5C">φησὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w>, <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="diako%2Fsia">διακόσια</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%2Fkonta">ἑξήκοντα</w> <w lemma="e%28pta%2F">ἑπτά</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Aperi%2Fnqou">Περίνθου</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Abuza%2Fntio%2Fn">Βυζάντιόν</w> <w lemma="ei%29sin">εἰσιν</w> <w lemma="e%28cako%2Fsioi">ἑξακόσιοι</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w>, <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Febrou">Ἕβρου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akuye%2Flwn">Κυψέλων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Abuza%2Fntion">Βυζάντιον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="%2Akuane%2Fwn">Κυανέων</w> <w lemma="trisxi%2Flioi">τρισχίλιοι</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%2Fn">ἑκατόν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fs">ὥς</w> <w lemma="fhsin">φησιν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29artemi%2Fdwros">Ἀρτεμίδωρος</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpan">σύμπαν</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ioni%2Fou">Ἰονίου</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpou">κόλπου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apollwni%2Fan">Ἀπολλωνίαν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="%2Abuzanti%2Fou">Βυζαντίου</w> <w lemma="e%28ptakisxi%2Flioi">ἑπτακισχίλιοι</w> <w lemma="triako%2Fsioi">τριακόσιοι</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi:">εἴκοσι·</w> <w lemma="prosti%2Fqhsi">προστίθησι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="o%29gdoh%2Fkonta">ὀγδοήκοντα</w>,

<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fton">τρίτον</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fou">σταδίου</w> <w lemma="proslamba%2Fnwn">προσλαμβάνων</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29ktw%5C">ὀκτὼ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mili%2Fou">μιλίου</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fois">σταδίοις</w>.

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28h">Ἡ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fmetros">περίμετρος</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="katakolpi%2Fzonti">κατακολπίζοντι</w> <w lemma="tetrakisxili%2Fwn">τετρακισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Apolubi%2Fou">Πολυβίου</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhko%2Ftos">εἰρηκότος</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Amalew%3Dn">Μαλεῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frktous">ἄρκτους</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fistrou">Ἴστρου</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fsthma">διάστημα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fous">μυρίους</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w>, <w lemma="eu%29qu%2Fnei">εὐθύνει</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29artemi%2Fdwros">Ἀρτεμίδωρος</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29to%2Fpws">ἀτόπως</w> <gap /><w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%3Dnon">ἐκεῖνον</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fistrou">Ἴστρου</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amale%2Fas">Μαλέας</w> <w lemma="e%28cakisxili%2Fwn">ἑξακισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fwn">πεντακοσίων</w>. <w lemma="ai%29%2Ftion">αἴτιον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fntomon">σύντομον</w> <w lemma="katametrei%3Dn">καταμετρεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tuxou%3Dsan">τυχοῦσαν</w>, <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="e%29poreu%2Fqh">ἐπορεύθη</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3Dn">στρατηγῶν</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w>.

<head>VIII. On <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thrace&groupId=1030&placeId=509">Thrace</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, and Greece</head>Among other improbable things Theopompus states that the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ionian Sea&groupId=650&placeId=1190">Ionian Sea</a> and the Adriatic have an underground connexion, Chian and Thasian pottery being found in the Naro, and again that the two seas are visible from a certain mountain, and that the Liburnian islands have a circumference of as much as 500 stades, and that one of the mouths of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Danube&groupId=654&placeId=1195">Danube</a> falls into the Adriatic.

These and some assertions of Eratosthenes are mere vulgar errors, as Polybius says in speaking of the latter and other writers.

From <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> the Via Egnatia runs east to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>. It has been measured and marked with milestones as far as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a> and the river Hebrus, the distance being 535 miles.

If we reckon the mile, as most people do, at 8 stades, this makes 4280 stades, but if like Polybius we add to the 8 stades 2 plethra, i.e. the third of a stade, we must add 678 stades, the third of the number of miles.

Travellers starting from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> and from Epidamnus strike this road at an equal distance from their point of departure.

The whole road is called Via Egnatia, but the first section passing through the town of Lychnidus and through Pylon, the point on the road which separates <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, derives its name from Candavia, a mountain of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a>.

Thence it passes along Mt. Barnus through Heraclia Lyncestis, and Eordea to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Edessa&groupId=554&placeId=1038">Edessa</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pella&groupId=1089&placeId=1913">Pella</a> and finally Thessalonica.

The length of this part is according to Polybius 267 miles.

From Perinthus to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> the distance is 630 stades, from the Hebrus and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> as far as the Cyanean rocks it is 3100 according to Artemidorus, and the whole distance from the Ionian gulf at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> is 7320 stades,

Polybius adding a further 180 stades, as he reckons the mile at 8 1/3 stades.

The circumference of the Peloponnesus sailing from cape to cape is 4000 stades according to Polybius.

Polybius says that the distance due north from Cape <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Danube&groupId=654&placeId=1195">Danube</a> is about 1000 stades, but Artemidorus corrects him, and no wonder. According to him the distance from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Danube&groupId=654&placeId=1195">Danube</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> is 6500 stades. The reason of the discrepancy is that Polybius does not reckon the distance in a straight line, but by the route some general chanced to follow.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

34.12.1 - 34.12.12

= Strabo, vii. 5. 9, C. 317 (1–2); 7. 4, C. 322–3 (2a–8); epit. vii. 56 (57) (9–10); viii. 2. 1, C. 335 (11); 8. 5, C. 389 (12). <milestone unit="page" n="621">[621]</milestone> Distances in the Balkan peninsula, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thrace&groupId=1030&placeId=509">Thrace</a> and Greece All these passages probably belong to the general account of Europe which preceded P.'s sections on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a>, and therefore should properly follow 11. 8–11 (see pp. 567 and 569).

34.12.1 - 34.12.1

P.'s criticism of Eratosthenes and Theopompus. Strabo could mean that Theopompus was not one of the writers to whom P. applied the phrase <w lang="el-GR">παρακούσματα . . . λαοδογματικά</w>?; but the reference to the two seas (see below) suggests that he did in fact criticize Theopompus for these improbabilities. For earlier criticism of Theopompus by P. see viii. 9–11 nn.; and for his liking for marvels cf. xvi. 12. 7–9 (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iasus&groupId=643&placeId=1177">Iasus</a>). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κέραμον . . . ἐν τῷ Νάρωνι</w>:</emph> the Naro is the modern Narenta (Naretva) (cf. xxxii. 9. 1 n.) in Dalmatia. The presence of Chian and Thasian sherds in the river could be explained more easily than by assuming an underground connection with the Aegean. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ ἄμφω . . . τὰ πελάγη ἀπό τινος ὄρους</w>:</emph> cf. 10. 15 n., xxiv. 4 n., for Mt. Haemus, to which Strabo here refers. The seas are the Aegean and the Adriatic (Paton inadvertently says 'the Ionian sea and the Adriatic'). Despite Strabo's statement (cf. xxiv. 4) that P. accepted this legend, it is not true and P. may well have criticized Theopompus (FGH, 115 F 129) for believing and publicizing it. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν Λιβυρνίδων</w></emph> <emph rend="superscript" /> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τιθείς</w>:</emph> Groskurd proposed 〈<w lang="el-GR">τοσοῦτον εἶναι τὸ μέ</w>〉<w lang="el-GR">γεθος</w>, Jacoby <w lang="el-GR">τι</w> 〈<w lang="el-GR">νὰς τοσαύτας εἶναι τὸ μέγε</w>〉<w lang="el-GR">θος</w>; earlier Coraes read <w lang="el-GR">τὴν θέσιν</w>. On the Liburnian islands see Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 152; Oros. i. 2. 59; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 562–5; Ps.-Scymnus, 374; Strabo, ii. 5. 20, C. 124, vii. 5. 5, C. 315; Fluss, RE, Suppl.-B. v, 'Insulae Liburnicae', cols. 345–6. Forty in number, according to Strabo, they lie off the coast of Liburnia, south of Histria. They are the modern Rab, Pag, and Dugi Otok and the smaller islands around. Rab has a coastline of nearly 500 stades; but it is not clear whether Theopompus made 500 stades the circuit of one, several, or the whole group of islands. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν Ἴστρον . . . εἰς τὸν Ἀδρίαν ἐμβάλλειν</w>:</emph> this ancient fallacy appears in Ps.-Scymn. 193–4; Arist. Hist. an. viii. 13. 598 b 16 ff.; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 289, 325; Ps.-Arist. de mir. ausc. 105. 839 b 9 ff.; Mela, ii. 63; but Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 127, rejects it, and Strabo, i. 3. 15, C. 57 reproves Hipparchus for believing it. One version made the Argonauts take that route (cf. Thomson, 48 n. 1, 141, 197 n. 3).

34.12.2 - 34.12.8

The Via Egnatia as far as Thessalonica. This famous road ran from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> and Dyrrhachium up the valley of the Genusus (Shkumbi), north of Lake Lychnidus (Ochrid), through Lyncestis and via <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Edessa&groupId=554&placeId=1038">Edessa</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pella&groupId=1089&placeId=1913">Pella</a> to Thessalonica; from there it continued eastward to the Hebrus at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>, Perinthus, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> (§ 9). <milestone unit="page" n="622">[622]</milestone> The date of its construction is uncertain; Strabo alone gives the name (Strabo, vii. 7. 4, C. 322–3; 7. 8, C. 327; fgs. 10, 13, 21) and not specifically in relation to references to P. Cicero, prov. cons. 4, mentions the road 'quae per Macedoniam est usque ad Hellespontum militaris', but does not name it. Hammond (JRS, 1974, 192–4) argued that the Via Egnatia is the name of the road only to Thessalonica, and that this was built between 110 and 100. However, a milestone which dates, on the evidence of letter forms, to the second half of the second century B.C. has been found a little to the north-west of Thessalonica in the alluvium of the river Gallikos (Echedoros), and gives the name of Cn. Egnatius C.f. as proconsul (of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>). This fits in with the fact that P.'s calculations in §§ 8 and 10 (cf. § 8 n.) were based on Roman miles as far as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>, and supports the view that the reference to milestones in § 2 is taken from P. and not added by Strabo. See Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 19–58; JRS, 1974, 185–94; C. F. Edson, CP, 1951, 1–16; Oberhummer, RE, 'Egnatia via', cols. 1988–93; Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', cols. 1666–7; Miller, Itineraria, 516 ff.; N. Ceka and L. Papajani, Studia Albanica, i. 1972, 85–106, 'La route de la valle du Shkumbin'; H. Ceka, Monumentet, i, 1972, 25–32 (French translation, 33–35), 'La branche sud de la voie Egnatia'; P. A. MacKay, Ancient <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> II, 201–10, 'The route of the via Egnatia around Lake Ostrovo'; for the new milestone, C. Romiopoulou, BCH, 1974, 813–16 figs. 1–2; P. Collart, ibid. 1976, 177–200 'Les milliaires de la via Egnatia'; G. Daux, Journ. Sav. 1977, 145–63. For a general account see F. O'Sullivan, The Egnatian Way, Newton Abbot, 1972. The proconsul Cn. Egnatius may be identical with the senator Cn. Egnatius C.f. Stell (atina), mentioned in a letter of the praetor P. Cornelius Blasio to the Corcyraeans (SEG, iii. 451 = Sherk, 4); for Blasio's praetorship in the late 140's see H. B. Mattingly, NC, 1969, 103–4. <emph rend="bold">2a. <w lang="el-GR">ἐκ . . . τῆς Ἀπολλωνίας εἰς Μακεδονίαν</w>:</emph> the Corcyraean colony of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> lay on the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aous&groupId=338&placeId=656">Aous</a> (though its present channel is some 10 km. to the south). It was the original starting-point for the route across the Balkans, but later Dyrrhachium took over as the main port (Hammond, JRS, 1974, 192–3). On <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> see ii. 11. 5–12 n.; Hirschfeld, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> (1)', cols. 111–13; for recent excavations see A. Mano, Studia Albanica, i, 1972, 107–20 (with plates), 'Le Tumulus I de la ncropole d'Apollonie'; i, 1971, 146–7, report of H. Ceka's excavations, 1967–9. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βεβηματισμένη κατὰ μίλιον . . . μέχέρι . . . Ἕβρου ποταμοῦ</w>:</emph> taken from P.; see § 8 n.

34.12.3 - 34.12.4

Conversion of miles into stades. A stadium Italicum of 625 pedes (186 m.) is attested by Censorinus, de die natali, 13. 2 (cf. Pliny, Nat. hist. ii. 85) and might seem to be implied in the usual Roman equation of 8 stades to the Roman mile (when indeed the Romans converted <milestone unit="page" n="623">[623]</milestone> miles into stades, which was not often (cf. Morgan, Phil. 1973, 34–35); the Romans used the stade as a normal measurement only for sea travel). Similarly P.'s conversion on the basis of 8 stades to the Roman mile might seem to imply a stade of 600 pedes (178.5 m.), here giving an additional 178 stades so that what on the 1:8 ratio would be 4,280 stades becomes 4,458 stades, as the equivalent of 535 m.p. But this is to misrepresent the issue, which was not one of which of two stadesa short one or a long oneP. chose to use, but rather of what degree of accuracy he demanded in converting m.p. into the stades with which his readers were familiar viz. the normal stade of 178.5 m. 1:8 was more accurate than 1:8 and was moreover reasonably easy to operate (multiply by 25 and divide by 3).

Specifics

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<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους ἔνια κτλ</w>:</emph> cf. 1. 6 n., 5. 14 n.

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<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπὸ ἴσου διαστήματος συμπίπτειν κτλ</w>:</emph> on the road-system between Dyrrhachium and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> see Hammond, JRS, 1974, 185–94, superseding <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 19–27. In P.'s time the two roads met a little west of Elbasan on the right bank of the Shkumbi; from here to Dyrrhachium through Peqin, Rogozhin, Shtodhr, and Kavaj is c. 75 km., and to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>, crossing the Shkumbi at Topias near Shenjan and then via Belsh, Semen, Ku, and Kurian, 76 km. The latter road has to swing to the east to avoid the marshy plain of Myzeqije.

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<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἡ . . . πᾶσα Ἐγνατία καλεῖται</w>:</emph> this seems to refer to the road as far as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>. Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 27, argues that since Strabo calls the section beyond the junction <w lang="el-GR">(ἐπὶ Κανδαουίας)</w> the first part, he regarded the via Egnatia as starting there. But § 2 states clearly that it ran from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> and this is also implied by the new milestone found near Thessalonica, which carries the distance '260' (sc. m.p. from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>). Whether the Dyrrhachium branch also carried the name via Egnatia is uncertain but probable (Strabo, vii. 7. 8, C. 327). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ Κανδαουίας . . . ὄρους Ἰλλυρικοῦ</w>:</emph> this mountain gives its name to the whole section from the point where the road enters the Shkumbi defile near Polis i Vogel east of Elbasan till it descends to Lake Ochrid, and according to Strabo, vii. 7. 8, C. 327, included the area around Lake Ochrid and the headwaters of the Genusus, Apsus and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aous&groupId=338&placeId=656">Aous</a>. Candavia seems therefore to be a general name for the whole range between Elbasan and Lake Ochrid, through which the Shkumbi runs. See Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 27–28. N. Ceka and L. Papajani, Studia Albanica, 1, 1972, 96, argue that the name 'Candavian route' went back to pre-Roman times before the laying down of the via Egnatia, and that at its eastern end the earlier route reached the Shkumbi from the region of Pogradec via Selca e Poshtme, an important urban site with tombs dating to the Hellenistic period. <milestone unit="page" n="624">[624]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διὰ Λυχνιδοῦ . . . καὶ Πυλῶνος</w>:</emph> Lychnis (cf. xviii. 47. 12 n.) lay at Ochrid on the east shore of that lake (cf. CIL, iii. 711, 712 for two milestones inscribed 8 m.p. 'from Lychnidus', found at Struga and Ochrid, cf. Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 28); Fluss, RE, 'Lychnidus', col. 2111, therefore locates Lychnis midway between the two towns: but they are only 11.8 km. apart. Pylon, an area <w lang="el-GR">(τόπος)</w>, not a town, is not mentioned elsewhere. Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 41, assumes it to be the point reckoned as 16 m.p. east of Lychnis, and locates it at 'a flat-bottomed coombe', which might well be described as a long gateway, on the descent from the pass between Mt. Petrina and the Plakenska range, north-east of Ochrid, towards Jankovac and Resen (see his map on p. 40). The point must have been here or hereabouts, since once the road reached Lychnis, the watershed to the east was the most feasible frontier between Illyris and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>.

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<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παρὰ Βαρνοῦντα</w>:</emph> 'along Mt. Barnus'; this is 'the great range of Kamatsala, now named Voras, which rises from the eastern side of the plain south of Monastir and extends east as far as the valley of the Vardar (Axius)' (Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 54). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διὰ Ἡρακλείας καὶ Λυγκηστῶν</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> has been located at an acropolis 2 km. south of Monastir (Heuzey–Daumet, 300; Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 41; against Leake, NG, iii. 282, who put it at Florina; cf. Oberhummer, RE, 'Herakleia (5)', col. 429). The Lyncestae occupied the plain south of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a> (cf. Weiss, RE, 'Lynkestis', col. 2469) in the area between Monastir and Florina; cf. Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 55, 59, 102–5. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἐορδῶν</w>:</emph> cf. xviii. 11. 10 n. Eordaea is the area bounded by Mt. Barnus to the north, the watershed towards Lyncestis on the west, Mt. Bermion on the east and the watershed of the Haliacmon on the south-south-west (Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 106–10). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς Ἔδεσσαν</w>:</emph> cf. v. 97. 4 n.; Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 165–6 for its site; P. Petsas, <w lang="el-GR">Μακεδονικά</w>, 8, 1969, 176, §§ 90–91, for excavations. The detailed route of the via Egnatia between Lyncestis and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Edessa&groupId=554&placeId=1038">Edessa</a> is still to be determined; cf. the work of Edson, Hammond, and MacKay mentioned in §§ 2a–8 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Πέλλαν</w>:</emph> cf. iv. 66. 6 n.; on its site and strategic importance see Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 152–3, and for recent excavations, Petsas, <w lang="el-GR">Μακεδονικά</w>, 7, 1966–7, 306–7, §§ 99–101; 8, 1969, 170–5, §§ 4–8, and references there. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μέχρι Θεσσαλονικείας</w>:</emph> for that part of the via Egnatia between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pella&groupId=1089&placeId=1913">Pella</a> and Thessalonica see Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 55–58.

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<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μίλια . . . διακόσια ἑξήκοντα ἑπτά</w>:</emph> cf. 7. 2 n.; according to that passage P. gave the distance from Dyrrhachium to Thessalonica as 'more than 2,000 stades'. At 8 stades to the Roman mile 267 m.p. = 2,225 stades. Hammond, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 55, calculated the distances as <milestone unit="page" n="625">[625]</milestone> <row> <cell>Dyrrhachium (or <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>)–Clodiana</cell> <cell>m.p.43</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Clodiana–Lychnidus</cell> <cell>72 or 73</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Lychnidus–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a></cell> <cell>44 or 45</cell> </row> <row> <cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a>–Thessalonica</cell> <cell>118</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>277 or 279</cell> </row> To account for the discrepancy of 10–12 miles between this figure, based on the Itineraries, and that in P., Hammond assumes that P. used a special 'long' mile containing 8 (rather than 8) stades. This hypothesis is clearly untenable, since mille passus was a fixed distance marked out by stones, and there is no evidence that P. invented a special 'long mile', a proceeding which could have no conceivable purpose. As indicated above (§§ 3–4), P.'s ratio was merely intended to secure greater accuracy in conversions. The 1:8 ratio resulted in a regular underestimate in terms of Greek stades when conversions were made from miles, and an overestimate in terms of miles when conversions were made from stades. However, Hammond's more recent calculations (JRS, 1974, 188–9) render his hypothesis superfluous, since the location of the station Ad Quintum at Bradashesh requires a modification of the distances given in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 55. Since the next station west of Ad Quintum, Clodiana, is 15 m.p. away, it must be at Mafmutaga, 4 km. east of Peqin; and from there to Dyrrhachium is c. 45 km. For that piece of the road the Itineraries offer wildly differing figures, ranging from 24 to 57 m.p. The Tab. Peut. has two sections, probably dividing at Genusus (modern Shtodhr), and given as 15 and 26 m.p. The first of these is correct, but 26 must be emended to 16 to fit the new location of Clodiana and Ad Quintum. Consequently the distance from Dyrrhachium to Thessalonica now stands as follows: <table cols="2" rows="7"> <row> <cell>Dyrrhachium–Clodiana</cell> <cell>m.p.31</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Clodiana–Scampis</cell> <cell>21</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Scampis–Tres Tabernae</cell> <cell>28 or 30</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Tres Tabernae–Lychnidus</cell> <cell>27</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Lychnidus–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a></cell> <cell>44 or 45</cell> </row> <row> <cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a>–Thessalonica</cell> <cell>118</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>269 or 272</cell> </row> </table> This is sufficiently near to P.'s figure of 267 m.p. to require no special explanation. Slight discrepancies may be due to inclusive reckoning at some stages, or even to variations in the route between P.'s time and the time when the Itineraries were drawn up. The exact route near lake Ostrovo remains obscure; and Hammond has now shown that the approach roads to the Shkumbi from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> and Dyrrhachium were different in P.'s time from those under the Empire. Other figures existed; for instance Pliny (Nat. hist. iv. 36) made the distance from Dyrrhachium to Thessalonica 245 m.p. <milestone unit="page" n="626">[626]</milestone> P.'s figure is based on miles measured along the road. That is clear from the newly-discovered milestone lying 7 m.p. from Thessalonica and marked '260' (see above, §§ 2a–8 n.), and also from §§ 9–10, where Strabo calculates the total distance from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> as 7,320 stades, but says that P. adds a further 180 stades. These 180 stades are clearly a rounding off of the 178 stades which have to be added for the section <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a> (535 m.p., cf. § 2a), if that distance is to be converted on the more accurate ratio of 1 m.p. = 8 stades. There is no similar adjustment for the section <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>– <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a>, for which P. takes Artemidorus' figures calculated in stades, apparently because the milestones extended only to the Hebrus; cf. § 2a. It follows that since P. added these 180 stades (not Strabo using P.'s ratio) the reference in § 2a to the setting up of milestones as far as the Hebrus must be from P., not an additional fact given by Strabo, and so that this had happened before P. wrote the passage in xxxiv referred to here. The new milestone identifies the builder of the road as Cn. Egnatius C.f., a governor of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> in the second century; there is plenty of room for him between 146 and 120, for our list of governors has many lacunae; see Th. Ch. Sarikakis, <w lang="el-GR">Ῥωμαῖοι ἄρχοντες τῆς ἐπαρχίας Μακεδονίας</w> (Thessalonica, 1971). Since it appears that the road was already built to the Hebrus at this time, it seems fairly certain that, despite Strabo, vii fgs. 10 and 13, which seem to terminate it at Thessalonica (on this see Collart, BCH, 1976, 180–1), the name via Egnatia applied to the whole distance to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a> from the start.

34.12.9 - 34.12.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ Περίνθου εἰς Βυζ άντιον</w>:</emph> for Perinthus see xviii. 2. 4 n., for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> iv. 38. 1–45. 8 with notes. According to the Itin. Ant. the distance was 64 m.p. (323. 1 Wess.) or 70 m.p. (332. 1 Wess); on the ratio 1 m.p. = 8 stades 630 stades gives nearly 76 m.p. But we do not know whether this was P.'s figure or not. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπὸ δὲ Ἕβρου . . . μέχρι Κυανέων</w>:</emph> the Cyaneae are small islands at the eastern end of the Bosphorus (cf. Ruge, RE, 'Kyaneai (3)', col. 2236). The distance from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> is given by the It. Ant. (332. 1) as 168 m.p. and to this must be added the distance up the Bosphorus (about 30 km.). Measured on a map the distance <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>–Cyaneae comes to about 260 km., hence Artemidorus' figure, equivalent to c. 372 m.p., is far too large. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ . . . σύμπαν μῆκος . . . μέχρι Βυζ αντίου</w>:</emph> this total of 7,320 + 180 stades = 7,500 stades, represents a rounding off of the separate figures: <table cols="3" rows="5"> <row> <cell /> <cell /> <cell>stades</cell> </row> <row> <cell>(§§ 3–4)</cell> <cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a></cell> <cell>4,280</cell> </row> <row> <cell>(§ 9)</cell> <cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a></cell> <cell>3,100</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Polybian adjustment</cell> <cell>180</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>7,560</cell> </row> <milestone unit="page" n="627">[627]</milestone> The 180 stades added by P. have caused difficulties. Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', col. 1666, regards them as an error 'da sie nur fr 4320 stadien zutrfe'; but, as already suggested (§ 8 n.), the figure must be a rounding off of the 178 stades relating to the section already marked out in miles, from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> to the whole Hebrus. P. may well have recorded no total figure for the whole road from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a>. Certainly for the stretch <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>– <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> Strabo is using Artemidorus' exaggerated figure (see above), and his procedure seems to have been to add together the separate figures, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apollonia&groupId=1066&placeId=1873">Apollonia</a>–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a> (Polybius) and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cypsela&groupId=520&placeId=983">Cypsela</a>–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> (Artemidorus), the former reckoned on the usual 8:1 conversion rate for milia passuum, and to have then added in 180 stades (a rounding off of P.'s 178 stades), making a total of 7,560 stades. This in turn he rounded off to 7,500 stades, but expressed this as 7,320+180. These figures imply the use of milia passuum as far as the Hebrus, and it must be assumed that the milestones of the via Egnatia reached that point in P.'s lifetime. </table>

34.12.11 - 34.12.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἡ δὲ περίμετρος . . . τετρακισχιλίων σταδί?ων</w>:</emph> sc. of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a>. Strabo gives Artemidorus' figure as 4,400 stades, adding that if one includes all the bays <w lang="el-GR">(κατακολπίξοντι)</w> it comes to over 5,600 stades. Without knowing how direct a voyage from cape to cape was, one cannot check P.'s figure, though it seems approximately right.

34.12.12 - 34.12.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ ἀπὸ Μαλεῶν . . . μέχρι τοῦ Ἴστρου διάστημα</w>:</emph> at a point due north of C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Danube&groupId=654&placeId=1195">Danube</a> is about 530 miles = c. 588 m.p. distant. 10,000 stades (Paton prints 1,000) come to 1,200 m.p. on the 1:8 ratio. Strabo goes on to give Artemidorus' figures in sections, via Aegium, Cyrrha, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a>, Thaumaci, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Larissa&groupId=669&placeId=1224">Larissa</a>, the Peneius, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tempe&groupId=1015&placeId=1786">Tempe</a>, Thessalonica, Eidomene, Stobi, and the Dardanians; and Jones (Loeb edition) corrects his final figure of 6,500 to 6,540 to correspond to the total of the parts. 6,540 stades is 785 m.p. (6,500 is 780 m.p.), a reasonable allowance for the extra mileage involved in an actual journey. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν τυχοῦσαν, ἣν ἐπορεύθη τῶν στρατηγῶν τις</w>:</emph> to whom Strabo referred, and to what evidence, are both unknown.

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