Polybius, Histories
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Book 32 - Chapter 9

1
<head lang="la">C. Olymp. 155, 3. I. Res Italiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29issi%2Fwn">Ἰσσίων</w> <w lemma="pleona%2Fkis">πλεονάκις</w> <w lemma="pepresbeuko%2Ftwn">πεπρεσβευκότων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diasafou%2Fntwn">διασαφούντων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Adelmatei%3Ds">Δελματεῖς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="a%29dikou%3Dsi">ἀδικοῦσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="met%27">μετ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tattome%2Fnas:">ταττομένας·</w>
2
<w lemma="au%28%3Dtai">αὗται</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29si%5Cn">εἰσὶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29epe%2Ftion">Ἐπέτιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Atragu%2Frion:">Τραγύριον·</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Adaorsw%3Dn">Δαορσῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29gkalou%2Fntwn">ἐγκαλούντων</w>,
3
<w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilen">ἐξαπέστειλεν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aga%2Fion">Γάιον</w> <w lemma="%2Afa%2Fnnion">Φάννιον</w> <w lemma="e%29popteu%2Fsontas">ἐποπτεύσοντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuri%2Fda">Ἰλλυρίδα</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Adelmatei%3Ds">Δελματεῖς</w>.
4
<w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w>, <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fzh">ἔζη</w> <w lemma="%2Apleura%3Dtos">Πλευρᾶτος</w>, <w lemma="u%28ph%2Fkouon">ὑπήκουον</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnw%7C:">ἐκείνῳ·</w> <w lemma="metalla%2Fcantos">μεταλλάξαντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diadecame%2Fnou">διαδεξαμένου</w> <w lemma="%2Agenqi%2Fou">Γενθίου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="basilei%2Fan">βασιλείαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29posta%2Fntes">ἀποστάντες</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28mo%2Frois">ὁμόροις</w> <w lemma="prosepole%2Fmoun">προσεπολέμουν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katestre%2Ffonto">κατεστρέφοντο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29stugei%2Ftonas">ἀστυγείτονας</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnioi">ἔνιοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fo%2Frous">φόρους</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fferon:">ἔφερον·</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fros">φόρος</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="qre%2Fmmata">θρέμματα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="si%3Dtos">σῖτος</w>.
5
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afa%2Fnnion">Φάννιον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29cw%2Frmhsan">ἐξώρμησαν</w>. —
<head>V. Affairs of Italy</head><head>Mission of Fannius to Dalmatia</head>As the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a> had often sent emissaries to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to complain that the Dalmatians continued to raid their territory and the cities in league with them, Epetium and Tragyrium, and as similar accusations had been brought by the Daorsi, the senate dispatched a commission under Gaius Fannius to inquire into the state of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> and especially into the conduct of the Dalmatians. The latter, as long as Pleuratus lived, submitted to him, but when he died and Genthius succeeded to the throne, revolting from him they took to making war on the tribes on their borders and reduced the neighbouring peoples, some of whom even paid them tribute in the shape of cattle and corn.
This was the object of the mission of Fannius.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
32.9.1 - 32.9.5
<p rend="Plain Text">C. Fannius sent to Dalmatia (158/7)</p> <p rend="Plain Text">This excerpt from de legat. gent. is part of res Italiae of Ol. 155, 3 = 158/7; see p. 38.</p>
Specifics
32.9.1 - 32.9.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἰσσίων . . . πεπρεσβευκότων</w>:</emph> on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a> (mod. Lissa or Vis) see ii. 8. 5 n. Since its deditio in 229 (ii. 11. 12) it will have been technically a Roman amicus; for its naval contribution to Roman wars in the east see Livy, xxxi. 45. 10, xxxii. 21. 27, xxxvii. 16. 8, xlii. 48. 8 (but it is uncertain whether it had a foedus; cf. ii. 11. 12 n.). After the fall of Genthius in 168 (xxix. 13. 2 and following note) L. Anicius announced at Scodra the Illyrian settlement (Livy, xlv. 26. 11–15; above, xxx. 10. 1–2 n.; the date was 167), including the clause: 'non solum liberos, sed etiam immunes fore Issenses et Taulantios, quod incolumi Gentio ad Romanos defecissent' (Livy, xlv. 26. 13). Ceka, Questions, 155–6, would emend Issenses to give a reference to Lissus, in view of coins with the legend <w lang="el-GR">Λισσιταν</w>, which he dates now; this would avoid the assumption that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a> had joined Genthius and then returned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (which Livy, xlv. 26. 13 would imply). See, however, Fluss, RE, Suppl.-B. v, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a>', cols. 348–9; Zippel, 98; and earlier works quoted in Sherk, no. 24 (S. C. de Issaeis (?) of 56 B.C., mentioning Tragurium). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δελματεῖς</w>:</emph> the earliest reference to this Illyrian people, whose territory stretched from the Narenta (Naretva), where they marched with the Daorsi (§ 2), northwards to near the Titius (Krka); Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 139–41; Ptol. Geog. ii. 16; Zippel, 129–30; Patsch, RE, 'Delmatae', cols. 2448–55; Wilkes, Dalmatia, 30 and, for the society and economy of the Dalmatians, 177–91. </p>
32.9.2 - 32.9.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἐπέτιον καὶ Τραγύριον</w>:</emph> Epetium (mod. Stobre; Ptol. Geog. ii. 16. 3) lay about five miles east of Split on the south coast of the Split peninsula; later, under the empire, it fell within the territory of Salona (cf. Patsch, RE, 'Epetium', cols. 2732–3; Wilkes, Dalmatia, 30, 220). <milestone unit="page" n="528">[528]</milestone> Tragurium (mod. Trau or Trogir) lay west of Salona on a peninsula between the mainland and the island of Bavo (mod. iova). Originally Illyrian, both probably received Greek settlements from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a> (cf. Strabo, vii. 5. 5, C. 315, for Tragurium), but how long they had been Issian possessions is obscure. Braun (RE, 'Tragurium', col. 2076), Fluss (RE, Suppl.-B. v, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a>', col. 348) and Patsch (RE 'Epetium', col. 2732) all quote the present passage as evidence that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a> controlled the cities c. 220; this is not a justifiable assumption, and Wilkes (Dalmatia, 30) suggests that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Issa&groupId=653&placeId=1193">Issa</a>'s control was recent, and reflected an effort, under Roman protection, to dominate the trade with the mainland peoples. For a Greek inscription from Tragurium, which may date from the period of Issian control, see Robert, Istros, 1935–6, 18–20. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δαορσῶν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xlv. 26. 14 (167): 'Daorsis quoque immunitatem dare, quod relicto Carauantio cum armis ad Romanos transissent' (cf. Zippel, 84, 98). This Illyrian people had formerly been under the Ardiaean kingdom; they lived near the Narenta, on its left bank (cf. Ptol. Geog. ii. 16. 5; Strabo, vii. 5. 5, C. 315). Inscriptions have the form Dauersi and <w lang="el-GR">Δάρσιοι</w> (Appian) and <w lang="el-GR">Δαόριζοι</w> (Strabo) are also found. Coins have <w lang="el-GR">ΔΑΟΡΣΩΝ</w>; cf. J. Brunmid, Die Inschriften und Mnzen der griechischen Stdte Dalmatiens (Vienna, 1898), 74 f. See Patsch, RE, 'Daversi', cols. 2231–2. </p>
32.9.3 - 32.9.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς περὶ Γάιον Φάννιον</w>:</emph> C. Fannius C.f. C.n. Strabo, cos. 161 (when he had a law passed restricting luxury at table); see Mnzer, RE, 'Fannius (20)', cols. 1994–5. He was evidently sent in spring 157 and returned the same autumn (13. 1–9 n.). For his subsequent activities as legatus see xxxiii. 7. 3, 12. 2, 13. 4. </p>
32.9.4 - 32.9.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μεταλλάξαντος δὲ τούτου</w>:</emph> for Pleuratus' death and Genthius' succession c. 181 see xxviii. 8. 1 n. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">θρέμματα καὶ σῖτος</w>:</emph> according to Strabo (vii. 5. 5, C. 315) the Dalmatians made no use of coined money; and this tribute in corn and cattle would be appropriate to a system of barter (though tribute in kind need not imply this). See Wilkes, Dalmatia, 182. M. Fluss (RE, 'Naro', cols. 1738–9) assumes that the peoples from whom the tribute was exacted included the Ardiaei, and comments on the richness of the Naro valley at that time; but its does not follow that the Ardiaei had become tributary. </p>
32.9.5 - 32.9.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐξώρμησαν</w>:</emph> for Fannius' return the next olympiad year (autumn 157) see 13. 1–9 n. </p>

Commentary