Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 2 - Chapter 18

<w lemma="%2Ata%5Cs">Τὰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%5Cs">ἀρχὰς</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="e%29pekra%2Ftoun">ἐπεκράτουν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fneggus">σύνεγγυς</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28phko%2Fous">ὑπηκόους</w> <w lemma="e%29pepoi%2Fhnto">ἐπεποίηντο</w>, <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="to%2Flmh%7C">τόλμῃ</w> <w lemma="katapeplhgme%2Fnoi">καταπεπληγμένοι</w>.

<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="nikh%2Fsantes">νικήσαντες</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="paratacame%2Fnous">παραταξαμένους</w>, <w lemma="e%28po%2Fmenoi">ἑπόμενοι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="feu%2Fgousi">φεύγουσι</w> <w lemma="trisi%5C">τρισὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhs">μάχης</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Frais">ἡμέραις</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fsteron">ὕστερον</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fsxon">κατέσχον</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Akapetwli%2Fou">Καπετωλίου</w>.

<w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ntispa%2Fsmatos">ἀντισπάσματος</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29ene%2Ftwn">Οὐενέτων</w> <w lemma="e%29mbalo%2Fntwn">ἐμβαλόντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenoi">ποιησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29podo%2Fntes">ἀποδόντες</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqon">ἐπανῆλθον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fan">οἰκείαν</w>.

<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29mfuli%2Fois">ἐμφυλίοις</w> <w lemma="sunei%2Fxonto">συνείχοντο</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmois:">πολέμοις·</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnioi">ἔνιοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Falpeis">Ἄλπεις</w> <w lemma="katoikou%2Fntwn">κατοικούντων</w> <w lemma="o%28rma%5Cs">ὁρμὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29poiou%3Dnto">ἐποιοῦντο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunhqroi%2Fzonto">συνηθροίζοντο</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%2Fs">αὐτούς</w>, <w lemma="qewrou%3Dntes">θεωροῦντες</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="paraqe%2Fsews">παραθέσεως</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="paragegenhme%2Fnhn">παραγεγενημένην</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="eu%29daimoni%2Fan">εὐδαιμονίαν</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="kairw%3D%7C">καιρῷ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="sfete%2Fran">σφετέραν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="a%29ne%2Flabon">ἀνέλαβον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Alati%2Fnous">Λατίνους</w> <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmata">πράγματα</w> <w lemma="sunesth%2Fsanto">συνεστήσαντο</w>.

<w lemma="paragenome%2Fnwn">παραγενομένων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltw%3Dn">Κελτῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Falban">Ἄλβαν</w> <w lemma="strateu%2Fmati">στρατεύματι</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flw%7C">μεγάλῳ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="kata%2Flhyin">κατάληψιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftei">ἔτει</w> <w lemma="triakostw%3D%7C">τριακοστῷ</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29to%2Flmhsan">ἐτόλμησαν</w> <w lemma="a%29ntecagagei%3Dn">ἀντεξαγαγεῖν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpeda">στρατόπεδα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="parado%2Fcou">παραδόξου</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29fo%2Fdou">ἐφόδου</w> <w lemma="prokatalhfqh%3Dnai">προκαταληφθῆναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="katataxh%3Dsai">καταταχῆσαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxwn">συμμάχων</w> <w lemma="a%28qroi%2Fsantas">ἁθροίσαντας</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>.

<w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%3Ds">ἐπιβολῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28te%2Fras">ἑτέρας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftei">ἔτει</w> <w lemma="dwdeka%2Ftw%7C">δωδεκάτῳ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhs">μεγάλης</w> <w lemma="stratia%3Ds">στρατιᾶς</w> <w lemma="e%29piporeuome%2Fnwn">ἐπιπορευομένων</w> <w lemma="proaisqo%2Fmenoi">προαισθόμενοι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunagei%2Frantes">συναγείραντες</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxous">συμμάχους</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="pollh%3Ds">πολλῆς</w> <w lemma="proqumi%2Fas">προθυμίας</w> <w lemma="a%29ph%2Fntwn">ἀπήντων</w>, <w lemma="speu%2Fdontes">σπεύδοντες</w> <w lemma="sumbalei%3Dn">συμβαλεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diakinduneu%3Dsai">διακινδυνεῦσαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftai">Γαλάται</w> <w lemma="kataplage%2Fntes">καταπλαγέντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diastasia%2Fsantes">διαστασιάσαντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29pigenome%2Fnhs">ἐπιγενομένης</w> <w lemma="fugh%3D%7C">φυγῇ</w> <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fan">παραπλησίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29poih%2Fsanto">ἐποιήσαντο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29poxw%2Frhsin">ἀποχώρησιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fan">οἰκείαν</w>.

<w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbou">φόβου</w> <w lemma="triakai%2Fdeka">τριακαίδεκα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fth">ἔτη</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28suxi%2Fan">ἡσυχίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsxon">ἔσχον</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="sunorw%3Dntes">συνορῶντες</w> <w lemma="au%29canome%2Fnhn">αὐξανομένην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fnhn">εἰρήνην</w> <w lemma="e%29poi">ἐποι</w>

On their first invasion they not only conquered this country but reduced to subjection many of the neighbouring peoples, striking terror into them by their audacity.

Not long afterwards they defeated the Romans and their allies in a pitched battle, and pursuing the fugitives, occupied, three days after the battle, the whole of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> with the exception of the Capitol,

but being diverted by an invasion of their own country by the Veneti, they made on this occasion a treaty with the Romans, and evacuating the city, returned home.

After this they were occupied by domestic wars, and certain of the neighbouring Alpine tribes, witnessing to with prosperity they had attained in comparison with themselves, frequently gathered to attack them.

Meanwhile the Romans re-established their power and again became masters of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Latium&groupId=673&placeId=1231">Latium</a>.

Thirty years after the occupation of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, the Celts again appeared before Alba with a large army, and the Romans on this occasion did not venture to meet them in the field, because, owing to the suddenness of the attack, they were taken by surprise and had not had time to anticipate it by collecting the forces of their allies.

But when, twelve years later, the Celts again invaded in great strength, they had early word of it, and, assembling their allies, marched eagerly to meet them, wishing for nothing better than a decisive battle.

The Gauls, alarmed by the Roman advance and at variance among themselves, waited until nightfall and then set off for home, their retreat resembling a flight.

After this panic, they kept quiet for thirteen years, and then, as they saw how rapidly the power of the Romans was growing, they made a formal peace with them, to the terms of which they adhered steadfastly for thirty years.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

2.13.0 - 2.35.0

<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and the Gauls The Gallic invasion of 225 gives P. occasion to outline the previous history of the Gauls in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, prefixing a geographical survey of Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (14–17). In i. 6. 8 the Celts were excepted from the peoples of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> mastered before the Roman crossing into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>. Thus the present digression falls into place as part of the story of how the Romans amassed sufficient resources to justify their ambitions for world-dominion (i. 3. 10); in addition it is relevant to Hannibal's invasion (14. 2).

2.17.0 - 2.35.0

The Gallic Wars. 18–20 cover the earlier conflicts (390–282), 21–35 those from 237 to 221 including the tumultus of 225. The source for most of this is probably Fabius Pictor (cf. i. 14. 1 n.), who himself took part in the war of 225 (cf. Oros. iv. 13. 6, qui eidem bello inter- fuit); consequently P. reproduces Fabius' tendency to depict the Romans as the victims of aggression, and acting in self-defence. See De Sanctis, iii. 1. 305 n. 103; Leuze, Jahrzhlung, 142–5; Beloch, RG, 139–40; Gelzer, Hermes, 1933, 147; Bung, 151 ff. (who, however, argues for the use of other sources besides Fabius). The chronology of the Gallic Wars is discussed in detail by Pdech (CRAI, 1955, 367–74; Mthode, 475–84), who argues that P.'s system is based on Olympiad years and that cardinal numbers imply an interval one year longer than that indicated by ordinals. He gives the following table (Mthode, 477): <table cols="4" rows="8"> <row> <cell>1.</cell> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, basic date</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 98, 2 = 387/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>2.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ ῷ</w> after this, the Celts advance to Alba (ii. 18. 6)</cell> <cell>30</cell> <cell>Ol. 105, 4 = 357/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>3.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ</w> after this, a new invasion (ii. 18.7)</cell> <cell>12</cell> <cell>Ol. 108, 4 = 345/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>4.</cell> <cell>Thirteen years' quiet ( <w lang="el-GR">ἔ)</w>, then the Gauls treat with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 18. 9)</cell> <cell>13 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 112, 2 = 331/0</cell> </row> <row> <cell>5.</cell> <cell>Thirty years' peace <w lang="el-GR">(ἔ</w> ), then invavasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (ii. 19. 1)</cell> <cell>301</cell> <cell>Ol. 120, 1 = 300/299</cell> </row> <row> <cell>6.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μὰ ὲ ῦα ἔ ῳ</w> a Gallo-Samnite coalition; battle of Sentinum (ii. 19. 5)</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>Ol. 121, 1 = 296/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>7.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μέ ἐ ῶ έ</w>, a new invasion, siege of Arretium, Etrusco-Boian coalition, battle of Lake Vadimo (ii. 19. 8)</cell> <cell>10 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 123, 4 = 285/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>8.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ? ὰ ἐῷ</w>, new attack and treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 20. 4)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 124, 1 = 284/3</cell> </row> </table> <table cols="4" rows="7"> <row> <cell>9.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ έ ὶ</w> quiet, then war between the transalpine Gauls and the Boii (ii. 21. 1)</cell> <cell>451</cell> <cell>Ol. 135, 3 = 238/7</cell> </row> <row> <cell>10.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ έμῳ</w> after this, colonization of Picenum (ii. 21. 7)</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>Ol. 136, 4 = 233/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>11.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ ὀῳ</w> after this, invasion of the Gaesatae, battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (ii. 23. 16)</cell> <cell>8</cell> <cell>Ol. 138, 4 = 225/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>12.</cell> <cell>Campaign of Q. Fulvius and T. Manlius, coss. 224, in Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (ii. 31. 8)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 1 = 224/3</cell> </row> <row> <cell>13.</cell> <cell>Campaigns of P. Furius and C. Flaminius, coss.s 223, against the Anares (ii. 32. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 2 = 223/2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>14.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ᾽ ἑ ῆ ἔ</w>, campaign of Cn. Cornelius and M. Claudius, coss. 222, against the Insubres (ii. 34. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 3 = 222/1</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell /> </row> </table> For criticism of the chronology of Pdech for the Gallic wars (set out in Vol. II, addendum on pp. 631–2), and of that proposed by Werner, Der Beginn der römischen Republik (Munich, 1963), 58 ff., see R. M. Errington, JRS, 1967, 101–2, 105. See also Forni, Athen. 1953, 204 ff.

Specifics

2.18.1 - 2.18.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς ἀρχάς</w>:</emph> i.e. the first invasion of Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a>, in the second half of the fifth century. <milestone unit="page" n="184">[184]</milestone>

2.18.2 - 2.18.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ δέ τινα χρόνον κτλ</w>.:</emph> on P.'s date (387/6) see i. 6. 1–2, and below, 22. 5 n.; and on the Gallic catastrophe in general Meyer (Kl. Schr. ii. 307 ff.), L. Homo (CAH, vii. 554 ff., with misleading remarks on P.'s sources), F. Schachermeyr (Klio, 1930, 277–305), and Altheim (Epochen, i. 163 ff.). P.'s account, based on Fabius, heads the tradition. Diodorus (xiv. 113–14) probably gives the early annalistic tradition (but not Fabius, as Mommsen (Röm. Forsch. ii. 297 ff.) argued). The later versions in Livy (v. 33–55), Plutarch's Camillus, and Dionysius, Appian, and Dio, build up the figure of Camillus, who is unimportant in Diodorus, and wholly omitted by Polybius (cf. Momigliano, CQ, 1942, 111 ff.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς μετὰ τούτων παραταξαμένους</w>:</emph> no other source mentions allies at the Allia; but later tradition may well have preferred to mitigate the disaster by stressing Roman isolation. On the battle of the Allia (18 July, a dies nefastus) see Homo (CAH, vii. 561 ff.), and De Sanctis (ii. 166 ff.). To Homo's bibliography on the problem of the battle-site (ibid. 920) add Kromayer (AS, iv. 449 ff.) and Schachermeyr (Klio, 1930, 277 ff.), both favouring the left bank. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τρισὶ τῆς μάχης ἡμέραις ὕστερον</w>:</emph> so too Diodorus (xiv. 115: with exclusive reckoning), Plutarch (Cam. 22) and Verrius Flaccus (in Gell. v. 17. 2). Only Livy (v. 41. 4) enlivens the story by making the Gauls reach <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> the next day. Later legends elaborated the defence of the Capitol (Livy, v. 43. 1 ff., 47. 1 ff.); but perhaps no serious attempt was made against it (De Sanctis, ii. 175–6).

2.18.3 - 2.18.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν Οὐενέτων ἐμβαλόντων</w>:</emph> the authenticity of this attack, otherwise unattested, has been questioned; and Livy (v. 48. 1) makes a pestilence among the Gauls play a similar role in drawing them off. But such an attack is quite plausible, and no more of a coincidence than the Illyrian invasion which drew Antigonus Doson north after <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> (below, 70. 1). Whether true or not, the story belongs to an earlier layer of the tradition than that which emphasizes Camillus' last-minute rescue (cf. Livy, v. 49). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ποιησάμενοι συνθήκας πρὸς Ῥωμαίους</w>:</emph> cf. i. 6. 3 n. for the ransom, which was probably paid; for the Gallic claim see below, 22. 5.

2.18.4 - 2.18.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">θεωροῦντες ἐκ παραθέσεως</w>?:</emph> 'observing from close at hand' (cf. 17. 3) or 'witnessing in comparison with their own' (cf. i. 86. 7 and passim); a small distinction since proximity encourages comparison.

2.18.5 - 2.18.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ κατὰ τοὺς Λατίνους αὖθις πράγματα συνεστήσαντο</w>:</emph> see i. 6. 4–6 n.

2.18.6 - 2.18.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔτει τριακοστῷ</w>:</emph> the chronology of the fourth-century Gallic wars is difficult. It may perhaps be assumed (though not with certainty) (a) that P.'s intervals refer to consul years (not Olympiad years, as Leuze, Jahrzhlung, 125, argues), (b) that, as in i. 6. 2, P. is here making 387/6 the date of the seizure of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, (c) that he identifies the Olympiad year 387/6 with the consul year 386 (cf. De Sanctis, <milestone unit="page" n="185">[185]</milestone> i. 13 n. 2). The intervals listed between the Gallic dbcle and Sentinum in 295 (19. 5), viz. 30+12+13+30+4, add up to only 89 years, whereas from 386 to 295 should be 91 years. The problem is therefore twofold, (a) to account for the two missing years, (b) to reconcile P.'s date of 386 for the Gallic attack with the Varronian 390. For discussion see Niese (Hermes, 1878, 401–13), Unger (Hermes, 1879, 77–92), Seeck (ibid. 153–5), Mommsen (Röm. Forsch. ii. 297–381), Leuze (Jahrzhlung, 120–45), De Sanctis (ii. 259–60; cf. i. 13 n. 2), Beloch (RG, 132–43, 314). The four years' discrepancy between the Polybian and Varronian dates for the capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> may be due either to the omission by Polybius' source of the four years in which dictators and their magistri equitum appear as eponymous in the Fasti, viz. 333, 324, 309, and 301 (Livy omits these years), or to the expansion of one year's 'anarchy' to five in the annalistic account of the Licinio-Sextian rogations (viz. 375–371, cf. Livy, vi. 34–42; De Sanctis, ii. 214). Diodorus (xv. 75. 1) records only one year's <w lang="el-GR">ἀναρχία</w>; but there is no reason to associate his version of the annals with Fabius. Consequently either explanation must be regarded as possible. The two missing years are explained by Beloch on the assumption that the date 387/6 for the capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> came from Timaeus (cf. i. 6. 2 n.), but that Fabius put it in 384. In fact, Fabius' date is not known for certain; but if he dated the first plebeian consul (366) twenty-two years after the Gallic capture (Gell. v. 4. 3, duouicesimo), he can hardly have put the latter in 384. In 19. 5–7 P. reckons the interval between Sentinum and the appearance of the Gauls at Arretium as ten years; it was in reality eleven (295–284). This sug- gests that P.'s figures may in some cases represent a round number, or be based on a reckoning which excludes both terms; but if so, he is not himself awake to the discrepancy, and no distinction is to be made between such phrases as <w lang="el-GR">ἔτει τριακοστῷ</w> (18. 6) and <w lang="el-GR">ἔτη τριάκοντα</w> (19. 1) (so Leuze, Jahrzhlung, 125). Correlation with Livy and the triumphal Fasti is of little use, since Livy at least contains frequent doublets and improvisations. In these circumstances the following table is merely one possible arrangement of the data: <table cols="3" rows="8"> <row> <cell>Reference</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> . .</cell> <cell>386</cell> <cell>18. 2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Gauls before Alba . .</cell> <cell>356</cell> <cell>18. 6 <w lang="el-GR">ἔτει τριακοστῷ</w></cell> </row> <row> <cell>Gauls invade and retire .</cell> <cell>344</cell> <cell>18. 7 <w lang="el-GR">ἔτει δωδεκάτῳ</w></cell> </row> <row> <cell>Peace made . . .</cell> <cell>331</cell> <cell>18. 9 <w lang="el-GR">τριακαίδεκα ἔτη</w></cell> </row> <row> <cell>Successful invasion . .</cell> <cell>299</cell> <cell>19. 1 <w lang="el-GR">ἔτη τριάκοντα</w> (a round figure?)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Sentinum . . .</cell> <cell>295</cell> <cell>19. 5 <w lang="el-GR">ἔτει τετάρτῳ</w></cell> </row> <row> <cell>Gauls at Arretium . .</cell> <cell>284</cell> <cell>19. 7 <w lang="el-GR">ἐτῶν δέκα</w> (sic)</cell> </row> </table> Livy records no Gallic invasion in 356; but the revaging of the ager Albanus in 360 (Livy, vii. 11. 3) is thirty years after his date for <milestone unit="page" n="186">[186]</milestone> the seizure of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and may refer to this expedition if P.'s chronology has omitted the four 'dictator-years'.

2.18.7 - 2.18.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐ?ξ ἐπιβολῆς ἑτέρας</w>:</emph> 'making another attempt'. This third invasion, forty-two years after the capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, has nothing corresponding in Livy. However, Livy (vii. 23–24) records an invasion in 350, and the act. tr. assign a triumph to the consul M. Popillius Laenas [de G]alleis; and Beloch has suggested (RG, 137–8) a confusion with Popillius' next consulship in 348 (Beloch prefers Diodorus' date, 347) for the invasion. If the four 'dictator-years' are omitted, 348 becomes 344, which would fit P. But this is highly hypothetical.

2.18.9 - 2.18.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τριακαίδεκα . . . ἔτη τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἔσχον</w>:</emph> viz. 344–331. Livy has no record of the peace which was now concluded; and attempts to link this date with the reports of a tumultus in 332 and 329 (Livy, viii. 17. 6, 20. 2) are unsuccessful. The growth of Roman power resulted from the Latin War (340–338) and the dissolution of the Latin League (i. 6. 4 n.).

Addenda & corrigenda

2.18.0 - 2.35.0

<emph rend="bold">18–35.</emph> The chronology of the Gallic Wars. This is discussed in detail by Pdech (CRAI, 1955, 367–74; Mthode, 475–84), who argues that P.'s system is based on Olympiad years and that cardinal numbers imply an interval one year longer than that indicated by ordinals. He gives the following table (Mthode, 477): <table cols="4" rows="8"> <row> <cell>1.</cell> <cell>Capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, basic date</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 98, 2 = 387/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>2.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ ῷ</w> after this, the Celts advance to Alba (ii. 18. 6)</cell> <cell>30</cell> <cell>Ol. 105, 4 = 357/6</cell> </row> <row> <cell>3.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ</w> after this, a new invasion (ii. 18.7)</cell> <cell>12</cell> <cell>Ol. 108, 4 = 345/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>4.</cell> <cell>Thirteen years' quiet ( <w lang="el-GR">ἔ)</w>, then the Gauls treat with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 18. 9)</cell> <cell>13 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 112, 2 = 331/0</cell> </row> <row> <cell>5.</cell> <cell>Thirty years' peace <w lang="el-GR">(ἔ</w> ), then invavasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (ii. 19. 1)</cell> <cell>301</cell> <cell>Ol. 120, 1 = 300/299</cell> </row> <row> <cell>6.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μὰ ὲ ῦα ἔ ῳ</w> a Gallo-Samnite coalition; battle of Sentinum (ii. 19. 5)</cell> <cell>4</cell> <cell>Ol. 121, 1 = 296/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>7.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">μέ ἐ ῶ έ</w>, a new invasion, siege of Arretium, Etrusco-Boian coalition, battle of Lake Vadimo (ii. 19. 8)</cell> <cell>10 1</cell> <cell>Ol. 123, 4 = 285/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>8.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ὰ ἐῷ</w>, new attack and treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (ii. 20. 4)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 124, 1 = 284/3</cell> </row> <milestone unit="page" n="631">[631]</milestone> <row> <cell>9.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἔ έ ὶ</w> quiet, then war between the transalpine Gauls and the Boii (ii. 21. 1)</cell> <cell>451</cell> <cell>Ol. 135, 3 = 238/7</cell> </row> <row> <cell>10.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ έμῳ</w> after this, colonization of Picenum (ii. 21. 7)</cell> <cell>5</cell> <cell>Ol. 136, 4 = 233/5</cell> </row> <row> <cell>11.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ἒ ὀῳ</w> after this, invasion of the Gaesatae, battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Telamon&groupId=1012&placeId=1781">Telamon</a> (ii. 23. 16)</cell> <cell>8</cell> <cell>Ol. 138, 4 = 225/4</cell> </row> <row> <cell>12.</cell> <cell>Campaign of Q. Fulvius and T. Manlius, coss. 224, in Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (ii. 31. 8)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 1 = 224/3</cell> </row> <row> <cell>13.</cell> <cell>Campaigns of P. Furius and C. Flaminius, coss.s 223, against the Anares (ii. 32. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 2 = 223/2</cell> </row> <row> <cell>14.</cell> <cell><w lang="el-GR">ῷ ᾽ ἑ ῆ ἔ</w>, campaign of Cn. Cornelius and M. Claudius, coss. 222, against the Insubres (ii. 34. 1)</cell> <cell>1</cell> <cell>Ol. 139, 3 = 222/1</cell> </row> <row> <cell /> <cell>Total</cell> <cell>166</cell> <cell /> </row> </table>

2.18.6 - 2.18.6

on the last line of p. 185 for 'Attic year' read 'Olympiad year'.

2.18.0 - 2.35.0

for criticism of the chronology of Pdech for the Gallic wars (set out in Vol. II, addendum on pp. 631–2), and of that proposed by Werner, Der Beginn der römischen Republik (Munich, 1963), 58 ff., see R. M. Errington, JRS, 1967, 101–2, 105. See also Forni, Athen. 1953, 204 ff.

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