Polybius, Histories

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Book 3 - Chapter 37

1
<w lemma="a%29ora%2Ftwn">ἀοράτων</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w>. <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhs">ὅλης</w> <w lemma="gh%3Ds">γῆς</w> <w lemma="u%28pokeime%2Fnwn">ὑποκειμένων</w>, <w lemma="a%29ko%2Flouqon">ἀκόλουθον</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="oi%29koume%2Fnhs">οἰκουμένης</w> <w lemma="a%29na%5C">ἀνὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="dielome%2Fnous">διελομένους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fstasin">ἐπίστασιν</w> <w lemma="a%29gagei%3Dn">ἀγαγεῖν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29kou%2Fontas">ἀκούοντας</w>.
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<w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="dih%7Crhme%2Fnhs">διῃρημένης</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fa">τρία</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29nomasi%2Fas">ὀνομασίας</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%28%5Cn">ἓν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteron">ἕτερον</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fhn">Λιβύην</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fton">τρίτον</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphn">Εὐρώπην</w> <w lemma="prosagoreu%2Fousi">προσαγορεύουσι</w>.
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<w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cs">διαφορὰς</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> <w lemma="o%28ri%2Fzousin">ὁρίζουσιν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2F">ὅ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Ata%2Fnai+s">Τάναϊς</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cs">ποταμὸς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Anei%3Dlos">Νεῖλος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hrakle%2Fous">Ἡρακλέους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fma">στόμα</w>.
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<w lemma="%2Anei%2Flou">Νείλου</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Atana%2Fidos">Τανάιδος</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dsqai">κεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbe%2Fbhke">συμβέβηκε</w>, <w lemma="pi%2Fptein">πίπτειν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxontos">περιέχοντος</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fsthma">διάστημα</w> <w lemma="qerinw%3Dn">θερινῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29natolw%3Dn">ἀνατολῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meshmbri%2Fas">μεσημβρίας</w>.
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<w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fh">Λιβύη</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dtai">κεῖται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="%2Anei%2Flou">Νείλου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sthlw%3Dn">στηλῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fwn">Ἡρακλείων</w>, <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxontos">περιέχοντος</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fptwken">πέπτωκεν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2F">ὑπό</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="meshmbri%2Fan">μεσημβρίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="xeimerina%5Cs">χειμερινὰς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="i%29shmerinh%3Ds">ἰσημερινῆς</w> <w lemma="katafora%3Ds">καταφορᾶς</w>, <w lemma="h%28%5C">ἣ</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fptei">πίπτει</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fous">Ἡρακλείους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w>.
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<w lemma="au%28%3Dtai">αὗται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="xw%3Drai">χῶραι</w> <w lemma="kaqolikw%2Fteron">καθολικώτερον</w> <w lemma="qewrou%2Fmenai">θεωρούμεναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="meshmbri%2Fan">μεσημβρίαν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fxousi">ἐπέχουσι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29natolw%3Dn">ἀνατολῶν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w>.
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<w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fph">Εὐρώπη</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftais">ταύταις</w> <w lemma="a%29mfote%2Frais">ἀμφοτέραις</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frktous">ἄρκτους</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipara%2Fkeitai">ἀντιπαράκειται</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29natolw%3Dn">ἀνατολῶν</w> <w lemma="parh%2Fkousa">παρήκουσα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fxri">ἄχρι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w>,
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<w lemma="kei%3Dtai">κεῖται</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="o%28losxere%2Fsteron">ὁλοσχερέστερον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="baqu%2Fteron">βαθύτερον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="u%28p%27">ὑπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%5Cs">αὐτὰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frktous">ἄρκτους</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Atana%2Fidos">Τανάιδος</w> <w lemma="potamou%3D">ποταμοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ana%2Frbwnos">Νάρβωνος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cs">ὃς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="polu%5Cn">πολὺν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxei">ἀπέχει</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Amassali%2Fas">Μασσαλίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodanou%3D">Ῥοδανοῦ</w> <w lemma="stoma%2Ftwn">στομάτων</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Asardo%2Fnion">Σαρδόνιον</w> <w lemma="pe%2Flagos">πέλαγος</w> <w lemma="e%29ci%2Fhsin">ἐξίησιν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnos">προειρημένος</w> <w lemma="potamo%2Fs">ποταμός</w>.
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<w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ana%2Frbwnos">Νάρβωνος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltoi%5C">Κελτοὶ</w> <w lemma="ne%2Fmontai">νέμονται</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="prosagoreuome%2Fnwn">προσαγορευομένων</w> <w lemma="%2Apurhnai%2Fwn">Πυρηναίων</w> <w lemma="o%29rw%3Dn">ὀρῶν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="diatei%2Fnei">διατείνει</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%2Fs">ἐκτός</w>.
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<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphs">Εὐρώπης</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="o%29rw%3Dn">ὀρῶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fpton">συνάπτον</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fous">Ἡρακλείους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxetai">περιέχεται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2F">ὑπό</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcw">ἔξω</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftths">θαλάττης</w>, <w lemma="kalei%3Dtai">καλεῖται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dkon">παρῆκον</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fwn">Ἡρακλείων</w> <w lemma="sthlw%3Dn">στηλῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fa">Ἰβηρία</w>,
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<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcw">ἔξω</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> <w lemma="prosagoreuome%2Fnhn">προσαγορευομένην</w> <w lemma="koinh%5Cn">κοινὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="o%29nomasi%2Fan">ὀνομασίαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prosfa%2Ftws">προσφάτως</w> <w lemma="katwpteu%3Dsqai">κατωπτεῦσθαι</w>, <w lemma="katoikei%3Dtai">κατοικεῖται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="barba%2Frwn">βαρβάρων</w> <w lemma="e%29qnw%3Dn">ἐθνῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poluanqrw%2Fpwn">πολυανθρώπων</w>, <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w>
This once established as regards the whole earth, it remains for me to lay before my readers the division on the same principle of that portion of the world known to us.
This is divided into three parts, each with its name, the one part being called Asia, the second <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>, and the third Europe.
Their respective boundaries are the river <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Don&groupId=127&placeId=365">Don</a>, the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a>, and the straits at the Pillars of Hercules.
Asia lies between the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Don&groupId=127&placeId=365">Don</a> and falls under that portion of the heaven lying between the north-east and the south.
<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> lies between the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a> and the Pillars of Hercules, and it falls under the south to the south-west and west, as far as the point of the equinoctial sunset, in which latter quarter are the Pillars of Hercules.
These two divisions of the earth, then, regarded from a general point of view, occupy the part of it which lies to the south of the Mediterranean, reaching from east to west, its most compact and deepest portion lying due north between the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Don&groupId=127&placeId=365">Don</a> and the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a>, the latter river being not far to the west of Marseilles and of the mouths by which the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> discharges itself into the Sardinian Sea.
The Celts inhabit the country near the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a> and beyond it as far as the chain of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a> which stretches in an unbroken remaining part of Europe beyond the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a> reaching to its western end and to the Pillars of Hercules is bounded on the one side by the Mediterranean and on the other by the Outer Sea, that portion of which is washed by the Mediterranean as far as the Pillars of Hercules being called Iberia, while that part which lies along the Outer or Great Sea has no general name, as it has only recently come under notice, but is all densely inhabited by barbarous tribes of whom I shall speak more particularly on a subsequent occasion.