Polybius, Histories

Layout
Translation

Book 2 - Chapter 58

1
<w lemma="qrwpi%2Fan">θρωπίαν</w>. <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="proorw%2Fmenoi">προορώμενοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="au%28toi%3Ds">αὑτοῖς</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fseis">στάσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="u%28p%27">ὑπ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlw%3Dn">Αἰτωλῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="e%29piboula%2Fs">ἐπιβουλάς</w>, <w lemma="presbeu%2Fsantes">πρεσβεύσαντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%29ci%2Fwsan">ἠξίωσαν</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dnai">δοῦναι</w> <w lemma="parafulakh%5Cn">παραφυλακὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28toi%3Ds">αὑτοῖς</w>.
2
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peisqe%2Fntes">πεισθέντες</w> <w lemma="a%29peklh%2Frwsan">ἀπεκλήρωσαν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="triakosi%2Fous">τριακοσίους</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndras:">ἄνδρας·</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="laxo%2Fntes">λαχόντες</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Frmhsan">ὥρμησαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29polipo%2Fntes">ἀπολιπόντες</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fas">ἰδίας</w> <w lemma="patri%2Fdas">πατρίδας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fous">βίους</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="die%2Ftribon">διέτριβον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Amantinei%2Fa%7C">Μαντινείᾳ</w>, <w lemma="parafula%2Fttontes">παραφυλάττοντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnwn">ἐκείνων</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqeri%2Fan">ἐλευθερίαν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="swthri%2Fan">σωτηρίαν</w>.
3
<w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frous">μισθοφόρους</w> <w lemma="diakosi%2Fous">διακοσίους</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fpemyan">ἐξέπεμψαν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="sundieth%2Froun">συνδιετήρουν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28pokeime%2Fnhn">ὑποκειμένην</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%2Fstasin">κατάστασιν</w>.
4
<w lemma="met%27">μετ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="stasia%2Fsantes">στασιάσαντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Amantinei%3Ds">Μαντινεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fous">Λακεδαιμονίους</w> <w lemma="e%29pispasa%2Fmenoi">ἐπισπασάμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29nexei%2Frisan">ἐνεχείρισαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="diatri%2Fbontas">διατρίβοντας</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28toi%3Ds">αὑτοῖς</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fsfacan:">κατέσφαξαν·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="mei%3Dzon">μεῖζον</w> <w lemma="paraspo%2Fndhma">παρασπόνδημα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="deino%2Fteron">δεινότερον</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29pei%3Dn">εἰπεῖν</w> <w lemma="eu%29mare%2Fs">εὐμαρές</w>.
5
<w lemma="e%29peidh%5C">ἐπειδὴ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdoce">ἔδοξε</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnos">ἔθνος</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fili%2Fan">φιλίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29qetei%3Dn">ἀθετεῖν</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29xrh%3Dn">ἐχρῆν</w> <w lemma="dh%2Fpou">δήπου</w> <w lemma="feisame%2Fnous">φεισαμένους</w> <w lemma="e%29a%3Dsai">ἐᾶσαι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="u%28pospo%2Fndous">ὑποσπόνδους</w> <w lemma="a%29pelqei%3Dn:">ἀπελθεῖν·</w>
6
<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fois">πολεμίοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqos">ἔθος</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="sugxwrei%3Dsqai">συγχωρεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="koinou%5Cs">κοινοὺς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmous">νόμους</w>.
7
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnei">Κλεομένει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fois">Λακεδαιμονίοις</w> <w lemma="i%28kanh%5Cn">ἱκανὴν</w> <w lemma="para%2Fsxwntai">παράσχωνται</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstin">πίστιν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%3Dsan">ἐνεστῶσαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%2Fn">ἐπιβολήν</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="koina%5C">κοινὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w> <w lemma="di%2Fkaia">δίκαια</w> <w lemma="paraba%2Fntes">παραβάντες</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w> <w lemma="a%29se%2Fbhma">ἀσέβημα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="proai%2Fresin">προαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pete%2Flesan">ἐπετέλεσαν</w>.
8
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fxeiras">αὐτόχειρας</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="timwrou%5Cs">τιμωροὺς</w> <w lemma="oi%28%2Ftines">οἵτινες</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w> <w lemma="labo%2Fntes">λαβόντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29qw%2F%7Cous">ἀθῴους</w> <w lemma="a%29fh%3Dkan">ἀφῆκαν</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnwn">ἐκείνων</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqeri%2Fan">ἐλευθερίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="swthri%2Fan">σωτηρίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29fu%2Flatton">ἐφύλαττον</w>, <w lemma="phli%2Fkhs">πηλίκης</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%3Ds">ὀργῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcion">ἄξιον</w>;
9
<w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="paqo%2Fntes">παθόντες</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="di%2Fkhn">δίκην</w> <w lemma="do%2Fcaien">δόξαιεν</w> <w lemma="a%28rmo%2Fzousan">ἁρμόζουσαν</w> <w lemma="dedwke%2Fnai">δεδωκέναι</w>; <w lemma="tuxo%5Cn">τυχὸν</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsws">ἴσως</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fpoi">εἴποι</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fn">ἄν</w>, <w lemma="praqe%2Fntes">πραθέντες</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fknwn">τέκνων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gunaikw%3Dn">γυναικῶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="katepolemh%2Fqhsan">κατεπολεμήθησαν</w>.
10
<w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto%2F">τοῦτό</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="mhqe%5Cn">μηθὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29sebe%5Cs">ἀσεβὲς</w> <w lemma="e%29pitelesame%2Fnois">ἐπιτελεσαμένοις</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmous">νόμους</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2Fkeitai">ὑπόκειται</w> <w lemma="paqei%3Dn">παθεῖν</w>. <w lemma="ou%29kou%3Dn">οὐκοῦν</w> <w lemma="o%28losxereste%2Fras">ὁλοσχερεστέρας</w> <w lemma="tino%5Cs">τινὸς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mei%2Fzonos">μείζονος</w> <w lemma="tuxei%3Dn">τυχεῖν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcioi">ἄξιοι</w> <w lemma="timwri%2Fas">τιμωρίας</w>,
11
<w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fper">εἴπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpaqon">ἔπαθον</w> <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="%2Afu%2Flarxo%2Fs">Φύλαρχός</w> <w lemma="fhsin">φησιν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fleon">ἔλεον</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="sunecakolouqei%3Dn">συνεξακολουθεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fpainon">ἔπαινον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sugkata%2Fqesin">συγκατάθεσιν</w> <w lemma="ma%3Dllon">μᾶλλον</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttousi">πράττουσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="metaporeuome%2Fnois">μεταπορευομένοις</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29se%2Fbeian">ἀσέβειαν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w>.
12
<w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="ou%29deno%5Cs">οὐδενὸς</w> <w lemma="peraite%2Frw">περαιτέρω</w> <w lemma="sunecakolouqh%2Fsantos">συνεξακολουθήσαντος</w> <w lemma="%2Amantineu%3Dsi">Μαντινεῦσι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="peripe%2Fteian">περιπέτειαν</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="diarpagh%3Dnai">διαρπαγῆναι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fous">βίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="praqh%3Dnai">πραθῆναι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqe%2Frous">ἐλευθέρους</w>, <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="suggrafeu%5Cs">συγγραφεὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="teratei%2Fas">τερατείας</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="yeu%3Ddos">ψεῦδος</w> <w lemma="ei%29sh%2Fnegke">εἰσήνεγκε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flon">ὅλον</w>,
13
<w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="yeu%3Ddos">ψεῦδος</w> <w lemma="a%29pi%2Fqanon">ἀπίθανον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28perbolh%5Cn">ὑπερβολὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29gnoi%2Fas">ἀγνοίας</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="parakei%2Fmenon">παρακείμενον</w> <w lemma="h%29dunh%2Fqh">ἠδυνήθη</w> <w lemma="sunepisth%3Dsai">συνεπιστῆσαι</w>, <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="kurieu%2Fsantes">κυριεύσαντες</w> <w lemma="%2Ategeatw%3Dn">Τεγεατῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fwn">ὁμοίων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpracan">ἔπραξαν</w>.
14
<w lemma="kai%2Ftoi">καίτοι</w> <w lemma="g%27">γ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pratto%2Fntwn">πραττόντων</w> <w lemma="w%29mo%2Fths">ὠμότης</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fa">αἰτία</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="peponqe%2Fnai">πεπονθέναι</w> <w lemma="tau%29ta%5C">ταὐτὰ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28popeptwko%2Fsi">ὑποπεπτωκόσι</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fn">καιρόν</w>.
15
<w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnous">μόνους</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fgone">γέγονε</w> <w lemma="%2Amantinei%3Ds">Μαντινεῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="diafora%2F">διαφορά</w>, <w lemma="fanero%5Cn">φανερὸν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fan">αἰτίαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%3Ds">ὀργῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkh">ἀνάγκη</w> <w lemma="diafe%2Frousan">διαφέρουσαν</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w>.
Subsequently, as they foresaw discord among themselves and plots by the Aetolians and Lacedaemonians, they sent an embassy to the Achaeans asking for a garrison.
The Achaeans consented and chose by lot three hundred of their own citizens, who set forth, abandoning their own houses and possessions, and remained in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a> to watch over the liberty and safety of its townsmen.
At the same time they sent two hundred hired soldiers, who aided this Achaean force in safeguarding the established government.
Very soon however the Mantineans fell out with the Achaeans, and, inviting the Lacedaemonians, put the city into their hands and massacred the garrison the Achaeans had sent them. It is not easy to name any greater or more atrocious act of treachery than this.
For in resolving to foreswear their friendship and gratitude, they should at least have spared the lives of these men and allowed them all to depart under terms.
Such treatment is, by the common law of nations, accorded even to enemies;
but the Mantineans, simply in order to give Cleomenes and the Lacedaemonians a satisfactory guarantee of their good faith in this undertaking violated the law recognized by all mankind and deliberately committed the most heinous of crimes.
Vengeful murderers of the very men who previously on capturing their city had left them unharmed, and who now were guarding their liberties and lives — against such men, one asks oneself, can any indignation be too strong?
What should we consider to be an adequate punishment for them? Someone might perhaps say that now when they were crushed by armed force they should have been sold into slavery with their wives and children.
But to this fate the usage of war exposes those who have been guilty of no such impious crime.
These men therefore were worthy of some far heavier and more extreme penalty; so that had they suffered what Phylarchus alleges, it was not to be expected that they should have met with pity from the Greeks, but rather that approval and assent should have been accorded to those who executed judgement on them for their wickedness.
Yet, while nothing more serious befel the Mantineans, in this their hour of calamity, than the pillage of their property and the enslavement of the male citizens, Phylarchus, all for the sake of making his narrative sensational, composed a tissue not only of falsehoods, but of improbable falsehoods,
and, owing to his gross ignorance, was not even able to compare an analogous case and explain how the same people at the same time, on taking <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tegea&groupId=1011&placeId=1780">Tegea</a> by force, did not commit any such excesses.
For if the cause lay in the barbarity of the perpetrators, the Tegeans should have met with the same treatment as those who were conquered at the same time.
If only the Mantineans were thus exceptionally treated, we must evidently infer that there was some exceptional cause for anger against them.