Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 30 - Chapter 5

<w lemma="%2Ath%5Cn">Τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnhn">προειρημένην</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2Fkrisin">ἀπόκρισιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afilokra%2Fthn">Φιλοκράτην</w> <w lemma="labo%2Fntes">λαβόντες</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Frmhsan">ὥρμησαν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afilo%2Ffrona">Φιλόφρονα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29astumh%2Fdhn">Ἀστυμήδην</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fqi">αὐτόθι</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnontes">μένοντες</w> <w lemma="parh%2Fdreuon">παρήδρευον</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mhde%5Cn">μηδὲν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="lanqa%2Fnein">λανθάνειν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="prospipto%2Fntwn">προσπιπτόντων</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnwn">λεγομένων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="patri%2Fdos">πατρίδος</w>.

<w lemma="prospesou%2Fshs">προσπεσούσης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29pokri%2Fsews">ἀποκρίσεως</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ro%2Fdon">Ῥόδον</w>, <w lemma="do%2Fcantes">δόξαντες</w> <w lemma="a%29polelu%2Fsqai">ἀπολελύσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fstou">μεγίστου</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbou">φόβου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w>, <w lemma="ta%29%2Flla">τἄλλα</w> <w lemma="kai%2Fper">καίπερ</w> <w lemma="a%29kmh%5Cn">ἀκμὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fnta">ὄντα</w> <w lemma="dusxerh%3D">δυσχερῆ</w> <w lemma="r%28a%7Cdi%2Fws">ῥᾳδίως</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fferon">ἔφερον</w>.

<w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="ai%29ei%5C">αἰεὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="mei%2Fzw">μείζω</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="prosdokwme%2Fnwn">προσδοκωμένων</w> <w lemma="kakw%3Dn">κακῶν</w> <w lemma="lh%2Fqhn">λήθην</w> <w lemma="poiei%3D">ποιεῖ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29latto%2Fnwn">ἐλαττόνων</w> <w lemma="sumptwma%2Ftwn">συμπτωμάτων</w>.

<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paraxrh%3Dma">παραχρῆμα</w> <w lemma="yhfisa%2Fmenoi">ψηφισάμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmh%7C">Ῥώμῃ</w> <w lemma="ste%2Ffanon">στέφανον</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fwn">μυρίων</w> <w lemma="xrusw%3Dn">χρυσῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katasth%2Fsantes">καταστήσαντες</w> <w lemma="presbeuth%5Cn">πρεσβευτὴν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nau%2Farxon">ναύαρχον</w> <w lemma="%2Aqeai%2Fdhton">Θεαίδητον</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fpempon">ἐξέπεμπον</w> <w lemma="qerei%2Fas">θερείας</w> <w lemma="a%29rxome%2Fnhs">ἀρχομένης</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgonta">ἄγοντα</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ste%2Ffanon">στέφανον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodofw%3Dnta">Ῥοδοφῶντα</w>, <w lemma="peirasome%2Fnous">πειρασομένους</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fan">συμμαχίαν</w> <w lemma="sunqe%2Fsqai">συνθέσθαι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhsan">ἐποίησαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="yhfi%2Fsmatos">ψηφίσματος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fas">πρεσβείας</w> <w lemma="a%29potuxei%3Dn">ἀποτυχεῖν</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllws">ἄλλως</w> <w lemma="do%2Fch%7C">δόξῃ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="naua%2Frxou">ναυάρχου</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsews">προαιρέσεως</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%2Fpeiran">κατάπειραν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai:">ποιήσασθαι·</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="nau%2Farxos">ναύαρχος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmwn">νόμων</w>.

<w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="pragmatiko%5Cn">πραγματικὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fwn">Ῥοδίων</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fth">ἔτη</w> <w lemma="tettara%2Fkonta">τετταράκοντα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="kekoinwnhkw%5Cs">κεκοινωνηκὼς</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dmos">δῆμος</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanesta%2Ftwn">ἐπιφανεστάτων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kalli%2Fstwn">καλλίστων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29pepoi%2Fhto">ἐπεποίητο</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fan">συμμαχίαν</w>.

<w lemma="ti%2Fnos">τίνος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="e%29xei%2Frizon">ἐχείριζον</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ro%2Fdioi">Ῥόδιοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcion">ἄξιον</w> <w lemma="paralipei%3Dn">παραλιπεῖν</w>.

<w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="mhde%2Fna">μηδένα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28peroxai%3Ds">ὑπεροχαῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dunastei%2Fais">δυναστείαις</w> <w lemma="a%29pelpi%2Fzein">ἀπελπίζειν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pikouri%2Fan">ἐπικουρίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fan">συμμαχίαν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29bou%2Flonto">ἐβούλοντο</w> <w lemma="sundua%2Fzein">συνδυάζειν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="prokatalamba%2Fnein">προκαταλαμβάνειν</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Frkois">ὅρκοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkais">συνθήκαις</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ke%2Fraioi">ἀκέραιοι</w> <w lemma="diame%2Fnontes">διαμένοντες</w> <w lemma="kerdai%2Fnein">κερδαίνειν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w>.

<w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> <w lemma="e%29poiou%3Dnto">ἐποιοῦντο</w> <w lemma="filotimi%2Fan">φιλοτιμίαν</w>, <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="timh%3Ds">τιμῆς</w> <w lemma="tuxei%3Dn">τυχεῖν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="katepeigo%2Fmenoi">κατεπειγόμενοι</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fas">συμμαχίας</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29gwniw%3Dntes">ἀγωνιῶντες</w> <w lemma="a%28plw%3Ds">ἁπλῶς</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fna">οὐδένα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paro%5Cn">παρὸν</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w>,

<w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%2Frqesin">ὑπέρθεσιν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%3Ds">ἐπιβολῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29fairei%3Dsqai">ἀφαιρεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28ponoi%2Fas">ὑπονοίας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dusxere%2Fs">δυσχερές</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="dianooume%2Fnwn">διανοουμένων</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w>. <w lemma="a%29%2Frti">ἄρτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aqeai%2Fdhton">Θεαίδητον</w> <w lemma="katapepleuko%2Ftwn">καταπεπλευκότων</w>,

<w lemma="a%29pe%2Fsthsan">ἀπέστησαν</w> <w lemma="%2Akau%2Fnioi">Καύνιοι</w>, <w lemma="katela%2Fbonto">κατελάβοντο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amulasei%3Ds">Μυλασεῖς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fmw%7C">Εὐρώμῳ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w>.

<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fbale">ἐξέβαλε</w> <w lemma="do%2Fgma">δόγμα</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%3Dras">Κᾶρας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aluki%2Fous">Λυκίους</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqe%2Frous">ἐλευθέρους</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsous">ὅσους</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fneime">προσένειμε</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fois">Ῥοδίοις</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antioxiko%5Cn">Ἀντιοχικὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w>.

<w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akauni%2Fous">Καυνίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rwmei%3Ds">Εὐρωμεῖς</w> <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ro%2Fdioi">Ῥόδιοι</w> <w lemma="diwrqw%2Fsanto:">διωρθώσαντο·</w>

<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Akauni%2Fous">Καυνίους</w> <w lemma="%2Alu%2Fkwna">Λύκωνα</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmyantes">πέμψαντες</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="stratiwtw%3Dn">στρατιωτῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29na%2Fgkasan">ἠνάγκασαν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fttesqai">τάττεσθαι</w>,

<w lemma="kai%2Fper">καίπερ</w> <w lemma="%2Akiburatw%3Dn">Κιβυρατῶν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="parabohqhsa%2Fntwn">παραβοηθησάντων</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fmw%7C">Εὐρώμῳ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="strateu%2Fsantes">στρατεύσαντες</w> <w lemma="e%29ni%2Fkhsan">ἐνίκησαν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="%2Amulasei%3Ds">Μυλασεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29alabandei%3Ds">Ἀλαβανδεῖς</w>, <w lemma="a%29mfote%2Frwn">ἀμφοτέρων</w> <w lemma="paragenome%2Fnwn">παραγενομένων</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="stratia%3Ds">στρατιᾶς</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29orqwsi%2Fan">Ὀρθωσίαν</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aluki%2Fwn">Λυκίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarw%3Dn">Καρῶν</w> <w lemma="do%2Fgmatos">δόγματος</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="prospeso%2Fntos">προσπεσόντος</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29pesobh%2Fqhsan">ἀπεσοβήθησαν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="dianoi%2Fais">διανοίαις</w>, <w lemma="dei%2Fsantes">δείσαντες</w> <w lemma="mh%2F">μή</w> <w lemma="pote">ποτε</w> <w lemma="ma%2Ftaios">μάταιος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="stefa%2Fnou">στεφάνου</w> <w lemma="do%2Fsis">δόσις</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fgone">γέγονε</w>, <w lemma="ma%2Ftaioi">μάταιοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="summaxi%2Fas">συμμαχίας</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdes">ἐλπίδες</w>.

Philocrates, on receiving the above answer, at once left, but Philophron and Astymedes remained to be on the watch, so that nothing that was reported or said against their country should escape them.

When the terms of the answer were announced in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, the people, thinking that they had been relieved of their greatest fear, that of war, bore the other demands, galling as they were, with equanimity.

And so it ever is that the greater the evils we expect, the more easily we forget lesser misfortunes.

So they at once voted a crown of ten thousand gold pieces to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and, appointing Theaedetus ambassador and admiral, sent him off in early summer with the crown accompanied by Rhodophon to try by every means to make an alliance with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.

This they did with the object, in case the Romans did not consent and the decree of the crown and their embassy were a failure, of attempting to gain their end by the personal action of the admiral; for by their laws he was, as admiral, empowered to act in such matters.

For the policy of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> had been so little by sentiment, that although that state had from nearly a hundred and forty years taken part in the most glorious and finest achievements of the Romans, they had never made an alliance with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.

The reason of their action in this respect should not be ignored. It was this.

As they wished none of the kings and princes to despair of gaining their help and alliance, they did not desire to run in harness with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and engage themselves by oaths and treaties, but preferred to remain unembarrassed and able to reap profit from any quarter.

But now they were most energetic in their efforts to obtain this distinction from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, not standing in urgent need of the alliance or fearing in the very least any other power except alone for the present,

but wishing by insistence on this project to free themselves from the suspicions of those who entertained unfriendly ideas about their city.

Soon after the arrival of Theaedetus at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, Caunus revolted, and the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mylasa&groupId=779&placeId=1413">Mylasa</a> took possession of the cities in Euromus.

At the same time the senate issued a consultum setting free all the parts of Caria and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> which they had assigned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> at the time of the war with Antiochus.

As for Caunus and Euromus the matter was soon set right by the Rhodians.

Dispatching Lycon with troops they compelled the Caunians to submit again to them, although the people of Cibyra came to their help, and making an expedition to the cities in Euromus they defeated the Mylasians and Alabandians, who had both advanced with an armed force to Orthosia.

But when they heard of the senatus-consultum about <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> and Caria they were again alarmed, fearing that their gift of the crown had been made in vain and that their hopes of an alliance were equally vain.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

30.1.1 - 30.5.16

Pergamene and Rhodian embassies at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> This excerpt from de legat. gent. (and de sent. at 4. 16–17) describes the Senate's reception of Pergamene and Rhodian envoys in winter 168/7, and belongs to res Italiae of Ol. 153, 1 (168/7). Livy, xlv. 19–20 draws on this passage, but alters the colouring in various ways (cf. Nissen, KU, 31, 274 n.); and a comparison of 5. 2 ff. with Livy, xlv. 25. 4 ff. shows that the events on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, which are described there, were in fact included by P. under res Italiae.

Specifics

30.5.4 - 30.5.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῇ Ῥώμῃ στέφανον ἀπὸ μυρίων χρμσῶν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 7, 'itaque extemplo coronam uiginti milium aureorum decreuerunt.' Livy is more likely to be accurate than the excerptor and we should probably read 〈<w lang="el-GR">δισ</w>〉 <w lang="el-GR">μυρίων</w> (cf. Nissen, KU, 276 n. 1). This is the more likely since the Rhodians would gain nothing by sending a crown only half the size of that sent by the Pamphylians in 169 (see below). On the value of the gold stater see iv. 46. 3 n. Paton suggests that <w lang="el-GR">τῇ Ῥώμῃ</w> means 'for the goddess Roma'. Indeed, the cult of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> was already spreading in the cities of Asia Minor in the second century (cf. Magie, ii. 1613, drawing on work of O'Brien-Moore; Bean, JHS, 1948, 48 no. 3 l. 71 (Lycian League); Larsen, Mlanges Piganiol, 1635–43) and is known at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> from the first century (cf. xxxi. 4. 4 n.). But there is no evidence for such a cult at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> itself, where this crown was being sent (cf. Pfister, RE, e<w lang="el-GR">Ῥωμαῖα ᾿</w>, col. 1062); for the statue of Roma which the Lycians sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, perhaps after the Mithridatic War in 84 (see below, § 12 n.) was dedicated to Capitoline Iuppiter and the Roman people (ILS, 31 = <milestone unit="page" n="421">[421]</milestone> IG, xiv. 986 = OGIS, 551 = ILLRP, 174; recent references in Crawford, JRS, 1975, 194). Perhaps then '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>' here means the Roman people (to whom shortly afterwards the Rhodians erected a 30 cubit statue in the temple of Athena; cf. xxxi. 4. 4 n.). Sending 'crowns' to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> was a common (and clearly acceptable) political gesture at this time; cf. Livy, xxxvi. 35. 12 (Philip V, 100 gold staters, 191), xliii. 6. 5–6 (Alabanda, 50 gold staters and announcement of erection of a temple to Roma, 170; cf. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, GGA, 1914, 98 n. 1; Magie, Buckler Studies, 174), xliii. 6. 7 (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a>, 80 gold staters, 170), xliv. 14. 3 (Pamphylians, 20,000 gold staters, 169); below, xxxi. 32. 3 (Ariarathes, 10,000 gold staters, 161/60), xxxii. 2. 1 (Demetrius, 10,000 gold staters, 160/59), 10. 4 (Orophernes, size unspecified, 158/7). See Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 155 n. 3; Magie, ii. 960–1 n. 76. On the cult of the goddess Roma see R. Mellor, <w lang="el-GR">ΘΕΑ</w> e<w lang="el-GR">ΡΩΜΗ</w>: the Worship of the Goddess Roma in the Greek World, Göttingen, 1975; Carla Fayer, Il culto della Dea Roma: origine e diffusione nell'impero, Pescara, 1976; and, for discussion, I. C. Davies, JRS, 1977, 204–6. For the cult at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> see especially Mellor, op. cit. 27–36. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρεσβευτὴν ἅμα καὶ ναύαρχον Θεαίδητον</w>:</emph> the Rhodian navarch (cf. iv. 50. 5, xvi. 15. 8, xviii. 1. 4, 2. 3, xxi. 7. 1, xxxiii. 15. 3; Diod. xx. 88. 6) was the most important official after the prytaneis; though as the word could be used of subordinate naval commanders, it is not always certain that he is being referred to in a given context. The navarch was not a regular officer, but was elected from time to time and for indefinite periods to command the fleet and, as here (and as in xxxiii. 15. 3), to act as ambassador. On his powers see § 5; cf. van Gelder, Rhodier, 249–51; Hiller von Gaertringen, RE, Suppl.B. v, 'Rhodos', col. 767. On Theaedetus (Livy, xlv. 25. 7 has Theodotus, erroneously) see xxii. 5. 2 n. He was a supporter of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and evidently Astymedes' father (cf. xxvii. 7. 2 n.). The dual appointment was to meet the emergency, and Astymedes likewise held both positions in 153 (xxxiii. 15. 3). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">θερείας ἀρχομένης</w>:</emph> probably May or June (167); cf. Pdech, Mthode, 461 n. 170. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς περὶ Ῥοδοφῶντα</w>:</emph> on Rhodophon, also pro-Roman, cf. xxvii. 7. 3 n.

30.5.5 - 30.5.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῦτο δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἐποί?ησαν</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βουλόμενοι κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 7, 'societatem ab Romanis ita uolebant peti, ut nullum de ea re scitum populi fieret aut litteris mandaretur, quod, nisi impetrarent, maior a repulsa ignominia esset.' Bttner-Wobst added 〈<w lang="el-GR">οὐ</w>〉 to give this meaning: 'they did this (i.e. sent Theaedetus to try to make an alliance by every possible means) because, in the event of the Romans not consenting, they did not wish the failure of the mission to rest on their vote (of the crown) and on an embassy, but wished rather to try to gain their ends through the discretionary power resting in the admiral.' <w lang="el-GR">τοῦ ψηφίσματος</w> (with the article) must, despite Livy, refer to the voting of the crown. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν . . . ἐξουσίαν . . . ἐκ τῶν νόμων</w>:</emph> cf. § 4 n.; Livy, xlv. 25. 8, 'praefecti classis id unius erat ius, ut agere de ea re sine rogatione ulla <milestone unit="page" n="422">[422]</milestone> perlata posset.' This version reflects Livy's misunderstanding of <w lang="el-GR">τὸ ψήφισμα</w> as being 'a decree' in general (rather than the specific decree about the crown).

30.5.6 - 30.5.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σχεδὸν ἔτη . . . κεκοινωνηκὼς . . . τῶν . . . ἔργων</w>:</emph> this statement that the Rhodians had shared in the most glorious and the finest achievements of the Romans for nearly 140 years has caused long controversy. <w lang="el-GR">κοινωνεῖν τῶν ἔργων</w> usually, though not always, implies common military activity, and that seems to be its meaning here; for other examples, cf. i. 78. 7, iii. 68. 8, vi. 53. 3, viii. 12. 6, xxii. 14. 4(cf. Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 218). For <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιφανέστατα καὶ κάλλιστα ἔργα</w> cf. xxi. 21. 4, <w lang="el-GR">ἡμᾶς δὲ τοὺς διὰ προγόνων τά μέγιστα καὶ κάλλιστα τῶν ἔργων ὑμῖν συγκατειργασμένους</w> (Eumenes speaking); xxiv. 10. 9, the Achaeans have maintained faith <w lang="el-GR">ἐν τοῖς ἐπιφανεστάτοις καιροῖς</w>, ever since they took the Roman side, i.e. in the wars with Philip and Antiochus. Counting back from 167 the statement suggests common Roman and Rhodian military collaboration from about 306. The participle has a concessive force: 'although the Rhodians had shared . . ., they had never made an alliance with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.' Nenci, Saggi, 201 ff., takes the sense to be: 'because the Rhodians had shared . . ., they had (they alleged) never needed to make an alliance.' But the reason they had made no alliance is given in §§ 7–8, and Nenci's explanation that § 6 and § 9 give the argument of P.'s Rhodian source and §§ 7–8 his own observations is not attractive. There are corresponding, but not very helpful, passages in Livy and Dio, based on P.; cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 9, 'nam ita per tot annos in amicitia fuerant ut sociali foedere se cum Romanis non inligarent, ob nullam aliam causam, quam ne spem regibus absciderent auxilii sui, si quid opus esset, neu sibi ipsis fructus ex benignitate et fortuna eorum percipiendi'; Dio, xx. fg. 68. 2–3, <w lang="el-GR">καὶ τήν γε πρόσρησιν τῆς συμμαχίας τῆς πρὸς αὐτοὺς μὴ προσδεχόμενοι πρόσθεν, ἵ?να ὡς καὶ μετατάξασθαί ποτε ἀπ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ μηδεμίαν ἔνορκον ἀνάγκην φιλίας ἔχειν δυνάμενοι φοβεροί τε αὐτοῖ?ς ὦσι καὶ πρὸς τῶν ἀεὶ πολεμούντων σφίσιν ἐπιθεραπεύωνται κτλ</w>. Dio is strongly coloured by a pro-Roman overlay and is of no help on Roman–Rhodian relations over 140 years, and Livy also gives a weakened version, the collaboration having become amicitia and the 140 years per tot annos, a vague and elastic phrase. The difficulty lies in the fact that as it stands the statement is manifestly untrue. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> had collaborated actively only since 200 and in the First Macedonian War the Rhodians had been vigorous mediators, in 209 (x. 25. 1–5 n.; Livy, xxvii. 30. 4), in 208 (Livy, xxviii. 7. 13–15), in 207 (xi. 4. 1–6. 10 n.; App. Mac. 3, 4. 1; Holleaux, 35 n. 6), and perhaps on other occasions. If not hostile to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, this activity was hardly friendlythough indeed the Thrasycrates, to whom the speech which calls the Romans barbarians <milestone unit="page" n="423">[423]</milestone> (xi. 4–6) is attributed, was not necessarily a Rhodian, as is usually assumed. Hence either the statement exaggerates something much less impressive, or the text must be emended. The case for emending is put by several scholars, notably Holleaux (29–46), who tried to show that the assumption of Roman–Rhodian relations extending back as far as 306 was ruled out by two Livian passages in particular (Livy, xxvi. 24. 4, xxix. 11. 1; cf. also Livy, xxxvii. 54. 3, xlv. 22. 1), by the failure of Astymedes to refer to these early relations in his speeches of 167 and 165 (4. 12–14, 31. 3–18), by the Rhodian record in the First Macedonian War (see above), and by several other smaller points. But his arguments, which are directed primarily against the concept of a foedus amicitiae going back to c. 306, are convincingly refuted by Schmitt (Rom und Rhodos, 1–49), who points out that amicitia could arise on the basis of relations much less formal than this. Holleaux would simply omit <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν</w>; he argues (45 n. 1) that the excerptor, reminded of the phrase by which the olympiad year is frequently designated (e.g. ii. 41. 1, <w lang="el-GR">ὀλυμπιὰς μὲν ἦν εἰκοστὴ (κʹ) καὶ τετάρτη (δʹ) πρὸς ταῖς ἑκατόν (ρʹ)</w>), unthinkingly added the inappropriate words <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν</w> here. But he does not explain how this mindless copyist was sufficiently alert to write <w lang="el-GR">τοῖς</w> instead of <w lang="el-GR">ταῖς</w>. Carcopino also deletes <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν</w>; his even more ingenious explanation (Points de vue, 48 ff.) is that one scribe wrote <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς τοὺς</w> B<w lang="el-GR">ʹ (= βασιλικούς)</w> in the margin, a second scribe took this gloss into the text, and a third scribe altered <w lang="el-GR">τοὺς</w> B<w lang="el-GR">΄</w> into <w lang="el-GR">τοῖς</w> P<w lang="el-GR">ʹ</w> (making it a numeral). Given an unlimited supply of moronic scribes clearly anything becomes possible. Others have emended the passage less drastically, but so as to separate the 140 years from the sharing of glorious achievements. De Sanctis (Riv. fil. 1935, 72 f.) proposed <w lang="el-GR">κεκοινωνηκὼς ὁ δῆμος</w> 〈<w lang="el-GR">Ἔλλησί τε καὶ</w>〉 <w lang="el-GR">Ῥωμαίοις</w>; but this addition, inappropriate here, is excluded by the words <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς αὐτούς</w> and by what stands in Livy, xlv. 25. 9 (quoted above). Manni (Parola del Passato, 1956, 190) reads <w lang="el-GR">ὡς σχεδὸν ἔτη μ΄ πρὸς τοῖς ρʹ</w> <emph rend="italics">\?\</emph> <w lang="el-GR">κεκοινωνηκὼς</w>〈<w lang="el-GR">δὴ</w>or <w lang="el-GR">δὲ</w>〉 <w lang="el-GR">ὁ δῆμος κτλ</w>.; but this does not provide a convincing text, nor does it explain how the change took place. In fact no proposed emendations are plausible and palaeographically convincing; and since the received text is unexceptionablefor the method here used to express numbers <w lang="el-GR">(χ ἔτη πρὸς τοῖς γ)</w> is found with both cardinals (e.g. i. 37. 2) and ordinals (e.g. v. 111. 9): see Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 12 n. 1it should be left untouched. However, it remains true that to eliminate the words <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν</w> would solve the problem so completely that it is bound to remain an attractive temptation (cf. Musti, Parola del Passato, 1965, 413–14, 'una forte tentazione'). If the text is retained, the statement in it is a blatant untruth; and this may go back to a Rhodian source. It is true that (see Nenci, <milestone unit="page" n="424">[424]</milestone> Saggi, 200 ff.) the motives here attributed to the Rhodians are unlikely also to go back to such a source. The reasoning which, P. alleges, led the Rhodians to carry on for so long without a foedus, has every appearance of being P.'s own, for it is based too clearly on Rhodian self-interest to have been produced as an apologia; moreover it closely echoes P.'s own views (cf. i. 83. 3–4, on Hiero's policy of balance, pursued <w lang="el-GR">φρονίμως καὶ νουνεχῶς</w>; xxviii. 6. 4, Lycortas' views too, there opposed for tactical reasons by P.). (A Rhodian foedus in 306 would of course be a complete anachronism in any case.) But the basic 'fact' which P. had to explainthe long period of collaborationwill have been in his Rhodian source, which adduced it as a claim on Roman consideration. This 'collaboration' may have rested on some actual initiation of relations in the late fourth century or it may not. Cary (JP, 1920, 170 ff.), followed by Nenci (Saggi, 196–212), saw the years after the siege of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> in 305/4 as marking the beginning of a period when <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> was to play a decisive and autonomous role as protector and peace-maker in the Hellenistic world, while <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> did the same in the west; it was this parallel action (they suggest) that Rhodian sources exaggerated into a 'share in fine and glorious achievements'. Others have felt the need for some initiatory contact to produce at least amicitia. Thus Droysen (ii. 2. 154 n. 2) imagined a trade agreement around 306; this would not be excluded by P.'s reference to the absence of a foedus, and though not indeed a prelude to glorious deeds, it could have initiated amicitia. Schmitt (Rom und Rhodos, 13, 44) follows Walek's view (Rev. phil. 1925, 139 and n. 1) that the Rhodian source deliberately represented contact, with consequent amicitia, in c. 306, and military collaboration from 200 onwards as military collaboration going back to 306; and he thinks there may have been common action between the two republics against Etruscan pirates in the years following 304, adducing Syll. 1225 (early third century) as proof of Rhodian action against these marauders at that time. The difficulty which all these hypotheses encounter, whether or no they imply actual contacts in c. 306, is a complete absence of positive evidence. This is not indeed a reason for tampering with the text. But it means that we are obliged to confess ignorance of what P. had in mind when he wrote of close on 140 years of collaboration between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. If amicitia was somehow established around 306, at least our knowledge of contacts between the eastern and western parts of the Mediterranean in the late fourth and early third centuries is now so much greater than it was when Holleaux wrote (see, for example, Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 31–49; Fraser, CR, 1959, 64–65; Walbank, JRS, 1963, 2 ff., where Holleaux's emendation is too readily accepted), as to make this far from surprising. In addition to the works mentioned above see Cassola, 28 ff., <milestone unit="page" n="425">[425]</milestone> 41 ff. (text accepted); Touloumakos, 129 (following Holleaux); Musti, Parola del Passato, 1965, 411–12; Aufstieg und Niedergang, i. 2. 1133–4 (surveying recent views); Schmitt, Entretiens sur Polybe, 85;J. and L. Robert, Bull. pig. 1968, no. 116.

30.5.8 - 30.5.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν ἐν ταῖς ὑπεροχαῖς καὶ δυναστείαις κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. Diod. xx. 81. 4, <w lang="el-GR">οἱ . . . Ῥόδιοι πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς δυνάστας συντεθειμένοι τὴν φιλίαν</w> (on the eve of the siege of 305/4); this was <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>' policy throughout the third century, and is perhaps a further argument for retaining the text in § 6 (cf. Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 13 n. 2).

30.5.10 - 30.5.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν δυσχερές τι διανοουμένων</w>:</emph> on their identity, cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 2, 'infestissimi Rhodiis erant, qui consules praetoresue aut legati gesserant in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> bellum.'

30.5.11 - 30.5.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἄρτι δὲ τῶν περὶ τὸν Θεαίδητον καταπεπλευκότων</w>:</emph> 'Theaedetus had hardly put into port when . . .'; that is, on arriving in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, not on his return to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> (so Paton), for in fact he died in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (21. 1–2). According to Livy, xlv. 25. 7, the Rhodians sent the crown and Theaedetus after being informed of the liberation of Caria and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a>; but this order of events implies that the Rhodians undertook military action (§ 13) after hearing of the Roman decision, and is to be rejected. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπέστησαν Καύνιοι</w>:</emph> Caunus was the main city of the Rhodian Peraea; its ruins are at Dalyan beside the river of that name in south-west Caria near the borders of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a>; on its site and history see G. E. Bean, JHS, 1953, 10–35; 1954, 85–110 (publishing 58 inscriptions; sketch-maps in JHS, 1953, 10 and 12); for recent excavations since 1966 by Baki ön see Arch. Rep. 1970–1, 54. There are earlier accounts in Collignon, BCH, 1877, 338–46; Maiuri, Annuario, 1921, 263 ff.; Brchner, RE, 'Kaunos (1)', cols. 86–88. Herod. i. 171–2, reckons the inhabitants as indigenous and distinct from both Carians and Lycians. Caunus had had a varied history since Alexander and in 197 it was one of several cities 'allied to Ptolemy' whose freedom the Rhodians assured against Antiochus III (Livy, xxxiii. 20. 10; above, xviii. 47. 1 n.). For the allegation that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> purchased it from Ptolemy's generals see 31. 6 n. Its revolt now sparked off the movement against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> in Caria. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατελά?βοντο . . . Μυλασεῖς τὰς ἐν Εὐρώμῳ πόλεις</w>:</emph> on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mylasa&groupId=779&placeId=1413">Mylasa</a> see xvi. 24. 6 n.; in the settlement of 188 it was left free (xxi. 46. 4 n.). On Euromus see xviii. 2. 3 n.; in the same settlement it was apparently included in the award of Caria south of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maeander&groupId=725&placeId=1330">Maeander</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> (xxi. 46. 8 n.). The phrase used here suggests an area larger than the city, but what 'the cities in Euromus' included is uncertain. Robert (REA, 1934, 525) thinks they are Euromus and Chalcetor, united in sympoliteia; Jones (CERP <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 76) thinks of a synoecism of the Edrieis, Hymesseis, and Euromeis (mentioned in ATL, i. p. 157, A9, ll. 143–4; cf. ii, p. 43) along with Chalcetor (cf. BCH, 1898, 376 no. 16). <milestone unit="page" n="426">[426]</milestone> On the site of Chalcetor near Karakuyu in the plain of Euromus see Robert, Hellenica, viii, 1950, 8–10; ix. 1955, 223–7.

30.5.12 - 30.5.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Κᾶρας καὶ Λυκίους ἐλευθέρους</w>:</emph> for their assignment to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> in 188, cf. xxi. 46. 8 n.; and for later trouble in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> see xxii. 5. 1–10, xxiv. 15. 13, xxv. 4. 1–8, 5. 1–5, xxvii. 7. 6. Cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 6, 'in praesentia deducere ante certam diem ex <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> Cariaque iusserunt praefectos.' The Rhodians continued to hold the mainland territories northwards from the Peraea towards Stratoniceia, which they had held before the Romano-Syrian war, with the exception of Caunus and Stratoniceia, which they lost in 166 (21. 3 n.); cf. Fraser and Bean, 101–2 with 102 n. 1; Meyer, Grenzen, 58 ff.; Schmitt, Rom und Rhodos, 157 n. 2. Against the view that it was now that the Lycian Confederacy made its dedication on the Capitol (§ 4 n.) (so Magie, ii. 954 n. 67; Larsen, CP, 1956, 156 ff.) see Degrassi, Bull. Comm. Rom. 74, 1951/2, 19 ff., 42 ff.; Moretti, Inscriptiones graecae urbis Romae, i (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 1968), no. 5, who date it with Mommsen after the Peace of Dardanus in 84. Claudius Quadrigarius dated the senatus consultum liberating Caria and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lycia&groupId=711&placeId=1304">Lycia</a> to 169 (Livy, xliv. 15. 1–2), but this may be ignored (cf. Nissen, KU, 261 f.; Larsen, CP, 1956, 168 n. 23). The dedication by the Lycian Confederacy is dated to c. 167 by Mellor, op. cit. (previous addendum) 204, who argues that the group of inscriptions to which it belongs cover a period of a century but were re-inscribed after the fire of 83. On the seriousness of the loss the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> see 31. 4. The Roman decision rested on force majeure, not on any residuary Roman rights over the territories.

30.5.14 - 30.5.14

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Λύκωνα</w>:</emph> unknown; van Gelder, Rhodier, 156, suggests that he was a mercenary captain, since the name is unparalleled at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>.

30.5.15 - 30.5.15

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καίπερ Κιβυρατῶν . . . παραβοηθησάντων</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 13; on Cibyra see xxi. 34. 1 n. It was under a tyrant Pancrates (cf. 9. 14 n.) and lay 70–80 miles north-east of Caunus, up country. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ Ἀλαβανδεῖς</w>:</emph> on Alabanda see xvi. 24. 6 n.; it lay north-east of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mylasa&groupId=779&placeId=1413">Mylasa</a>, and was the nearest large free community (Fraser and Bean, 110). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ὀρθωσίαν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xlv. 25. 13; perhaps the <w lang="el-GR">κατοικία</w> on the southern bank of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maeander&groupId=725&placeId=1330">Maeander</a> mentioned by Strabo, xiv. 1. 47, C. 650; cf. Fabricius, Festschrift fr H. Kiepert (Berlin, 1898), 134; Magie, ii. 1026 n. 69. There is much epigraphical and numismatic evidence for this town, which has been identified at Ortos near Yeni Pazar, 12 km. south-south-east of Sultan Hisar (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nysa&groupId=959&placeId=283">Nysa</a>); cf. Ruge, RE, 'Orthosia (2)', cols. 1491–3. It is not clear why these troops assembled at Orthosia, which is well to the north-east of Alabanda and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mylasa&groupId=779&placeId=1413">Mylasa</a> (Paton's rendering of <w lang="el-GR">παραγενομένων</w>, 'advanced' is incorrect); perhaps P. refers to a later stage in the fighting when they were in retreat.

Addenda & corrigenda

30.5.4 - 30.5.4

<emph rend="bold">5. 4. <w lang="el-GR">τῇ</w> e<w lang="el-GR">Ρώμῃ στέφανον κτλ</w>.:</emph> on the cult of the goddess Roma see R. Mellor, <w lang="el-GR">ΘΕΑ</w> e<w lang="el-GR">ΡΩΜΗ</w>: the Worship of the Goddess Roma in the <milestone unit="page" n="793">[793]</milestone> Greek World, Göttingen, 1975; Carla Fayer, Il culto della Dea Roma: origine e diffusione nell'impero, Pescara, 1976; and, for discussion, I. C. Davies, JRS, 1977, 204–6. For the cult at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> see especially Mellor, op. cit. 27–36.

30.5.12 - 30.5.12

the dedication by the Lycian Confederacy is dated to c. 167 by Mellor, op. cit. (previous addendum) 204, who argues that the group of inscriptions to which it belongs cover a period of a century but were re-inscribed after the fire of 83.

Polybius, Histories

Bibliography

Archaeology

Places

Walbank Commentary

Commentary