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Book 3 - Chapter 83

1
<w lemma="e%29gi%2Fneto">ἐγίνετο</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="diakinduneu%2Fein">διακινδυνεύειν</w>. <w lemma="o%29%2Fntos">ὄντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="di%2Fodon">δίοδον</w> <w lemma="au%29lw%3Dnos">αὐλῶνος</w> <w lemma="e%29pipe%2Fdou">ἐπιπέδου</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="pleura%5Cs">πλευρὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Fras">ἑκατέρας</w> <w lemma="bounou%5Cs">βουνοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontos">ἔχοντος</w> <w lemma="u%28yhlou%5Cs">ὑψηλοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexei%3Ds">συνεχεῖς</w>, <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftos">πλάτος</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29ntikru%5C">ἀντικρὺ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffon">λόφον</w> <w lemma="e%29pikei%2Fmenon">ἐπικείμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29rumno%5Cn">ἐρυμνὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fsbaton">δύσβατον</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29p%27">ἀπ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29ra%3Ds">οὐρᾶς</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnhn">λίμνην</w> <w lemma="telei%2Fws">τελείως</w> <w lemma="stenh%5Cn">στενὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29polei%2Fpousan">ἀπολείπουσαν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Frodon">πάροδον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29lw%3Dna">αὐλῶνα</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parw%2Freian">παρώρειαν</w>,
2
<w lemma="dielqw%5Cn">διελθὼν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29lw%3Dna">αὐλῶνα</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnhn">λίμνην</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fswpon">πρόσωπον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fas">πορείας</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffon">λόφον</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="katela%2Fbeto">κατελάβετο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhras">Ἴβηρας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Ali%2Fbuas">Λίβυας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="katestratope%2Fdeuse">κατεστρατοπέδευσε</w>,
3
<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Abaliarei%3Ds">Βαλιαρεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="logxofo%2Frous">λογχοφόρους</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="prwtoporei%2Fan">πρωτοπορείαν</w> <w lemma="e%29kperia%2Fgwn">ἐκπεριάγων</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="decia%3D%7C">δεξιᾷ</w> <w lemma="bounou%5Cs">βουνοὺς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29lw%3Dna">αὐλῶνα</w> <w lemma="keime%2Fnwn">κειμένων</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="paratei%2Fnas">παρατείνας</w>, <w lemma="u%28pe%2Fsteile">ὑπέστειλε</w>,
4
<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltou%5Cs">Κελτοὺς</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="eu%29wnu%2Fmwn">εὐωνύμων</w> <w lemma="bounw%3Dn">βουνῶν</w> <w lemma="ku%2Fklw%7C">κύκλῳ</w> <w lemma="periagagw%5Cn">περιαγαγὼν</w> <w lemma="parece%2Fteine">παρεξέτεινε</w> <w lemma="sunexei%3Ds">συνεχεῖς</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29sxa%2Ftous">ἐσχάτους</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fsodon">εἴσοδον</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="para%2F">παρά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnhn">λίμνην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="parwrei%2Fas">παρωρείας</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frousan">φέρουσαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnon">προειρημένον</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w>.
5
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="prokataskeuasa%2Fmenos">προκατασκευασάμενος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="perieilhfw%5Cs">περιειληφὼς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29lw%3Dna">αὐλῶνα</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29ne%2Fdrais">ἐνέδραις</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28suxi%2Fan">ἡσυχίαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxen">εἶχεν</w>.
6
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aflami%2Fnios">Φλαμίνιος</w> <w lemma="ei%28%2Fpeto">εἵπετο</w> <w lemma="kato%2Fpin">κατόπιν</w>, <w lemma="speu%2Fdwn">σπεύδων</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fyai">συνάψαι</w> [<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn:">πολεμίων·</w>]
7
<w lemma="katestratopedeukw%5Cs">κατεστρατοπεδευκὼς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="proterai%2Fa%7C">προτεραίᾳ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3D%7C">αὐτῇ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnh%7C">λίμνῃ</w> <w lemma="tele%2Fws">τελέως</w> <w lemma="o%29ye%5C">ὀψὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fras">ὥρας</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="e%29pigenome%2Fnhs">ἐπιγενομένης</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%28wqinh%5Cn">ἑωθινὴν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dge">ἦγε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="prwtoporei%2Fan">πρωτοπορείαν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnhn">λίμνην</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28pokei%2Fmenon">ὑποκείμενον</w> <w lemma="au%29lw%3Dna">αὐλῶνα</w>, <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenos">βουλόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29ca%2Fptesqai">ἐξάπτεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w>.
The road led through a narrow strip of level ground with a range of high hills on each side of it lengthwise. This defile was overlooked in front crosswise by a steep hill difficult to climb, and behind it lay the lake, between which and the hill side the passage giving access to the defile was quite narrow. Hannibal coasting the lake and passing through the defile occupied himself the hill in front, encamping on it with his Spaniards and Africans; his slingers and pikemen he brought round to the front by a detour and stationed them in an extended line under the hills to the right of the defile, and similarly taking his cavalry and the Celts round the hills on the left he placed them in a continuous line under these hills, so that the last of them were just at the entrance to the defile, lying between the hillside and the lake.
Having made all these preparations during the night and thus encompassed the defile with troops waiting in ambush, Hannibal remained quite. Flaminius was following close on his steps impatient to overtake him. He had encamped the night before at a very late hour close to the lake itself; and next day as soon as it was dawn he led his vanguard along the lake to the above-mentioned defile, with the view of coming in touch with the enemy.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
3.83.0 - 3.85.6
<p>The battle of Trasimene: cf. Livy, xxii. 4. 2–7. 4; App. Hann. 9–10; Zon. viii. 25. Site and tactics are discussed by De Sanctis, iii. 2. 109–16; Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 150–93; Caspari, EHR, 1910, 417–29; Hallward, CAH, viii. 710; and the main hypotheses are illustrated in Kromayer, AS, iii. 1, Karte 5 and Kromayer–Veith, Schlachtenatlas, Röm. Abt. i, Blatt 4. The site depends essentially on the identification of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλών</w> of 83. 1; and on this there are four main views:</p> <p>Between Borghetto and Montigeto: adopted by Pareti, Riv. fil., 1912, 385–401; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 109; Hallward, CAH, viii. 709; Scullard, Hist. 459 (ed. 2, 428).</p> <p>Between Montigeto and Montecolognola: Henderson, JP, 1897, 112–30; 1899, 203–23; Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 150 ff.; Kahrstedt, iii. 404 n. 1; Oehler, RE, 'Trasimenischer See', col. 2224.</p> <p>Between Borghetto and Tuoro: Grundy, JP, 1896, 102–18; 1897, 273–89; Reuss, Klio, 1906, 226–36; Ashby, JP, 1910, 117–22 (hesitant).</p> <p>As (c), but with Hannibal's camp at Sanguineto, instead of at Tuoro: Sade, Klio, 1909, 48–68; K. Lehmann, Jahresberichte d. phil. Ver. Berlin, 1915, 81–97; Caspari, EHR, 1910, 417–29.</p> <p> (i) The <w lang="el-GR">αὐλών</w> (83. 1). P. uses the word in iii. 47. 3 for the upper <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> valley, and in xi. 32. 1 for a valley lying between two hostile camps. In v. 45. 8 (cf. v. 46. 2) the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλὼν Μαρσύας</w> is a defile between two mountain ranges; and in vii. 6. 2 an <w lang="el-GR">αὐλὼν ἐπίπεδος</w> (like that at Trasimene) runs through the middle of Leontini, <w lang="el-GR">τοῦ δ᾽ αὐλῶνος παρ᾽ ἑκατέραν τὴν πλευρὰν παρήκει λόφος</w>. In each case the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλών</w> is a valley between hills; the presumption is that the meaning is the same here. This <w lang="el-GR">αὐλών</w> has in fact a range of high hills on either side, <w lang="el-GR">παρὰ μὲν τὰς εἰς μῆκος πλευρὰς ἑκατέρας</w>; its short sides <w lang="el-GR">(παρὰ δὲ τὰς εἰς πλάτος)</w> are filled by a steep hill in front and the lake behind; and the lake allows only a narrow access to the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλών</w> alongside the range of hills <w lang="el-GR">(παρὰ τὴν παρώρειαν)</w>. This is a clear and consistent picture of a valley running at right angles (more or less) to the lake, with a steep hill at the far end. The difficulty only arises when one turns to Hannibal's movements; <w lang="el-GR">διελθὼν τὸν αὐλῶνα παρὰ τὴν λίμνην, τὰ μὲν κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς πορείας λόφον αὐτὸς κατελάβετο</w> (83. 2). The <w lang="el-GR">λόφος</w> is clearly that in § 1; otherwise there is no sense in mentioning the latter. But what <milestone unit="page" n="415">[415]</milestone> of the phrase <w lang="el-GR">διελθὼν τὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α παρὰ τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">λίμνην</w>? De Sanctis (iii. 2. 111) argues that though the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v is described as from the end by the lake, Hannibal crossed it parallel to the lake; thus 'non permette il testo di P. d'identificare il colle di rimpetto <w lang="el-GR">(καταντικρύ)</w> all'osservatore che volga le spalle al lago con quello di fronte alla strada che segue la sponda'. But De Sanctis's observer, with his back to the lake (Hallward, CAH, viii. 710, puts him in a boat), corresponds on this hypothesis to neither the Carthaginian nor the Roman view of the battle, and is wholly otiose; P. further mentions in one half of the sentence a <w lang="el-GR">λόφος</w> which never appears again, and in the second half <w lang="el-GR">τὸ</w>v . . . <w lang="el-GR">λόφο</w>v which is apparently quite distinct from it; finally, he describes Hannibal's troop dispositions on the right and left (§§ 3–4), when in fact he has allowed him only a right, because the lake is on the left. Clearly <w lang="el-GR">διελθὼν τὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α παρὰ τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">λίμνην</w> must mean something else; and the easiest explanation is that it is a compressed phrase (cf. 82 n.) meaning 'along the lake side and through the valley' (as Paton takes it). In § 7 Flaminius marches <w lang="el-GR">παρὰ? τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">λίμνην εἰς τὸ</w>v . . . <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α</w>. P.'s failure to make a sharp distinction between the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v proper and the approach along the lake side is evident in his account of the troop dispositions (§ 2). </p> <p> <figure> <graphic url="3002.gif" scale="100%" /> </figure> </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> 7. THE BATTLE OF TRASIMENE. Based on Kromayer. 'Montigeto' should be shown at the extreme western end of the Roman line during the battle, and about 2 km. north-west of Passignano. <milestone unit="page" n="416">[416]</milestone> (ii) Hannibal's troop dispositions. Hannibal occupied the <w lang="el-GR">λόφος</w> with his Iberians and Libyans, and encamped there (§ 2); his slingers and pikemen he brought round from the vanguard and concealed them behind the hills to the right of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v, extending his line; his cavalry and Celts he brought round behind the hills on the left in a continuous line <w lang="el-GR">(συνεχεῖς)</w>. Right and left would perhaps most naturally be from Hannibal's standpoint in the battle; but the last of the cavalry are said to be at the entrance to the defile between the hillside and the lake (§ 4), and since the Romans were approaching along the lake in a clockwise direction, the entrance to the defile is clearly west of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v; hence it follows that right and left refer to Hannibal's original direction of march. Nor is this odd, since the manuvres were executed from march order (cf. § 3, <w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">πρωτοπορείαν)</w>; nor would the troops ambushed in the hills march to the far end of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v before being sent to their place of concealment (cf. Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 157 n. 2). Thus, cavalry and Gauls lay to the left of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v, as one ascended from the lake; and on the right were the slingers. Once the Romans had entered the defile they were attacked from the front, the rear, and the flanks (84. 3, <w lang="el-GR">ἐκ τῶ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">πλαγίων)</w>. Distinct, however, from these troops already in the defile (84. 7, <w lang="el-GR">ἔπεσον . . . κατὰ τὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α)</w> are those who were caught on the march <w lang="el-GR">(κατὰ πορείαν)</w> between lake and hills, in the narrows (84. 8, <w lang="el-GR">ἐν τοῖς στενοῖς)</w>, and met a more pitiable fate, being driven into the lake and either cut down or drowned (84. 9–10). This implies that the <w lang="el-GR">στενά</w> were included in the ambush as well as the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v <milestone unit="page" n="417">[417]</milestone> proper, and helps to explain why P. does not everywhere distinguish between the two so clearly as he does in his account of the actual fighting. Finally (84. 11), P. returns, from the approaches, to the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v to describe how about 6,000 found their way forward to the high ground, only to be surrounded and forced to surrender. </p> <p>This account, with its clear distinction between the fighting in the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v and that beside the lake, fits the rest of P.'s picture; so an attempt may now be made to relate it to the topography of Lake Trasimene.</p> <p rend="Plain Text">(iii) The site of the battle. Of the views listed above, (c) and (d) do not allow sufficient room for manuvring, nor for Flaminius' numbers (see below); and the arguments against (a) have already been stated under (i). There remains (b), the view of Henderson and Kromayer. Against it is the smallness of the valley between Torricella and Montecolognola. But if in fact the ambush stretched beyond this <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v, and along the shore of the lake from Torricella as far west as Montigeto, so that fighting occurred along the whole of this route, most of De Sanctis's objections are answered; and in fact this view is supported by the fact that one side of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v was covered by a mere 8,000 slingers, while the other (including, we must suppose, the extension along the lake) contained perhaps 30,000 Gallic in- fantry and cavalry of all kinds (on the numbers, which depend on those at 114. 5, see Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 210–11); see further, 83. 3–4 n. The importance P. attributes to the fighting in the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v proper would be explained if one of his main sources (e.g. Silenus) was an eyewitness in Hannibal's camp (cf. Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 172 n. 3; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 173). The following notes therefore presuppose the correctness of Kromayer's site for the battle. G. Susini, Ricerche sulla battaglia del Trasimeno (estratto dall' Annuario dell'Accademia etrusca di <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cortona&groupId=497&placeId=934">Cortona</a>, 11, 1956–60), <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cortona&groupId=497&placeId=934">Cortona</a>, 1960, sites the battlefield between Tuoro, Sanguineto, Mte Gualandro, and Borghetto; he assumes a shore line reaching Tuoro and uses the evidence of pits which he claims contain the ashes of the dead from the battle. For a critical view see Walbank, JRS, 1961, 232–4; more favourable, P. G. Walsh, CR, 1962, 99. Susini replies and develops his arguments further, with discussion of recent research on Trasimene, in Studi annibalici, 132–6. T. A. Dorey, Euphrosyne, 1961, 213–15, argues that Livy's account of the battle, based on a Roman source, is more reliable than P.'s; he believes the site to be between Borghetto and Passignano.</p>
Specifics
3.83.1 - 3.83.1
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">ος ἐπιπέδου</w>:</emph> the valley running south-east from Torricella in the direction of Magione; photographs in Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 152–3. The <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">ἐπίπεδος</w> at Leontini (vii. 6. 2) also has a considerable gradient (cf. Kromayer, ibid. 174 n. 1; map, 175). </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βου</w>v<w lang="el-GR">οὺς . . . ὑψηλοὺς καὶ συνεχεῖ?ς</w>:</emph> including Montecolognola on the south of the valley. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">στενὴν . . . πάροδον ὡς εἰς τὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α</w>:</emph> in the narrow sense, the defile between C. Piscino and the lake; but later (§ 8) P. includes the whole 5 km. defile between Montigeto and Torricella. </p>
3.83.2 - 3.83.2
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διελθὼν τὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α παρὰ τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">λίμνην</w>:</emph> see 83–85. 6 n. (i). It is clear that in 84. 1 either P. is failing to distinguish between the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v proper and the approach along the lake, or else (less probably) that he has an exaggerated view of the size of the former; cf. 84. 7. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">μὲ</w>v . . . <w lang="el-GR">λόφο</w>v:</emph> the hill at the head of the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v, not named on Kromayer's map. </p>
3.83.3 - 3.83.3
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς δὲ Βαλιαρεῖς καὶ λογχοφόρους κατὰ τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">πρωτοπορεία</w>v:</emph> 'the <milestone unit="page" n="418">[418]</milestone> Baleares and spearsmen from the vanguard'; cf. Livy, xxii. 4. 3, Baleares ceteramque leuem armaturam. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὑπὸ τοὺς . . . βου</w>v<w lang="el-GR">οὺς . . . ὑπέστειλε</w>:</emph> 'he stationed them in concealment behind the hills'; cf. xi. 21. 2. </p>
3.83.3 - 3.83.4
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ πολὺ παρατεί</w>v<w lang="el-GR">ας . . . παρεξέτει</w>v<w lang="el-GR">ε συνεχεῖς</w>:</emph> arguing against Kromayer's position for the battle De Sanctis (iii. 2. 115) observes that the 8,000 Baleares and light troops, spread over a mere 800 metres, would in fact be closely ordered, whereas the Gauls, whom Kromayer reckons at 20,000, had to cover 5 km., and were therefore extended. It is, however, dubious whether <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ πολὺ παράτει</w>v<w lang="el-GR">ας</w> implies deployment in a less compact line than does <w lang="el-GR">παρεξέτει</w>v<w lang="el-GR">ε συνεχεῖς</w>; the former may simply mean 'deploying them over a wide area' (including depth as well as length), and the latter 'he extended them in a continuous line', i.e. such that they did not lose contact, an important point in such an extended position. On the position of the cavalry (between Montigeto and Passignano) cf. Livy, xxii. 4. 3, 'equites ad ipsas fauces saltus tumulis apte tegentibus locat, ut, ubi intrassent Romani, obiecto equitatu clausa omnia lacu ac montibus essent'; and more specifically Zon. viii. 25, <w lang="el-GR">τοῦ μὲ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">πεζοῦ τὸ πλεῖο</w>v <w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὰ ὄρη λοχᾶ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">ἔταξε, τὸ δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἱππικὸ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">σύμπα</w>v <w lang="el-GR">ἔξω τῶ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">στενῶ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">ἀφα</w>v<w lang="el-GR">ῶς ἐφεδρεύει</w>v <w lang="el-GR">ἐκέλευσε</w>. Kromayer, AS, iii. 1. 159 n. 1. </p>
3.83.4 - 3.83.4
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">εἴσοδο</w>v:</emph> the <w lang="el-GR">στενὴ πάροδος</w> of § 1. </p>
3.83.7 - 3.83.7
<p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατεστρατοπεδευκὼς . . . πρὸς αὐτῇ τῇ λίμνῃ</w>:</emph> probably east of Mte Gualandro, between its slopes and the R. Sanguineto; on De Sanctis's theory this camp lies west of the mountain, since he puts the entrance to the <w lang="el-GR">αὐλώ</w>v at the defile of Borghetto. </p> <p> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παρὰ τὴ</w>v <w lang="el-GR">λίμνην εἰς τὸ</w>v . . . <w lang="el-GR">αὐλῶ</w>v<w lang="el-GR">α</w>:</emph> past Montigeto and Passignano to Torricella; the rearguard would be well behind. </p>
Addenda & corrigenda
3.83.0 - 3.85.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold">83–85. 6.</emph> The site of Trasimene. G. Susini, Ricerche sulla battaglia del Trasimeno (estratto dall' Annuario dell'Accademia etrusca di <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cortona&groupId=497&placeId=934">Cortona</a>, 11, 1956–60), <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cortona&groupId=497&placeId=934">Cortona</a>, 1960, sites the battlefield between Tuoro, Sanguineto, Mte Gualandro, and Borghetto; he assumes a shore line reaching Tuoro and uses the evidence of pits which he claims contain the ashes of the dead from the battle. For a critical view see Walbank, JRS, 1961, 232–4; more favourable, P. G. Walsh, CR, 1962, 99. Susini replies and develops his arguments further, with discussion of recent research on Trasimene, in Studi annibalici, 132–6. T. A. Dorey, Euphrosyne, 1961, 213–15, argues that Livy's account of the battle, based on a Roman source, is more reliable than P.'s; he believes the site to be between Borghetto and Passignano. </p>

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