Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 2 - Chapter 19

<w lemma="h%2Fsanto">ήσαντο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>. <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ai%28%3Ds">αἷς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fth">ἔτη</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="mei%2Fnantes">μείναντες</w> <w lemma="e%29mpedw%3Ds">ἐμπεδῶς</w>, <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="kinh%2Fmatos">κινήματος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Atransalpi%2Fnwn">Τρανσαλπίνων</w>, <w lemma="dei%2Fsantes">δείσαντες</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemos">πόλεμος</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29gerqh%3D%7C">ἐγερθῇ</w> <w lemma="baru%2Fs">βαρύς</w>, <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftreyan">ἔτρεψαν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="o%28rma%5Cs">ὁρμὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29canistame%2Fnwn">ἐξανισταμένων</w>, <w lemma="dwroforou%3Dntes">δωροφοροῦντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="protiqe%2Fmenoi">προτιθέμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="sugge%2Fneian">συγγένειαν</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="parw%2Fcunan">παρώξυναν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mete%2Fsxon">μετέσχον</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="stratei%2Fas">στρατείας</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="h%28%3D%7C">ᾗ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenoi">ποιησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhni%2Fas">Τυρρηνίας</w>, <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="sustrateusame%2Fnwn">συστρατευσαμένων</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhnw%3Dn">Τυρρηνῶν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peribalo%2Fmenoi">περιβαλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fas">λείας</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="e%29parxi%2Fas">ἐπαρχίας</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalw%3Ds">ἀσφαλῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqon">ἐπανῆλθον</w>.

<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fan">οἰκείαν</w> <w lemma="a%29fiko%2Fmenoi">ἀφικόμενοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="stasia%2Fsantes">στασιάσαντες</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29lhmme%2Fnwn">εἰλημμένων</w> <w lemma="pleoneci%2Fan">πλεονεξίαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fas">λείας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeiran">διέφθειραν</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnhqe%2Fs">σύνηθές</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftais">Γαλάταις</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttein">πράττειν</w>, <w lemma="e%29peida%5Cn">ἐπειδὰν</w> <w lemma="sfeteri%2Fswntai%2F">σφετερίσωνταί</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pe%2Flas">πέλας</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgous">ἀλόγους</w> <w lemma="oi%29noflugi%2Fas">οἰνοφλυγίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plhsmona%2Fs">πλησμονάς</w>.

<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftei">ἔτει</w> <w lemma="teta%2Frtw%7C">τετάρτῳ</w> <w lemma="sumfronh%2Fsantes">συμφρονήσαντες</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="%2Asauni%3Dtai">Σαυνῖται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftai">Γαλάται</w> <w lemma="pareta%2Fcanto">παρετάξαντο</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Akamerti%2Fwn">Καμερτίων</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fra%7C">χώρᾳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnw%7C">κινδύνῳ</w> <w lemma="die%2Ffqeiran">διέφθειραν</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="kairw%3D%7C">καιρῷ</w> <w lemma="prosfilonikh%2Fsantes">προσφιλονικήσαντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="gegono%5Cs">γεγονὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29la%2Fttwm%27">ἐλάττωμ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="met%27">μετ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgas">ὀλίγας</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%3Dlqon">ἐξῆλθον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sumbalo%2Fntes">συμβαλόντες</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdois">στρατοπέδοις</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Asentinatw%3Dn">Σεντινατῶν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fra%7C">χώρᾳ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnous">προειρημένους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstous">πλείστους</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fkteinan">ἀπέκτειναν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipou%5Cs">λοιποὺς</w> <w lemma="h%29na%2Fgkasan">ἠνάγκασαν</w> <w lemma="protropa%2Fdhn">προτροπάδην</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstous">ἑκάστους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fan">οἰκείαν</w> <w lemma="fugei%3Dn">φυγεῖν</w>.

<w lemma="diagenome%2Fnwn">διαγενομένων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29tw%3Dn">ἐτῶν</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="parege%2Fnonto">παρεγένοντο</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftai">Γαλάται</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhs">μεγάλης</w> <w lemma="stratia%3Ds">στρατιᾶς</w>, <w lemma="poliorkh%2Fsontes">πολιορκήσοντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arrhti%2Fnwn">Ἀρρητίνων</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>.

<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="parabohqh%2Fsantes">παραβοηθήσαντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sumbalo%2Fntes">συμβαλόντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="h%28tth%2Fqhsan">ἡττήθησαν</w>. <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="%2Aleuki%2Fou">Λευκίου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="strathgou%3D">στρατηγοῦ</w> <w lemma="teleuth%2Fsantos">τελευτήσαντος</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Fnion">Μάνιον</w> <w lemma="e%29pikate%2Fsthsan">ἐπικατέστησαν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Ako%2Frion">Κόριον</w>.

<w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29kpe%2Fmyantos">ἐκπέμψαντος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Agalati%2Fan">Γαλατίαν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ai%29xmalw%2Ftwn">αἰχμαλώτων</w>, <w lemma="paraspondh%2Fsantes">παρασπονδήσαντες</w> <w lemma="e%29panei%2Flonto">ἐπανείλοντο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="qumo%5Cn">θυμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="xeiro%5Cs">χειρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29pistrateusame%2Fnwn">ἐπιστρατευσαμένων</w>, <w lemma="a%29panth%2Fsantes">ἀπαντήσαντες</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fballon">συνέβαλλον</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Ash%2Fnwnes">Σήνωνες</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenoi">καλούμενοι</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftai">Γαλάται</w>.

<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="parata%2Fcews">παρατάξεως</w> <w lemma="krath%2Fsantes">κρατήσαντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstous">πλείστους</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fkteinan">ἀπέκτειναν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipou%5Cs">λοιποὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fbalon">ἐξέβαλον</w>, <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="e%29ge%2Fnonto">ἐγένοντο</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="e%29gkratei%3Ds">ἐγκρατεῖς</w>.

<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fthn">πρώτην</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Agalati%2Fas">Γαλατίας</w> <w lemma="a%29poiki%2Fan">ἀποικίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsteilan">ἔστειλαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Ash%2Fnhn">Σήνην</w> <w lemma="prosagoreuome%2Fnhn">προσαγορευομένην</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>, <w lemma="o%28mw%2Fnumon">ὁμώνυμον</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dsan">οὖσαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="katoikou%3Dsi">κατοικοῦσι</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftais">Γαλάταις</w>,

<w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Ds">ἧς</w> <w lemma="a%29rti%2Fws">ἀρτίως</w> <w lemma="diesafh%2Fsamen">διεσαφήσαμεν</w>, <w lemma="fa%2Fskontes">φάσκοντες</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29adri%2Fan">Ἀδρίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Frati">πέρατι</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dsqai">κεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apa%2Fdon">Πάδον</w> <w lemma="pedi%2Fwn">πεδίων</w>.

But then, when a fresh movement began among the Transalpine Gauls, and they feared they would have a big war on their hands, they deflected from themselves the inroad of the migrating tribes by bribery and by pleading their kinship, but they incited them to attack the Romans, and even joined them in the expedition.

They advanced through <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>, the Etruscans too uniting with them, and, after collecting a quantity of booty, retired quite safely from the Roman territory,

but, on reaching home, fell out with each other about division of the spoil and succeeded in destroying the greater part of their own forces and of the booty itself.

This is quite a common event among the Gauls, when they have appropriated their neighbour's property, chiefly owing to their inordinate drinking and surfeiting.

Four years later the Gauls made a league with the Samnites, and engaging the Romans in the territory of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Camerinum&groupId=427&placeId=791">Camerinum</a> inflicted on them considerable loss;

meanwhile the Romans, determined on avenging their reverse, advanced again a few days after with all their legions, and attacking the Gauls and Samnites in the territory of Sentinum, put the greater number of them to the sword and compelled the rest to take precipitate flight each to their separate homes.

Again, ten years afterwards, the Gauls appeared in force and besieged Arretium.

The Romans, coming to the help of the town, attacked them in front of it and were defeated. In this battle their Praetor Lucius Caecilius fell, and they nominated Manius Curius in his place.

When Manius sent legates to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> to treat for the return of the prisoners, they were treacherously slain,

and this made the Romans so indignant that they at once marched upon <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a>. They were met by the Gauls called Senones,

whom they defeated in a pitched battle, killing most of them and driving the rest out of their country, the whole of which they occupied.

This was the first part of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> in which they planted a colony, calling it <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> after the name of the Gauls who formerly inhabited it.

This is the city I mentioned as lying near the Adriatic at the extremity of the plain of the Po.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

2.13.0 - 2.35.0

<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and the Gauls The Gallic invasion of 225 gives P. occasion to outline the previous history of the Gauls in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, prefixing a geographical survey of Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (14–17). In i. 6. 8 the Celts were excepted from the peoples of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> mastered before the Roman crossing into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>. Thus the present digression falls into place as part of the story of how the Romans amassed sufficient resources to justify their ambitions for world-dominion (i. 3. 10); in addition it is relevant to Hannibal's invasion (14. 2).

2.17.0 - 2.35.0

The Gallic Wars. 18–20 cover the earlier conflicts (390–282), 21–35 those from 237 to 221 including the tumultus of 225. The source for most of this is probably Fabius Pictor (cf. i. 14. 1 n.), who himself took part in the war of 225 (cf. Oros. iv. 13. 6, qui eidem bello inter- fuit); consequently P. reproduces Fabius' tendency to depict the Romans as the victims of aggression, and acting in self-defence. See De Sanctis, iii. 1. 305 n. 103; Leuze, Jahrzhlung, 142–5; Beloch, RG, 139–40; Gelzer, Hermes, 1933, 147; Bung, 151 ff. (who, however, argues for the use of other sources besides Fabius). The chronology of the Gallic Wars is discussed in detail by Pdech (CRAI, 1955, 367–74; Mthode, 475–84), who argues that P.'s system is based on Olympiad years and that cardinal numbers imply an interval one year longer than that indicated by ordinals. He gives the following table (Mthode, 477): <table cols="4" rows="8"> <row> <cell>1.</cell> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, basic date</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 98, 2 = 387/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>2.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ ῷ</w> after this, the Celts advance to Alba (ii. 18. 6)</cell> <cell>30</cell> <cell>Ol. 105, 4 = 357/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>3.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ</w> after this, a new invasion (ii. 18.7)</cell> <cell>12</cell> <cell>Ol. 108, 4 = 345/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>4.</cell> <cell>Thirteen years' quiet ( <w lang="el-GR">ἔ)</w>, then the Gauls treat with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 18. 9)</cell> <cell>13 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 112, 2 = 331/0</cell> </row> <row> <cell>5.</cell> <cell>Thirty years' peace <w lang="el-GR">(ἔ</w> ), then invavasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (ii. 19. 1)</cell> <cell>301</cell> <cell>Ol. 120, 1 = 300/299</cell> </row> <row> <cell>6.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μὰ ὲ ῦα ἔ ῳ</w> a Gallo-Samnite coalition; battle of Sentinum (ii. 19. 5)</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>Ol. 121, 1 = 296/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>7.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μέ ἐ ῶ έ</w>, a new invasion, siege of Arretium, Etrusco-Boian coalition, battle of Lake Vadimo (ii. 19. 8)</cell> <cell>10 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 123, 4 = 285/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>8.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ? ὰ ἐῷ</w>, new attack and treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 20. 4)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 124, 1 = 284/3</cell> </row> </table> <table cols="4" rows="7"> <row> <cell>9.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ έ ὶ</w> quiet, then war between the transalpine Gauls and the Boii (ii. 21. 1)</cell> <cell>451</cell> <cell>Ol. 135, 3 = 238/7</cell> </row> <row> <cell>10.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ έμῳ</w> after this, colonization of Picenum (ii. 21. 7)</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>Ol. 136, 4 = 233/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>11.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ ὀῳ</w> after this, invasion of the Gaesatae, battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (ii. 23. 16)</cell> <cell>8</cell> <cell>Ol. 138, 4 = 225/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>12.</cell> <cell>Campaign of Q. Fulvius and T. Manlius, coss. 224, in Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (ii. 31. 8)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 1 = 224/3</cell> </row> <row> <cell>13.</cell> <cell>Campaigns of P. Furius and C. Flaminius, coss.s 223, against the Anares (ii. 32. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 2 = 223/2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>14.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ᾽ ἑ ῆ ἔ</w>, campaign of Cn. Cornelius and M. Claudius, coss. 222, against the Insubres (ii. 34. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 3 = 222/1</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell /> </row> </table> For criticism of the chronology of Pdech for the Gallic wars (set out in Vol. II, addendum on pp. 631–2), and of that proposed by Werner, Der Beginn der römischen Republik (Munich, 1963), 58 ff., see R. M. Errington, JRS, 1967, 101–2, 105. See also Forni, Athen. 1953, 204 ff.

Specifics

2.19.1 - 2.19.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔτη τριάκοντα μείναντες ἐμπεδῶς</w>?:</emph> the attack which ended this peace was four years before Sentinum (§§ 2–5), and this was in 295. In 299 Livy (x. 10. 12) speaks of a fama Gallici tumultus which came to nothing. Whether or no this is a distorted reference to the Gallic campaign which P. here describes (so Beloch, RG, 133), it seems likely that 299 is the date of the latter, and that here P.'s thirty years represent a round number.

2.19.3 - 2.19.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ τὴν τῶν εἰλημμένων πλεονεξίαν</w>:</emph> 'for the larger share of the spoils'. De Sanctis (ii. 350) suggests that the destruction of the Gallic forces and their spoils is a Roman version designed to point to the action of Nemesis; but Gallic indulgence in drinking was a wellknown trait (cf. Jullian, i. 342).

2.19.5 - 2.19.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πάλιν ἔτει τετάρτῳ</w>:</emph> in 295, the decisive year of the Third Samnite War. Cf. Livy, x. 20 ff. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Σαυνῖται καὶ Γαλάται</w>:</emph> on the Samnites see i. 6. 4 n. If Etruscans and Umbrians took part in the coalition (Diod. xxi. 6), it was on a very small scale: see Adcock (CAH, vii. 612). The view of Beloch (RG, 421 ff.), followed by Philipp (RE, 'Sabini', col. 1579; 'Samnites', cols. 2147–8), that the Sabines, not the Samnites, took part in this movement, is contradicted by Duris (in Tzetzes, and Lycophron, Alex. 1378), P., and Livy, and is to be rejected. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ καμερτίων χώρᾳ</w>:</emph> faced by the risk of a Samnite break-through to the north to join the Gauls, and the uncertainty whether the united force would then advance through <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> gaining allies, or march directly on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, the Romans split their forces, and sent an advance force ahead under L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, while the main army moved on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Camerinum&groupId=427&placeId=791">Camerinum</a>, a likely rallying point for Gauls <milestone unit="page" n="187">[187]</milestone> and Samnites on the east slope of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a> in south Umbria. It was the advance-party which was defeated. Livy (x. 25. 11, 26. 7 ff.) has transferred this battle to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Clusium&groupId=479&placeId=898">Clusium</a> in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>, quod Camars olim appellabant (25. 11); but his account, which contains other inaccuracies, cannot stand against that of P. Cf. De Sanctis (ii. 355 n. 2), Beloch (RG, 440) and Adcock (CAH, vii. 612).

2.19.6 - 2.19.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">προσφιλονικήσαντες πρὸς τὸ . . . ἐλάττωμα</w>:</emph> 'displaying a victorious spirit in the face of the reverse'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ τῶν Σεντινατῶν χώρᾳ</w>:</emph> Sentinum lay on the eastern slope of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a> on a tributary of the Aesis, about 30 miles north of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Camerinum&groupId=427&placeId=791">Camerinum</a>. The Romans employed the two consular armies of Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus and P. Decius Mus, four legions in all <w lang="el-GR">(πᾶσι τοῖς στρατοπέδοις)</w>, some 30,000–36,000 men. This victory over the 'last resistance of Italian particularism' (De Sanctis) became famous in popular tradition, especially for the deuotio of Decius Mus (cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Decius (16)', col. 2284).

2.19.7 - 2.19.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διαγενομένων δὲ πάλιν ἐτῶν δέκα</w>:</emph> the Fasti and Livy (ep. 12; cf. Oros. iii. 22. 13) agree in making L. Caecilius Metellus Denter consul in 284, but attribute his death to a praetorship in 283. Mommsen (Röm. Forsch. ii. 365–77) analysed the tradition and showed how the events of Caecilius' consulship were transferred to a supposed praetorship in 283, in the interest of a patriotic compression. This analysis (which is not superseded by a brief and misdated reference in St.-R. ii. 195 n. 1) has persuaded both De Sanctis (ii. 376 n. 2) and Beloch (RG, 133) to reject Livy; and indeed <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγός</w> is consul in P. (see Lex. Polyb. s.v.). Against the annalistic version is the unusual appointment of M'. Curius Dentatus as what would be praetor suffectus (§ 8), if in fact Caecilius was praetor, whereas in P.'s account his appointment will be as consul suffectus (see further § 8 n.). (In itself, Caecilius' military command as praetor would not be unparalleled at this date; cf. Broughton (i. 188–9), adducing the case of Ap. Claudius Caecus, who held a military command as praetor in 295.) That P. took Caecilius to be consul in 284, and not praetor in 283, is shown by the present reference to ten years, which can be applied to the period 295–284, by the exclusion of both terms, but hardly to 295–283. On the events following the Senones' siege of Arretium see J. H. Corbett, Historia, 1971, 662–4, with the criticisms of M. G. Morgan, CQ, 1972, 309–25. Corbett argues that Curius Dentatus was sent as interim commander on Metellus' death (which, following Livy, he dates to his praetorship of 283; cf. 19. 7 n.) and was not elected to any office; he argues, implausibly, that P. does not attribute the 'victory' of § 11 to Curius (but P.'s account surely suggests that he was in command). Morgan argues that L. Metellus Denter was sent to Arretium to negotiate with the Gauls and that these negotiations went on until 284/3. The Gauls then murdered the Roman envoys, and in 283 Metellus as proconsul was defeated and killed. There was a widespread revolt in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>, and (still in 283) the consul, P. Cornelius Dolabella, defeated the enemy and annihilated the Senones at Vadimo. In 282 the Boii and Etruscans were defeated by Q. Aemilius Papus at Vetulonia. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Γαλάται . . . πολιορκήσοντες τὴν Ἀρρητίνων πόλιν</w>:</emph> the Senones, as the later narrative shows. On Arretium see 16. 2 n. Avoiding Umbria, the Senones had traversed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Apennines&groupId=343&placeId=664">Apennines</a> to win allies in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>.

2.19.8 - 2.19.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Λευκίου . . . τελευτήσαντος</w>:</emph> he had two legions (Oros. iii. 22. 13– 14) and lost seven military tribunes and 13,000 men. The defeat was followed by a general revolt of Etruscans, Samnites, Lucanians, and Bruttians (Livy, ep. 12; Oros. iii. 22. 13–14; Augustine, CD, iii. 17). <milestone unit="page" n="188">[188]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μάνιον ἐπικατέστησαν τὸν Κόριον</w>:</emph> M'. Curius Dentatus was one of the most notable figures of this period and had terminated the Third Samnite War successfully in 290 (cf. Mnzer, RE, 'Curius (9)', cols. 1841–5). The later tradition, which dated Caecilius' death to 283, makes him praetor suffectus (above 19. 7 n.). According to this version Caecilius' death was avenged the same year by the victory of P. Cornelius Dolabella, the consul, at Lake Vadimo over the Senones (cf. Broughton, i. 188–9). It has been argued by E. T. Salmon (CP, 1935, 23–31) that both the annalistic version and that of Fabius (i.e. of P.) distort the real course of events, so as to bring the Roman revenge immediately after the setback at Arretium; in one case (Fabius) the revenge was moved back into 284 (and attributed to Curius), in the other (Livy) the defeat was retarded until 283 (and Caecilius becomes a praetor). If this plausible thesis is correct, Dentatus' victory (§ 11) is apocryphal; and indeed its disappearance from the later tradition is inexplicable on any other assumption. P.'s account of Dentatus' victory over the Senones in 284 is defended by Werner, Der Beginn der röm. Republik, 88–96, 486.

2.19.9 - 2.19.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπανείλοντο τοὺς πρέσβεις</w>:</emph> a not impossible, but perhaps unlikely story; cf. 8. 12. See Beloch (RG, 454) and Salmon (CP, 1935, 31 n. 39). The story is probably part of Fabius' version leading to a bellum iustum. <w lang="el-GR">Γαλατία</w> is here Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a>; cf. 24. 8, etc.

2.19.10 - 2.19.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὑπὸ τὸν θυμὸν ἐκ χειρὸς ἐπιστρατευσαμένων</w>:</emph> 'immediately in their anger'; the narrative implies that it is still 284.

2.19.11 - 2.19.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς . . . χώρας . . . ἐγκρατεῖς</w>:</emph> viz. the territory of the Senones, the later ager Gallicus (see 21. 7 n., and above, 17. 7 n.). Despite <w lang="el-GR">πάσης</w>, Salmon (Athenum, 1963, 28–29) argues that the Romans now occupied only as far as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica (and not to the River Utens near Ravenna), which is all the Senones will have evacuated; he suggests that when <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ariminum&groupId=362&placeId=691">Ariminum</a> was founded as a Latin colony in 268 (cf. iii. 61. 11 n.), Roman territory did not reach to there.

2.19.12 - 2.19.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀποικίαν ἔστειλαν τὴν Σήνην</w>:</emph> Livy (ep. 11) also associates the founding of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica with Curius Dentatus, but dates it after his first consulship (290). If Curius' victory of 284 is apocryphal (19. 8 n.), the founding of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> drops out of this year. It may have taken place in 283 after the victory at Vadimo; but there must be some good reason why both traditions associate it with Curius. Therefore, since it seems perverse to postpone its foundation till Curius' third consulship in 274, with which no authority associates it (so Beloch, RG, 453–4), Livy's date is probably to be accepted. Its foundation implies the ceding of land by the Senones, but not necessarily their defeat and complete expulsion; and this may well have followed the peace which must have been made after Sentinum; see De Sanctis (ii. 358 n. 1). P. mentions <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> above <w lang="el-GR">(ἀ?ρτίως)</w> at 14. 11 and 16. 5.

Addenda & corrigenda

2.18.0 - 2.35.0

<emph rend="bold">18–35.</emph> The chronology of the Gallic Wars. This is discussed in detail by Pdech (CRAI, 1955, 367–74; Mthode, 475–84), who argues that P.'s system is based on Olympiad years and that cardinal numbers imply an interval one year longer than that indicated by ordinals. He gives the following table (Mthode, 477): <table cols="4" rows="8"> <row> <cell>1.</cell> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, basic date</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 98, 2 = 387/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>2.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ ῷ</w> after this, the Celts advance to Alba (ii. 18. 6)</cell> <cell>30</cell> <cell>Ol. 105, 4 = 357/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>3.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ</w> after this, a new invasion (ii. 18.7)</cell> <cell>12</cell> <cell>Ol. 108, 4 = 345/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>4.</cell> <cell>Thirteen years' quiet ( <w lang="el-GR">ἔ)</w>, then the Gauls treat with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 18. 9)</cell> <cell>13 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 112, 2 = 331/0</cell> </row> <row> <cell>5.</cell> <cell>Thirty years' peace <w lang="el-GR">(ἔ</w> ), then invavasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (ii. 19. 1)</cell> <cell>301</cell> <cell>Ol. 120, 1 = 300/299</cell> </row> <row> <cell>6.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μὰ ὲ ῦα ἔ ῳ</w> a Gallo-Samnite coalition; battle of Sentinum (ii. 19. 5)</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>Ol. 121, 1 = 296/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>7.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μέ ἐ ῶ έ</w>, a new invasion, siege of Arretium, Etrusco-Boian coalition, battle of Lake Vadimo (ii. 19. 8)</cell> <cell>10 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 123, 4 = 285/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>8.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ὰ ἐῷ</w>, new attack and treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 20. 4)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 124, 1 = 284/3</cell> </row> <milestone unit="page" n="631">[631]</milestone> <row> <cell>9.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ έ ὶ</w> quiet, then war between the transalpine Gauls and the Boii (ii. 21. 1)</cell> <cell>451</cell> <cell>Ol. 135, 3 = 238/7</cell> </row> <row> <cell>10.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ έμῳ</w> after this, colonization of Picenum (ii. 21. 7)</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>Ol. 136, 4 = 233/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>11.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ ὀῳ</w> after this, invasion of the Gaesatae, battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (ii. 23. 16)</cell> <cell>8</cell> <cell>Ol. 138, 4 = 225/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>12.</cell> <cell>Campaign of Q. Fulvius and T. Manlius, coss. 224, in Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (ii. 31. 8)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 1 = 224/3</cell> </row> <row> <cell>13.</cell> <cell>Campaigns of P. Furius and C. Flaminius, coss.s 223, against the Anares (ii. 32. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 2 = 223/2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>14.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ᾽ ἑ ῆ ἔ</w>, campaign of Cn. Cornelius and M. Claudius, coss. 222, against the Insubres (ii. 34. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 3 = 222/1</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell /> </row> </table>

2.19.8 - 2.19.10

P.'s account of Dentatus' victory over the Senones in 284 is defended by Werner, Der Beginn der röm. Republik, 88–96, 486.

2.19.11 - 2.19.11

despite <w lang="el-GR">πάσης</w>, Salmon (Athenum, 1963, 28–29) argues that the Romans now occupied only as far as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sena&groupId=968&placeId=1716">Sena</a> Gallica (and not to the River Utens near Ravenna), which is all the Senones will have evacuated; he suggests that when <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ariminum&groupId=362&placeId=691">Ariminum</a> was founded as a Latin colony in 268 (cf. iii. 61. 11 n.), Roman territory did not reach to there.

2.18.0 - 2.35.0

for criticism of the chronology of Pdech for the Gallic wars (set out in Vol. II, addendum on pp. 631–2), and of that proposed by Werner, Der Beginn der römischen Republik (Munich, 1963), 58 ff., see R. M. Errington, JRS, 1967, 101–2, 105. See also Forni, Athen. 1953, 204 ff.

2.19.7 - 2.19.7

on the events following the Senones' siege of Arretium see J. H. Corbett, Historia, 1971, 662–4, with the criticisms of M. G. Morgan, CQ, 1972, 309–25. Corbett argues that Curius Dentatus was sent as interim commander on Metellus' death (which, following Livy, he dates to his praetorship of 283; cf. 19. 7 n.) and was not elected to any office; he argues, implausibly, that P. does not attribute the 'victory' of § 11 to Curius (but P.'s account surely suggests that he was in command). Morgan argues that L. Metellus Denter was sent to Arretium to negotiate with the Gauls and that these negotiations went on until 284/3. The Gauls then murdered the Roman envoys, and in 283 Metellus as proconsul was defeated and <milestone unit="page" n="760">[760]</milestone> killed. There was a widespread revolt in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>, and (still in 283) the consul, P. Cornelius Dolabella, defeated the enemy and annihilated the Senones at Vadimo. In 282 the Boii and Etruscans were defeated by Q. Aemilius Papus at Vetulonia.

Polybius, Histories

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