Polybius, Histories
Layout
Translation

Bibliography

(0)
No bibliography content available

Archaeology

Places

Book 31 - Chapter 1

1
<head lang="la">A. Olymp. 154, 1. I. Res Italiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Atebe%2Frios">Τεβέριος</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akammanou%5Cs">Καμμανοὺς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="biasa%2Fmenos">βιασάμενος</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="paralogisa%2Fmenos">παραλογισάμενος</w> <w lemma="u%28phko%2Fous">ὑπηκόους</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhse">ἐποίησε</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>. —
2
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Aei%29s">Εἰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pleio%2Fnwn">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="paragegono%2Ftwn">παραγεγονότων</w> <w lemma="presbeutw%3Dn">πρεσβευτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29xrhma%2Ftisen">ἐχρημάτισεν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fattalon">Ἄτταλον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqh%2Fnaion">Ἀθήναιον</w>.
3
<w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fan">Προυσίαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29nergw%3Ds">ἐνεργῶς</w> <w lemma="kexrh%3Dsqai">κεχρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="diabolai%3Ds">διαβολαῖς</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxon">Ἀντίοχον</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftas">Γαλάτας</w> <w lemma="parwcuke%2Fnai">παρωξυκέναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aselgei%3Ds">Σελγεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="e%28te%2Frous">ἑτέρους</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2Fqesin">ὑπόθεσιν</w>.
4
<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnhs">Εὐμένης</w> <w lemma="e%29capesta%2Flkei">ἐξαπεστάλκει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29delfou%2Fs">ἀδελφούς</w>, <w lemma="a%29pologhsome%2Fnous">ἀπολογησομένους</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29piferome%2Fnas">ἐπιφερομένας</w> <w lemma="diabola%2Fs">διαβολάς</w>.
5
<w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parelqo%2Fntes">παρελθόντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhton">σύγκλητον</w> <w lemma="e%29ndexome%2Fnws">ἐνδεχομένως</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdocan">ἔδοξαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpantas">ἅπαντας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kathgorou%3Dntas">κατηγοροῦντας</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai">ποιήσασθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29pologi%2Fan">ἀπολογίαν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="a%29potriya%2Fmenoi">ἀποτριψάμενοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29piferome%2Fnas">ἐπιφερομένας</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="timhqe%2Fntes">τιμηθέντες</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqon">ἐπανῆλθον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w>.
6
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxon">Ἀντίοχον</w> <w lemma="u%28poyi%2Fas">ὑποψίας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flhgen">ἔληγεν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Aga%2Fion">Γάιον</w> <w lemma="%2Asolpi%2Fkion">Σολπίκιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Fnion">Μάνιον</w> <w lemma="%2Ase%2Frgion">Σέργιον</w> <w lemma="katasth%2Fsasa">καταστήσασα</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fstellen">ἐξαπέστελλεν</w>,
7
<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29popteu%2Fsontas">ἐποπτεύσοντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnas">Ἕλληνας</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Amegalopoli%2Ftais">Μεγαλοπολίταις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fois">Λακεδαιμονίοις</w> <w lemma="dieukrinh%2Fsontas">διευκρινήσοντας</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29ntilegome%2Fnhs">ἀντιλεγομένης</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w>,
8
<w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polupragmonh%2Fsontas">πολυπραγμονήσοντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxon">Ἀντίοχον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w>, <w lemma="mh%2F">μή</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="paraskeuh%5C">παρασκευὴ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnetai">γίνεται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="koinopragi%2Fa">κοινοπραγία</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w>. —
<head>I. Affairs of Italy</head>Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus subjected to the Romans the Cammani partly by force and partly by fraud.
Several embassies arrived at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> this year, and the senate dealt with that headed by Attalus and Athenaeus.
For Prusias had not only pushed the accusations he brought himself against Eumenes and Antiochus, but had instigated the Galatians, the people of Selge and other Asiatic peoples to bring similar complaints.
In consequence of this Eumenes had sent his brothers to defend him against all these charges.
When they appeared before the senate it was thought that they made a satisfactory defence against all the accusers, and finally having not only freed Eumenes from the charges but having received special marks of honour they returned to Asia.
The senate, however, did not cease to entertain suspicions of Eumenes and Antiochus, but appointed and dispatched Gaius Sulpicius and Manius Sergius as legates to observe the state of affairs in Greece,
to decide the question of the territory in dispute between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Megalopolis&groupId=745&placeId=1360">Megalopolis</a> and Lacedaemon, but chiefly to inquire diligently into the proceedings of Antiochus and Eumenes in case they were making any preparations to attack <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and acting in concert against her.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
31.1.1 - 31.1.1
<p rend="Plain Text">Ti. Gracchus subjects the Cammani to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a></p> <p rend="Plain Text">The Cammani are the inhabitants of Cammanene (Pliny, Nat. hist. vi. 9), or Chammanene, on the right bank of the Halys in north-west <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cappadocia&groupId=435&placeId=343">Cappadocia</a> (Strabo, xii. 1. 4, C. 534, 2. 10, C. 540; Ptol. Geog. v. 6. 12; Ruge, RE, 'Cham(m)anene', col. 2107). This excerpt from de legat. gent. cannot belong to res Italiae of Ol. 154, 1 = 164/3, and should stand after xxx. 32. 12 in res Asiae of Ol. 153, 4 = 165/4; see p. 35. Since Ti. Gracchus returned from Asia before the hearing of the embassies in winter 165/4 (see xxx. 30. 7–8 n., 31. 19–20 n.), it must refer to the beginning of the olympiad year, i.e. 165. Gracchus' mission is known to have included <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cappadocia&groupId=435&placeId=343">Cappadocia</a> (3. 4); but there is no further reference to the subjection of the Cammani, nor do we know what force Gracchus could command as a legatus; the combination of force and deceit may suggest the seizure of their leaders, perhaps during negotiations. Legati would have enough men with them for that.</p> <p rend="Plain Text">Metzung, 11, took the Cammani to be a Gallic people (cf. Ptol. Geog. ii. 10. 8) against whom Gracchus operated as consul in 163; but he spent his consulship in Corsica and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sardinia&groupId=947&placeId=1685">Sardinia</a> (cf. Broughton, i. 440), and in any case P. would hardly describe a campaign of 163 in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Liguria&groupId=689&placeId=1259">Liguria</a> before the embassies heard at the beginning of that consular year. Bttner-Wobst accepts Metzung; but see, against him, Steigemann, 96.</p>
31.1.2 - 31.1.8
<p rend="Plain Text">Eumenes' envoys at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>: legati sent to Greece and Asia Minor (164/3)</p> <p rend="Plain Text">Though continuous in de legat. gent. with 1. 1, this excerpt is from res Italiae of Ol. 154, 1 = 164/3; it describes the hearing by the Senate of foreign embassies at the beginning of the consular year 163. See Diod. xxxi. 7. 2; above, p. 35.</p>
Specifics
31.1.2 - 31.1.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πλειόνων παραγεγονότων</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρεσβευτῶν</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold">:</emph> in Diod. xxxi. 7. 2 the Pergamene envoys are heard first. On Eumenes' brothers, Attalus and Athenaeus, see xviii. 41. 10 n., xxiii. 1. 4 n. </p>
31.1.3 - 31.1.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Προυδίαν . . . κατὰ τὸν Εὐμένη καὶ τὸν Ἀντίχον</w>:</emph> i.e. the previous <milestone unit="page" n="463">[463]</milestone> year; for Prusias' allegations of a conspiracy against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> by Eumenes and Antiochus see xxx. 30. 2 n., 30. 4 n. Habicht, RE, 'Prusias (2)', cols. 1113–14, thinks Prusias sent a further embassy now, but P. does not say so. <w lang="el-GR">Ἀντίοχον</w>: Gronovius for MS. <w lang="el-GR">ἄτταλον</w>. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς Γαλάτας παρωξυκέναι</w>:</emph> cf. xxx. 30. 2. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς Σελγεῖς</w>:</emph> on Selge see v. 72. 1 n.; cf. Trog. prol. 34, 'bellum regis Eumenis . . . in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pisidia&groupId=905&placeId=1626">Pisidia</a> cum Selgensibus'. Magie, ii. 1136 n. 12, suggests that the renewal of the treaty of friendship between Termessus and Adada (TAM, iii. 1. 2) belongs to this war; Wilhelm, who gives an improved text (S.-B. Wien, 160, 1910, pp. 3 f.), puts it later under Attalus or even during Aristonicus' revolt. For the complaints of the other Asian peoples cf. xxx. 30. 4. </p>
31.1.5 - 31.1.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τιμθέντες</w>:</emph> i.e. to Eumenes' detriment; cf. xxx. 1. 1–2. 10. </p>
31.1.6 - 31.1.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Γάιον Σολπίκιον καὶ Μάνιον Σέργιον</w>:</emph> C. Sulpicius Galus, cos. 166 (cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Sulpicius (66)', cols. 808–11); for his harangue to the troops about the eclipse at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pydna&groupId=919&placeId=1647">Pydna</a>, when military tribune, see xxix. 16. 2 n. According to Cicero (Brut. 78), 'maxime omnium nobilium Graecis litteris studuit'; see Cic. rep. i. 23 for his close relations with Aemilius Paullus (cf. Lehmann, 377). His colleague is the M'. Sergius M'. f. who figures as a witness on the S.C. on Thisbae (Syll. 646 = Sherk, 2 l. 16) in 170. According to 2 Macc. xi. 34 a letter was sent to the Jews on 15 Xanthikos of year 148 S.E. by two Roman legati named Q. Memmius and <w lang="el-GR">τιτοσ μανιοσ ερνιοσ</w>; the second of these names has usually been interpreted as T. Manlius, but M'. Sergius is perhaps more probable (cf. Niese, iii. 239 n. 1; Hermes, 1900, 485 ff.; Mnzer, RE, 'Sergius (16)', col. 1692). Since the Seleucid dates in 1 and 2 Macc. seem to depend on a Seleucid era which began in autumn 312 (cf. Heinemann, RE, 'Makkaberbcher (I and II)', cols. 783–4), 15 Xanthikos 148 S.E. should be March 164, and this would make M'. Sergius' embassy 164 (if he is indeed the co-author of the letter). However, this letter is preceded by one from Antiochus V to Lysias (cf. 7. 2 n.) and one from Lysias to the Jews, the latter also being dated to year 148 S.E.; and since by the era used in 1 and 2 Macc. Antiochus IV died in year 149 S.E. (1 Macc. vi. 16), it follows that the date of the letter is unacceptable, the more so because Antiochus IV is now known to have died in autumn 164 (SachsWiseman, Iraq, 1954, 209: the year is not on the tablet, but its restoration seems certain). Broughton, i. 439 (cf. Steigemann, 46) dates the embassy of Sergius and Sulpicius in A.U.C. 590 = 164; but it must fall at the beginning of A.U.C. 591 = 163 (see p. 35). If the date in 2 Macc. xi. 34 is false, however, there is no reason why the legatus there mentioned should not be identified with M'. Sergius; but his mission (and the letter, if it is genuine) will belong to 163. Normally such embassies had three members, and Niese, Hermes, 1900, 487 n. 11, suggested a lacuna after <w lang="el-GR">Σολπίκιον</w>, to be <milestone unit="page" n="464">[464]</milestone> filled with 〈<w lang="el-GR">καὶ Κόϊ(ντον)</w>〉, i.e. Q. Memmius, the cosignatory of the letter recorded in 2 Macc. xi. 34. See further M?rkholm, 162–5, arguing that that letter is a falsification. </p>
31.1.7 - 31.1.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῖς Μεγαλοπολίταις καὶ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις</w>:</emph> according to Paus. vii. 11. 1–3, Galus was concerned with a territorial dispute between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Argos&groupId=361&placeId=689">Argos</a> and left the decision to Callicrates. This may be a separate issue (cf. Schoch, RE, Suppl.-B. iv, 'Kallikrates', col. 861), but is more likely due to confusion in Pausanias or his source (cf. Lehmann, 311); Touloumakos, Geschichtsbewu<w lang="el-GR">β</w>tsein, 71 and n. 136, prefers Pausanias to P., which is hardly justifiable. Syll. 665 ll. 40 f., a later <w lang="el-GR">ἀπόφασις δικαστᾶν</w> on Sciritis and Aegytis, probably refers to Galus; and according to Pausanias, loc. cit., he also organized the defection from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> of Pleuron in Aetolia, which had evidently belonged to the Confederacy since 168 (Aymard, PR, 379 n. 3). See Niese, iii. 318 n. 5; <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Shimron&groupId=19&placeId=84">Shimron</a>, Late <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>, 131. On Aegytis and Sciritis cf. ii. 46. 5 n., 48. 2 n. </p>
31.1.8 - 31.1.8
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ κατὰ τὸν Ἀντί?οχον</w>:</emph> he was already deadduring the ninth month of year 148 S.E. (on the Babylonian dating, which began in April 311: cf. Bickerman, Chronology, 71; Sachs-Wiseman, Iraq, 1954, 204), and so between November 19 and December 19, 164 (so Sachs-Wiseman, Iraq, 1954, 209; others make it between November 20 and December 18, cf. Parker and Dubberstein, 23; M?rkholm, 42, 171)but the news had not yet reached <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (cf. 2. 4, 9. 3 n). </p>

Commentary