Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 34 - Chapter 11

<head lang="la">VII. De Italia</head><w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fforon">διάφορον</w> <w lemma="oi%29%3Dnon">οἶνον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Akapu%2Fh%7C">Καπύῃ</w> <w lemma="fhsi%5C">φησὶ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29nadendri%2Fthn">ἀναδενδρίτην</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenon">καλούμενον</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="mhde%2Fna">μηδένα</w> <w lemma="sugkri%2Fnesqai">συγκρίνεσθαι</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Afhsi%5C">Φησὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="pezh%3D%7C">πεζῇ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parali%2Fan">παραλίαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29iapugi%2Fas">Ἰαπυγίας</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="porqmou%3D">πορθμοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fwn">τρισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>, <w lemma="klu%2Fzesqai">κλύζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Asikelikw%3D%7C">Σικελικῷ</w> <w lemma="pela%2Fgei">πελάγει</w>, <w lemma="ple%2Fonti">πλέοντι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fwn">πεντακοσίων</w> <w lemma="de%2Fousan">δέουσαν</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Ath%3Ds">Τῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhni%2Fas">Τυρρηνίας</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai%2F">εἶναί</w> <w lemma="fasi">φασι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parali%2Fan">παραλίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Alou%2Fnhs">Λούνης</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="%2A%29wsti%2Fwn">Ὠστίων</w> <w lemma="disxili%2Fwn">δισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="pou">που</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakosi%2Fwn">πεντακοσίων</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn:">σταδίων·</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftos">πλάτος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%2Fsous">ἡμίσους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flatton">ἔλαττον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fresin">ὄρεσιν</w>. <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="%2Api%2Fsas">Πίσας</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Alou%2Fnhs">Λούνης</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="tetrakosi%2Fwn">τετρακοσίων</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w> <w lemma="ei%29si%2Fn">εἰσίν</w>, <w lemma="e%29nteu%3Dqen">ἐντεῦθεν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29olate%2Frras">Οὐολατέρρας</w> <w lemma="diako%2Fsioi">διακόσιοι</w> <w lemma="o%29gdoh%2Fkonta">ὀγδοήκοντα</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29nqe%2Fnde">ἐνθένδε</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Apoplw%2Fnion">Ποπλώνιον</w> <w lemma="diako%2Fsioi">διακόσιοι</w> <w lemma="e%28bdomh%2Fkonta">ἑβδομήκοντα</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Apoplwni%2Fou">Ποπλωνίου</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Ako%2Fsan">Κόσαν</w> <w lemma="e%29ggu%5Cs">ἐγγὺς</w> <w lemma="o%29ktako%2Fsioi">ὀκτακόσιοι</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="e%28cako%2Fsioi%2F">ἑξακόσιοί</w> <w lemma="fasi">φασι</w>. <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="eu%29%3D">εὖ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="triakosi%2Fous">τριακοσίους</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgei">λέγει</w>. — <w lemma="%2Aai%29qa%2Flh">Αἰθάλη</w>, <w lemma="nh%3Dsos">νῆσος</w> <w lemma="%2Aturshnw%3Dn">Τυρσηνῶν</w> .

<w lemma=""></w> <gap /><w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="triakosth%3D%7C">τριακοστῇ</w> <w lemma="teta%2Frth%7C">τετάρτῃ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgei">λέγει</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29qa%2Fleian">Αἰθάλειαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Alh%3Dmnon">Λῆμνον</w> <w lemma="kalei%3Dsqai">καλεῖσθαι</w>. — <w lemma="%2Akalou%3Dsi">Καλοῦσι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akrath%3Dra">Κρατῆρα</w>,

<w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Amishnou%3D">Μισηνοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqhnai%2Fou">Ἀθηναίου</w>, <w lemma="duei%3Dn">δυεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29krwthri%2Fwn">ἀκρωτηρίων</w>, <w lemma="kolpou%2Fmenon">κολπούμενον</w>. <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29%7Co%2Fnwn">ᾐόνων</w> <w lemma="%2Akampani%2Fa">Καμπανία</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsa">πᾶσα</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fdrutai">ἵδρυται</w>, <w lemma="pedi%2Fon">πεδίον</w> <w lemma="eu%29daimone%2Fstaton">εὐδαιμονέστατον</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fntwn">ἁπάντων</w> .

<w lemma=""></w> <gap /><w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxos">Ἀντίοχος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="%2A%29opikou%5Cs">Ὀπικοὺς</w> <w lemma="oi%29kh%3Dsai">οἰκῆσαι</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aau%29%2Fsonas">Αὔσονας</w> <w lemma="kalei%3Dsqai">καλεῖσθαι</w>.

<w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29mfai%2Fnei">ἐμφαίνει</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnh">ἔθνη</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fzwn">νομίζων</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta:">ταῦτα·</w> <w lemma="%2A%29opikou%5Cs">Ὀπικοὺς</w> <w lemma="ga%2Fr">γάρ</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aau%29%2Fsonas">Αὔσονας</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%3Dn">οἰκεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akrath%3Dra">Κρατῆρα</w>. — <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29iapugi%2Fas">Ἰαπυγίας</w> <w lemma="memilia%2Fsqai">μεμιλιάσθαι</w> <w lemma="fhsi%2F">φησί</w>,

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="mi%2Flia">μίλια</w> <w lemma="pentako%2Fsia">πεντακόσια</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%2Fkonta">ἑξήκοντα</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> ?<w lemma="si%2Flan">σίλαν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29nteu%3Dqen">ἐντεῦθεν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29akulhi%2Fan">Ἀκυληίαν</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="e%28bdomh%2Fkonta">ἑβδομήκοντα</w> <w lemma="o%29ktw%2F">ὀκτώ</w>. — <w lemma="%2Ameta%5C">Μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Alaki%2Fnion">Λακίνιον</w>,

<w lemma="%2A%28%2Fhras">Ἥρας</w> <w lemma="i%28ero%2Fn">ἱερόν</w>, <w lemma="plou%2Fsio%2Fn">πλούσιόν</w> <w lemma="pote">ποτε</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frcan">ὑπάρξαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29naqhma%2Ftwn">ἀναθημάτων</w> <w lemma="mesto%2Fn">μεστόν</w>.

<w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Frmata">διάρματα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="eu%29krinw%3Ds">εὐκρινῶς</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgetai:">λέγεται·</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fs">ὥς</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="porqmou%3D">πορθμοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="%2Alakini%2Fou">Λακινίου</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="a%29podi%2Fdwsi">ἀποδίδωσι</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="triakosi%2Fous">τριακοσίους</w>,

<w lemma="e%29nteu%3Dqen">ἐντεῦθεν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="di%2Farma">δίαρμα</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkran">ἄκραν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29iapugi%2Fan">Ἰαπυγίαν</w> <w lemma="e%28ptakosi%2Fous">ἑπτακοσίους</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="triw%3Dn">τριῶν</w> <w lemma="krath%2Frwn">κρατήρων</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="katerruhke%2Fnai">κατερρυηκέναι</w> <w lemma="fhsi%5Cn">φησὶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="summe%2Fnein:">συμμένειν·</w>

<w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="xei%3Dlos">χεῖλος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="perifere%5Cs">περιφερὲς</w> <w lemma="o%29%5Cn">ὂν</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fnte">πέντε</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>, <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgon">ὀλίγον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fgesqai">συνάγεσθαι</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="penth%2Fkonta">πεντήκοντα</w> <w lemma="podw%3Dn">ποδῶν</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fmetron:">διάμετρον·</w>

<w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqos">βάθος</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w> <w lemma="stadiai%3Don">σταδιαῖον</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="kaqora%3Dn">καθορᾶν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="nhnemi%2Fais">νηνεμίαις</w>. [<w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dt%27">ταῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="pista%2F">πιστά</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29pisthte%2Fon">ἀπιστητέον</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsws">ἴσως</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29empedokle%2Fous">Ἐμπεδοκλέους</w> <w lemma="muqologhqei%3Dsin">μυθολογηθεῖσιν</w>.

] <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="no%2Ftos">νότος</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllh%7C">μέλλῃ</w> <w lemma="pnei%3Dn">πνεῖν</w>, <w lemma="a%29xlu%5Cn">ἀχλὺν</w> <w lemma="o%28mixlw%2Fdh">ὁμιχλώδη</w> <w lemma="kataxei%3Dsqai">καταχεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="ku%2Fklw%7C">κύκλῳ</w> <w lemma="fhsi%5C">φησὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nhsi%3Ddos">νησῖδος</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mhde%5C">μηδὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fan">Σικελίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fpwqen">ἄπωθεν</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnesqai:">φαίνεσθαι·</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="bore%2Fas">βορέας</w>,

<w lemma="flo%2Fgas">φλόγας</w> <w lemma="kaqara%5Cs">καθαρὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="lexqe%2Fntos">λεχθέντος</w> <w lemma="krath%3Dros">κρατῆρος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fyos">ὕψος</w> <w lemma="e%29cai%2Fresqai">ἐξαίρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="bro%2Fmous">βρόμους</w> <w lemma="e%29kpe%2Fmpesqai">ἐκπέμπεσθαι</w> <w lemma="mei%2Fzous:">μείζους·</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ze%2Ffuron">ζέφυρον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fshn">μέσην</w> <w lemma="tina%5C">τινὰ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcin">τάξιν</w>.

<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="krath%3Dras">κρατῆρας</w> <w lemma="o%28moeidei%3Ds">ὁμοειδεῖς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w>, <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fa%7C">βίᾳ</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fpesqai">λείπεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nafushma%2Ftwn:">ἀναφυσημάτων·</w>

<w lemma="e%29%2Fk">ἔκ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="diafora%3Ds">διαφορᾶς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="bro%2Fmwn">βρόμων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fqen">πόθεν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frxetai">ἄρχεται</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="a%29nafush%2Fmata">ἀναφυσήματα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="flo%2Fges">φλόγες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="lignu%2Fes">λιγνύες</w> <w lemma="proshmai%2Fnesqai">προσημαίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fthn">τρίτην</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllonta">μέλλοντα</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnemon">ἄνεμον</w> <w lemma="pnei%3Dn">πνεῖν</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="gou%3Dn">γοῦν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Alipa%2Frais">Λιπάραις</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="a%29ploi%2Fas">ἀπλοίας</w> <w lemma="proeipei%3Dn">προειπεῖν</w> <w lemma="tina%2Fs">τινάς</w> <w lemma="fhsi">φησι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29so%2Fmenon">ἐσόμενον</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnemon">ἄνεμον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="diayeu%2Fsasqai">διαψεύσασθαι</w>.

<w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="muqwde%2Fstaton">μυθωδέστατον</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dn">δοκοῦν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%3Dsqai">εἰρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="poihth%3D%7C">ποιητῇ</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fthn">μάτην</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnesqai">φαίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="lexqe%2Fn">λεχθέν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ai%29nicame%2Fnou">αἰνιξαμένου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29lh%2Fqeian">ἀλήθειαν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="fh%3D%7C">φῇ</w> <w lemma="tami%2Fan">ταμίαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29ne%2Fmwn">ἀνέμων</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29%2Folon">Αἴολον</w>.

<head>VII. On Italy</head>Polybius says that the wine made in Capua from trellised vines is particularly good and no other can be compared with it.

Polybius says the coast from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iapygia&groupId=642&placeId=1176">Iapygia</a> to the straits measures by road three thousand stades and is washed by the Sicilian sea. By sea the distance is less than five hundred stades.

The extreme length of the coast of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> they say from Luna to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ostia&groupId=822&placeId=1483">Ostia</a> is 2500 stades, the extreme breadth near the hills is less than half this. It is more than 400 stades from Luna to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a>, from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a> to Volaterra 280 stades and from there to Populonia 270. From Populonia to Cosa it is nearly 800 or as some say 600. Polybius is wrong in giving the whole length as 1330 stades.

Aethale, an island off <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>. Polybius in his Thirty-Fourth Book says that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lemnos&groupId=676&placeId=1237">Lemnos</a> was called Aethaleia.

They call the bay which is formed by the two capes, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Misenum&groupId=772&placeId=1398">Misenum</a> and the temple of Minerva, the "Crater." Above this coast lies the whole of Campania, the most fertile of all plains.

Antiochus says this region was inhabited by the Opici, who were also called Ausones.

Polybius, however, evidently regards them as two nations, for he says that this region near the Crater is inhabited by Opici and Ausones.

Polybius says that from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iapygia&groupId=642&placeId=1176">Iapygia</a> the road has milestones. It is 560 miles to Sila (?), and from there to Aquileia 178.

After these capes comes the Lacinium, the temple of Juno, once very rich and full of numerous offerings.

The distances are not stated exactly. Polybius, however, speaking roughly, gives the distance from the Straits to the Lacinium as 1300 stades

and from thence to the headland of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iapygia&groupId=642&placeId=1176">Iapygia</a> as 700.

Of the three craters of the Holy Island of Vulcan Polybius says one has partly collapsed, but the others are entire.

The edge of the largest is circular and is five stades in circumference. It gradually contracts to a diameter of fifty feet.

At this spot the height straight down to the sea is one stade, so that in calm weather the sea is visible.

When the south wind is going to blow, a thick haze gathers all round the island so that not even <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> is visible; but when the north wind is going to blow clear flames spring up to some height from the crater I was speaking of and louder rumblings than usual issue from it. The signs foretelling a west wind are half way between the two.

The other craters are similar, but the force of their discharge is less.

And he states that from the difference of the rumblings, and from the direction from which the discharges and the smoke and flame come, one can foretell from what quarter the wind will blow even three days later.

At least some of the people in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lipara&groupId=692&placeId=1266">Lipara</a>, he says, when wind-bound, foretold what wind would blow and were not wrong.

So that what seems to us Homer's most mythical statement, when he calls Aeolus the dispenser of the winds, was not quite an idle tale, but darkly hinted at the truth.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

34.11.1 - 34.11.1

The wine of Capua. This fragment probably comes from one of the narrative books, e.g. book vii (cf. vii. 1. 1 on the fertility and consequent luxury of the area); see p. 568. The passage is from Athen. i. 31 D, and there is no reason to assign it to book xxxiv. Capuan wines were inferior to Falernian, but of high repute; cf. Pliny, Nat. hist. xiv. 69. The vines were trained up trees <w lang="el-GR">(ἀναδενδρίτης)</w> planted in rows in a field; cf. Pliny, Nat. hist. xiv. 10, 49; Nissen, It. Land. i. 453, ii. 702. For a Roman vineyard discovered in the wrongly named foro boario at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pompeii&groupId=1092&placeId=1916">Pompeii</a> see Wilhelmina F. Jashemski, AJA, 1973, 27–41; here the vines were trained to stakes by a method known as vitis compluuiata, and not to trees.

34.11.2 - 34.11.3

= Strabo, v. 1. 3, C. 211 (11. 2) and v. 2. 5, C. 222 (11. 3). These passages are probably from the chorographia of Europe; they should follow ch. 7 or 10. 6–7, if that stood there (see p. 567).

34.11.4 - 34.11.4

= Steph. Byz. s.v. <w lang="el-GR">Αἰθάλη</w>. Aethale is Ilva, modern Elba; the word <w lang="el-GR">αἴθαλος , αἰθὰλη</w> means 'soot, smoke' and the proper name is derived from iron-working. In what context P. mentioned <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lemnos&groupId=676&placeId=1237">Lemnos</a> is unknown; he may not have linked it with Elba, either, though this is likely. There are two possible connections between the two islands, one the iron-working common to both, the other the association with the Etruscans; cf. Hellanicus, FGH, 4 F 71 for both; Fredrich, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lemnos&groupId=676&placeId=1237">Lemnos</a>', cols. 1928–30. There is no evidence that P. discussed the Etruscan problem, here or elsewhere; but he may have mentioned the alternative name of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lemnos&groupId=676&placeId=1237">Lemnos</a> in relation to its iron-working. Stephanus adds the words: <w lang="el-GR">ἀφ᾽ ἦς ὁ Γλαῦκος, εἷς τῶν τὴν κόλλησιν</w> (soldering) <w lang="el-GR">σιδήρου εὑρόντων</w> ; but whether P. mentioned this unidentified Glaucus (cf. C. Robert, RE, 'Glaukos (49)', col. 1423) is unknown. He was clearly connected with iron-working. In what part of book xxxiv P. mentioned <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lemnos&groupId=676&placeId=1237">Lemnos</a> we cannot say; but even if it was linked with Elba, it need not have occurred in a section on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>.

34.11.5 - 34.11.7

= Strabo, v. 4. 3, C. 242. The inhabitants of Campania. The relevant part of P. may well have been in one of the narrative books, perhaps (cf. § 1 n.) book vii. Strabo quotes P. only for the names of the peoples. The area concerned is the Bay of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Naples&groupId=785&placeId=1422">Naples</a> between Capo Miseno to the north and Punta della Campanella at the end of the Sorrentine peninsula to the south; on its fertility see vii. 1. 1 n.

34.11.8 - 34.11.8

= Strabo, vi. 3. 10, C. 285. Distances along the Adriatic. The rele- <milestone unit="page" n="618">[618]</milestone> vant passage of P. probably occurred in his account of the configuration of Europe. See pp. 567, 569. For the Iapygian promontory see § 2 n. <w lang="el-GR">Σίλαν</w> is corrupt, and various emendations include <w lang="el-GR">Σπίναν</w> (Tyrwhitt) and <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Κ</w></emph> <w lang="el-GR">αισήναν</w> (Groskurd); but the most probable is Cluver's <w lang="el-GR">Σήναν</w> (see the apparatus criticus in Bttner-Wobst). However, 562 m.p. from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iapygia&groupId=642&placeId=1176">Iapygia</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica and 178 m.p. from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica to Aquileia do not correspond to the real figures, and Cuntz, 28–31, argues that though <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> stood in P.'s text, the actual measurements are to the Rubicon (cf. ii. 19. 13 n., iii. 61. 11 n.), which was already the frontier of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> before 132 (cf. Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', col. 1582). Cuntz's figures for the separate sections are calculated from those given in the Antonine Itinerary and the Peutinger map, adjusted on the basis of measurement along a direct line where these are too high or too low or inconsistent. This gives him c. 501 m.p. for the section IapygiaSena Gallica and c. 239 m.p. for the section <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a>–Aquileia; but his totals have clearly been adjusted to make the whole add up to 740 m.p., the distance in P., who however divides it differently. Cuntz's figures are reasonable (though Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', cols. 1587–8 map, makes Aquileia–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica 259 m.p.), and his explanation of the discrepancy in P. (accepting the probable correction of <w lang="el-GR">Σίλαν</w> to <w lang="el-GR">Σήναν</w> ) is plausible, since the It. Ant. and the Peut. Tab. agree in giving the 61 m.p. which his hypothesis requires for the section <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica–Rubicon. (Paton prints 560 in error for 562 for the section <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iapygia&groupId=642&placeId=1176">Iapygia</a>–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a>.) Strabo next gives a distance of over 6,000 stades from the Acroceraunian mountains to the recess of the Adriatic, a longer stretch than that from the Iapygian promontory to Aquileia, although, he adds, it is really shorter. But his sentence has no main verb, and it is not clear to what authorities he is referring. In fact, 6,000 stades is only shorter than 740 m.p. on the 1:8 ratio; hence it is unlikely that P. is among those referred to, since with his ratio of 1:8 6,000 stades comes to only 720 m.p. For P.'s measurements up the east coast of the Adriatic see 6. 10–11 nn.

34.11.9 - 34.11.11

= Strabo, vi. 1. 11, C. 261. Distances along the southern coast of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>. Like § 8 this will come from the general account of Europe; see pp. 567–9. For the Lacinian promontory and temple see iii. 33. 18 n. For the distance from the Straits of Messina to the Iapygian promontory see § 2, where however P. makes the sailing distance 2,500 stades. But that did not incorporate the shortest distance from Capo delle Colonne to Capo S. Maria di Luca, which is here given as 700 stades = 84 m.p., a figure only a mile or two short of the real one. From the Straits to Capo delle Colonne is also c. 1,300 stades, which supports the emendation of the manuscript <w lang="el-GR">δισχιλίους</w> to <w lang="el-GR">χιλίους</w>. <milestone unit="page" n="619">[619]</milestone>

34.11.12 - 34.11.20

= Strabo, vi. 2. 10, C. 276. Weather signals above Thermessa in the Lipari Islands. This passage links up with P.'s discussion of the location and rational explanation of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' voyages and adventures, which followed his account of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>; see pp. 567 and 569. Hence it should stand after 2–4 (extended), which in turn follows ch. 9.

Specifics

34.11.2 - 34.11.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπὸ Ἰαπυγίας μέχρι πορθμοῦ</w>:</emph> i.e. from the promunturium Iapygium (or Sallentinum), modern Capo S. Maria di Luca at the southeastern tip of Calabria (modern Apulia) (cf. ii. 14. 5 n., x. 1. 8 n.) to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhegium&groupId=927&placeId=1659">Rhegium</a>. The coastal road via Tarentum, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Metapontum&groupId=763&placeId=1383">Metapontum</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraclea&groupId=624&placeId=1147">Heraclea</a>, Thurii, Petelia, Croton, Scylacium, Caulonia, Locri, and past the <milestone unit="page" n="615">[615]</milestone> Promontory of Hercules (C. Spartivento) to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhegium&groupId=927&placeId=1659">Rhegium</a> and the promontory of Scylla is about 380 miles (c. 605 km.). 3,000 stades = c. 335 miles is rather an underestimate. The direct route by sea is c. 230 miles (c. 340 km.), saving about 150 miles; but that would imply sailing direct from the Iapygian to the Lacinian Promontory, whereas P. is probably thinking of a voyage keeping nearer the shore. Paton mistranslates the words <w lang="el-GR">πλέοντι. . .δέουσαν</w> to make nonsense of the passage. On the Sicilian sea cf. i. 42. 4 n.

34.11.3 - 34.11.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπό Λούνης μέχρι Ὠστίων</w>:</emph> Luna (modern Luni) stood on the left bank of the river Macra (modern Magra) near Carrara, and on the border between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Liguria&groupId=689&placeId=1259">Liguria</a>. Strabo, in this same section, puts Luna on the right bank of the Macra, incorrectly, and makes <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a> the first city in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (cf. ii. 16. 2). Luna was founded as a Roman colony in 177 (Livy, xli. 13. 5; see Wickert, RE, 'Luna (1)', cols. 1804–12); Toynbee, ii. 533–40. On <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ostia&groupId=822&placeId=1483">Ostia</a> see vi. 11 a 6 n., xxxi. 14. 7 n. The route between them, following the Via Aurelia (which starts however at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>) to Salebro, and the Via Aemilia Scauri from Salebro through <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a> to Luna, comes to 242 m.p.; cf. Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', cols. 1619–22. Strabo's 2,500 stades (312.5 m.p. at 8 stades to the Roman mile) is 70 m.p. too much. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πλάτος δὲ. . .τὸ πρὸς τοῖς ὄρεσιν</w>:</emph> Strabo, v. 2. 9, C. 226, describes Arretium as <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς τοῖς ὄρεσιν</w>,, and he may be reckoning the breadth of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> thereabouts. A line from Populonia to the hills behind Arretium would measure c. 85 m.p. compared with the 145 m.p. (i.e. less than half 2,500 stades) given by P. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς. . .Πίσας ἀπὸ Λούνης</w>:</emph> on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a> see ii. 16. 2 n. The Peutinger table makes the distance from Luna to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a> 37 m.p., and the Antonine Itinerary 23 m.p. (but this has to be corrected to 33 m.p.); 37 m.p. is 308 stades at 8 stades to the Roman mile (cf. Radke, RE, Suppl.-B., xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', col. 1621). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐντεῦθεν δ᾽εἰς Οὐολαττέρας</w>:</emph> Volaterra was c. 40 km. from the coast (on the modern road), on a hill 554 m. high (cf. Radke, RE, 'Volaterrae', cols. 721–40; Scullard, Etruscan cities, 146–51), and cannot have figured in the coastal calculation (cf. Cuntz, 23). The reference must be to Vada Volaterrana on the Via Aemilia Scauri; and Cuntz would read <w lang="el-GR">ἐντεῦθεν δ᾽εἰς Οὐάδα τὰ κατὰ</w> <emph rend="bold" /> <w lang="el-GR">Οὐολαττέρας</w> . Vada Volaterrana has been variously located: at Cecina (Hlsen), Vada (Banti), and S. Pietro in Palazzi (Radke): see Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', col. 1622; Banti, RE, 'Vada Volaterrana', cols. 2050–1; Hlsen, RE, 'Caecina (1)', col. 1236. Radke's figures (cf. RE, 'Volaterrae', cols. 738–40) fit the itineraries best. From <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a> to Vada is 32 m.p. (29 m.p. in the It. Ant.), which at 8 stades to the Roman mile is 266 stades (compared with Strabo's 280 stades). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐνθένδε εἰς Ποπλώνιον</w>:</emph> Populonia stood on a headland opposite Elba about 9 km. north of Piombino; see Radke, RE, 'Populonia', <milestone unit="page" n="616">[616]</milestone> cols. 91–95; Scullard, Etruscan cities, 141–5. Different manuscripts of the Antonine Itinerary give 22 or 25 m.p. for the distance between Vada Volaterrana and Populonia; the Peutinger table gives 20 m.p. The equivalents are 208, 183, and 166 stades, at 8 stades to the Roman mile, compared with Strabo's 270 stadesfar too large a figure. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ δὲ Ποπλωνίου εἰς Κόσαν</w>:</emph> Cosa was a Latin colony founded on the Etruscan coast at Ansedonia, east of Mt. Argentario, in 173 (see Salmon, Colonization, 28–39); it lay on the Via Aurelia. The It. Ant. puts its distance from Populonia as 55 m.p., but the real figure is 16 m.p. more. The 63 m.p. of the Peutinger map is also too small. See Cuntz, 23; Radke, RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', cols. 1619–22. The real total of 71 m.p. is 591 stades (using the 8 ratio), whereas Strabo records it as 600 or nearly 800. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Πολύβιος δ᾽ οὐκ εὖ καὶ. . .λέγει</w>:</emph> the manuscript has <w lang="el-GR">οὐκ εἶναι</w>, but Meineke's correction has been rightly accepted. In fact a table shows that Strabo has criticized P. unjustly. The calculated figures are those of Radke (RE, Suppl.-B. xiii, 'Viae publicae Romanae', cols. 1619–22; RE, 'Volaterrae', cols. 738–40) and are based on a combination of evidence: a milestone (A.D. 143) at 188 m.p. from the porta Aurelia at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, the recorded distance of 800 stades = 100 m.p. from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (Diod. iv. 56), the evidence of the It. Ant. and the Peut. Tab., and P.'s figure here. Both the It. Ant. and the Peut. Tab. seriously underestimate the section Populonia–Cosa; and for the section <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a>–Vada the figure in the Peut. Tab. is not clear, so I have there added in the calculated figure. I use the 1:8 ratio for converting stades, P.'s ratio; Strabo probably used 1:8. <table cols="8" rows="7"> <row> <cell /> <cell>It. Ant</cell> <cell>Tab. Peut</cell> <cell>Calculated</cell> <cell>Strabo</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>m.p</cell> <cell>Stades</cell> <cell>m.p</cell> <cell>stades</cell> <cell>m.p</cell> <cell>stades</cell> <cell>stades</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Luna–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a></cell> <cell>33</cell> <cell>275</cell> <cell>37</cell> <cell>308</cell> <cell>37</cell> <cell>308</cell> <cell>400+</cell> </row> <row> <cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisa&groupId=904&placeId=1625">Pisa</a>–Vada Volaterrana</cell> <cell>29</cell> <cell>241</cell> <cell>[32</cell> <cell>266]</cell> <cell>32</cell> <cell>266</cell> <cell>280</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Vada–Populonia</cell> <cell>22or25</cell> <cell>183or208</cell> <cell>20</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell>20</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell>270</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Populonia–Cosa</cell> <cell>55</cell> <cell>458</cell> <cell>63</cell> <cell>525</cell> <cell>71</cell> <cell>591</cell> <cell>600 or nearly 800</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell /> <cell>1,158 or1,183</cell> <cell /> <cell>1,266</cell> <cell /> <cell>1,333</cell> <cell>1,550 or 1,750</cell> </row> </table> These figures show that P.'s total of 1,330 stades for the section Luna–Cosa is very near the real distance, whereas Strabo's is much too high. By omitting the section <w lang="el-GR">πλὰτος δὲ. . .ἑξακό?σιοί φασι</w>, Hultsch gives the absurd impression that P.'s figure of 1,330 stades was for the whole distance from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ostia&groupId=822&placeId=1483">Ostia</a> to Luna. See also Cuntz, 22–23. <milestone unit="page" n="617">[617]</milestone>

34.11.7 - 34.11.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ὀπικοὺς. . .καὶ Αὔσονας</w>:</emph> the Opici (probably an form of O(b)sci) were in Campania when the Chalcidian Greeks arrived there in the eighth century; but the tradition that they were there as early as the eleventh century (Thuc. vi. 2. 3–4) is unlikely. When the Sabellian peoples entered Campania in the late fifth century, the term Oscan survived as the name by which the Romans designated the incomers' language. Greek sources often mention the Ausones as the autochthonous inhabitants of southern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (cf. Dion. Hal. i. 22. 3); they are probably identical with the Aurunci (cf. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. vii. 727). The Aurunci are found in the coastal area between the Volturnus and the Liris (cf. Hlsen, RE, 'Aurunci', col. 2554; Nissen, It. Land. i. 531–2). That the Ausonians and Opicans were the same people was held not only by Antiochus of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syracuse&groupId=994&placeId=1753">Syracuse</a> (§ 6 = FGH, 555 F 7) in the fifth century, but also by Aristotle (Pol. iv (vii). 10. 1329 b 19), who probably followed him. But Hellanicus rejected this, for he described the migration of the Ausonians to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> (FGH, 4 F 79). See also 15. 4 for the Ausonian sea. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν χώραν. . . περὶ τὸν Κρατῆρα</w>:</emph> the name (cf. Cic. ad Att. ii. 8. 2, Cratera illum delicatum) derives from the shape of the Bay of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Naples&groupId=785&placeId=1422">Naples</a>, resembling a mixing-bowl or cup; cf. Nissen, It. Land. ii. 719.

34.11.12 - 34.11.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν τριῶν κρατήρων</w>:</emph> on the island of Thermessa<w lang="el-GR">ἣν νῦν ἱερὰν Ἡφαίστου καλοῦσι</w>. Strabo has just described the three funnels through which red-hot volcanic matter is thrown up and mentioned with approval the belief that both here and on Etna flames are stimulated along with the winds and that when the winds cease, the flames cease tooa fact perhaps taken from P., whose account he goes on to mention; it is a detailed analysis of the relationship between the action of the volcano and various winds, cf. §§ 15–18. Thermessa (mod. Vulcano) is the most southerly of the Lipari Islands; it was also called Therasia (Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 93), but more often the holy island of Vulcan (Diod. v. 7. 1; Ptol. Geog. iii. 4. 8). There had been a notable eruption in 183 (Oros. iv. 20. 30). On the island see Nissen, It. Land. i. 250–1; Weiss, RE, 'Hiera (8)', col. 1397.

34.11.13 - 34.11.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατ᾽ ὀλίγον. . .συνάγεσθαι</w>:</emph> P. is describing a cone which has grown up within the rim marking the edge of an earlier caldera. 'Explosive central eruptions of great violence, by blowing off the upper parts of volcano cones, give rise to huge craters called calderas. . . . If the upper part of a cone has acquired a greatly enlarged crater by explosion and collapse, a new cone or cones may be built up from this caldera' (A. McGregor, Chambers's Encyclopaedia, xiv. 368–9 s.v. 'Volcano'). The rim of the earlier explosion was 5 stades in circumference and the new cone rising within this was 50 ft. wide at the top, at which point it was c. 1,300–1,350 ft. above sea level. Today the Gran Cratere on Vulcano has an altitude of 386 m. and Mt. Aria to the south of 499 m.

34.11.14 - 34.11.14

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὥστε καθορᾶν ταῖς νηνεμίαις</w>:</emph> 'so that it can be seen in calm weather'; the object of <w lang="el-GR">καθορᾶν</w> may be either the sea or the top of the cone.

34.11.15 - 34.11.15

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μηδὲ τὴν Σικελίαν. . .φαίνεσθαι</w>:</emph> the nearest point in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> is c. 20 km. from the southern tip of Vulcano. Paton does not translate <w lang="el-GR">ἄπωθεν</w>, 'in the distance'.

34.11.18 - 34.11.18

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀναφυσήματα</w>:</emph> 'volcanic discharges, eruptions'; the word is common in the Peripatetic tradition (cf. Arist. de mundo, 4. 395 a 8, 396 a 21; Meteor. ii. 8. 367 a 15; Ps.-Arist. Ausc. mir. 105. 840 a 3). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">προσημαίνεσθαι καὶ τὸν πάλιν. . .μέλλοντα ἄνεμον πνεῖν</w>:</emph> the connection between massing cloud and increase in volcanic phenomena and the subsequent blowing of specific winds seems primarily to rest on local observation; but this kind of association of winds with earth disturbances was a feature of the speculation of various philosophical schools. Aristotle, Meteor. ii. 8. 365 b 21 ff. explains earth- <milestone unit="page" n="620">[620]</milestone> quakes as due to the building up of wind both inside and outside the earth as a result of exhalations from it <w lang="el-GR">(ἀναθυμίασις)</w>; winds may blow into or out of the earth, and when they blow in (producing a calm above) earthquakes are most likely to occur (cf. Capelle, RE, Suppl.-B. iv, 'Erdbebenforschung', cols. 367 ff.). Aristotle goes on to mention Hiera in the Aeolian Islands, where an earthquake ended in a volcanic eruption depositing much debris, which smothered the town of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lipara&groupId=692&placeId=1266">Lipara</a> (Meteor. ii. 8. 366 b 31–367 a 9); he adds: <w lang="el-GR">ὅταν γὰρ ἄνεμος μέλλῃ πνευσεῖσθαι νότος, προσημαίνει πρότερον</w> <emph rend="italics">\?\</emph> <w lang="el-GR">ἤχουσι γὰρ οὶ τόποι ἐξ ὧν γίγνεται τὰ ἀναφυσήματα, διὰ τὸ τὴν θάλατταν μὲν προωθεῖσθαι ἤδη πόρρωθεν, ὑπὸ δὲ ταύτης τὸ ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἀναφυσώμενον ἀπωθεῖσθαι πάλιν εἴσω, ᾗπερ ἐπέρχεται ἡ θάλαττα ταύτῃ. ποιεῖ δὲ Ψμόφον ἄνευ σεισμοῦ διά τε τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν τῶν τόπων . . . καὶ δι᾽ ὀλιγότητα τοῦ ἀπωθουμένου ἀέρος</w> . This account differs from P.'s in that it connects rumbling with the south wind rather than the north; but it is clearly concerned with similar phenomena. Lucretius, vi. 680–702, also explains the eruption of Etna in terms of hot wind and the penetration of water from the sea; cf. Epicurus, Epist. ad Pythoclem, § 106; Iustin. iv. 1. 2–15. Whether or no Poseidonius is an intermediary (so Ernout–Robin, comm. on Lucretius), these speculations all probably go back to the pre-Socratics. In the passages mentioned by Strabo P. does not go into the theory behind the phenomena, and there is no evidence that he was familiar with the Meteorologica, which was little known in Hellenistic times (cf. I. Dhring, Aristoteles: Darstellung und Interpretation seines Denkens (Heidelberg, 1966), 390). His interest of course at this point was more in the link between volcanic phenomena and winds, which enabled 'Aeolus' to foretell the weather to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>, than in understanding the theoretical basis of such a link. For haze on the mountain as a sign of wind see [Theoph.] de signis, i. 3, ii. 34. On the whole, observation of clouds does not figure greatly in the prognostication of wind and weather (cf. Böker, RE, Suppl.-B. ix. 'Wetterzeichen', cols. 1645–6).

34.11.19 - 34.11.19

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">γενομένης ἀπλοίας προειπεῖν . . . τὸν ἐσόμενον</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἄνεμον</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold">:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">ἄνεμον</w> is Casaubon's suggestion based on the reading in the epitome of Strabo (iii. 494 extr. Kramer), and fits the required sense. Schweighaeuser ad loc. suggests <w lang="el-GR">ἀπνοίας</w> and 〈<w lang="el-GR">σεισμόν</w>〉 after <w lang="el-GR">ἐσόμενον</w> and quotes Arist. Meteor. ii. 8. 366 a 5–6, <w lang="el-GR">διὸ γίγνονται νηνεμίᾳ οἱ πλεῖστοι καὶ μέγιστοι τῶν σεισμῶν</w> . But P. is concerned with winds (§ 20), not earthquakes. His remark here suggests that he had personally been becalmed at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lipara&groupId=692&placeId=1266">Lipara</a> and experienced what he describes.

34.11.20 - 34.11.20

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ταμίαν τῶν ἀνέμων τὸν Αἴολον</w>:</emph> cf. 2. 5 n.

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