Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 2 - Chapter 12

<w lemma="%2Agna%2Fios">Γνάιος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="%2Afo%2Flouios">Φόλουιος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fpleuse">ἀπέπλευσε</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="nautikh%3Ds">ναυτικῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pezikh%3Ds">πεζικῆς</w> <w lemma="stratia%3Ds">στρατιᾶς</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aposto%2Fmios">Ποστόμιος</w> <w lemma="u%28poleipo%2Fmenos">ὑπολειπόμενος</w> <w lemma="tettara%2Fkonta">τετταράκοντα</w> <w lemma="ska%2Ffh">σκάφη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpedon">στρατόπεδον</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="perikeime%2Fnwn">περικειμένων</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="a%28qroi%2Fsas">ἁθροίσας</w> <w lemma="parexei%2Fmaze">παρεχείμαζε</w>, <w lemma="sunefedreu%2Fwn">συνεφεδρεύων</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ardiai%2Fwn">Ἀρδιαίων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnei">ἔθνει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="dedwko%2Fsin">δεδωκόσιν</w> <w lemma="e%28autou%5Cs">ἑαυτοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstin">πίστιν</w>.

<w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29arinh%5Cn">ἐαρινὴν</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fran">ὥραν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="%2Ateu%2Fta">Τεύτα</w> <w lemma="diapresbeusame%2Fnh">διαπρεσβευσαμένη</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dtai">ποιεῖται</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ai%28%3Ds">αἷς</w> <w lemma="eu%29do%2Fkhse">εὐδόκησε</w> <w lemma="fo%2Frous">φόρους</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="diataxqe%2Fntas">διαταχθέντας</w> <w lemma="oi%29%2Fsein">οἴσειν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="t%27">τ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29naxwrh%2Fsein">ἀναχωρήσειν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuri%2Fdos">Ἰλλυρίδος</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgwn">ὀλίγων</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fxon">συνέχον</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnas">Ἕλληνας</w> <w lemma="die%2Fteine">διέτεινε</w>, <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="pleu%2Fsein">πλεύσειν</w> <w lemma="ple%2Fon">πλέον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dusi%5C">δυσὶ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fmbois">λέμβοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcw">ἔξω</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ali%2Fssou">Λίσσου</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="a%29no%2Fplois">ἀνόπλοις</w>.

<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="suntelesqe%2Fntwn">συντελεσθέντων</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Aposto%2Fmios">Ποστόμιος</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteile">ἐξαπέστειλε</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlou%5Cs">Αἰτωλοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnos:">ἔθνος·</w> <w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenoi">παραγενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29pelogi%2Fsanto">ἀπελογίσαντο</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fsews">διαβάσεως</w>, <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pepragme%2Fna">πεπραγμένα</w> <w lemma="diech%3Dlqon">διεξῆλθον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w> <w lemma="parane%2Fgnwsan">παρανέγνωσαν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="e%29pepoi%2Fhnto">ἐπεποίηντο</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuriou%2Fs">Ἰλλυριούς</w>.

<w lemma="tuxo%2Fntes">τυχόντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frou">ἑκατέρου</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29qnw%3Dn">ἐθνῶν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaqhkou%2Fshs">καθηκούσης</w> <w lemma="filanqrwpi%2Fas">φιλανθρωπίας</w> <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fpleusan">ἀπέπλευσαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Ake%2Frkuran">Κέρκυραν</w>, <w lemma="i%28kanou%3D">ἱκανοῦ</w> <w lemma="tinos">τινος</w> <w lemma="a%29poleluko%2Ftes">ἀπολελυκότες</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbou">φόβου</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnas">Ἕλληνας</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnas">προειρημένας</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>.

<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tisi%5Cn">τισὶν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="koinou%5Cs">κοινοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29xqrou%5Cs">ἐχθροὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuriou%2Fs">Ἰλλυριούς</w>.

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28h">Ἡ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fth">πρώτη</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fbasis">διάβασις</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuri%2Fda">Ἰλλυρίδα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphs">Εὐρώπης</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29piplokh%5C">ἐπιπλοκὴ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fas">πρεσβείας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="toia%2Fde">τοιάδε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> <w lemma="e%29ge%2Fneto">ἐγένετο</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w>.

<w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="katarxh%3Ds">καταρχῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilan">ἐξαπέστειλαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Akorinqi%2Fous">Κορινθίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqhnai%2Fous">Ἀθηναίους</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akori%2Fnqioi">Κορίνθιοι</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="a%29pede%2Fcanto">ἀπεδέξαντο</w> <w lemma="mete%2Fxein">μετέχειν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29isqmi%2Fwn">Ἰσθμίων</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dnos">ἀγῶνος</w>.

Gnaeus Fulvius now sailed for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> with the greater part of both forces,

and Postumius, with whom forty ships were left, enrolled a legion from the cities in the neighbourhood and wintered at Epidamnus to guard the Ardiaeans and the other tribes who had placed themselves under the protection of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>.

In the early spring Teuta sent an embassy to the Romans and made a treaty, by which she consented to pay any tribute they imposed, to relinquish all <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> except a few places, and, what mostly concerned the Greeks, undertook not to sail beyond Lissus with more than two hundred vessels.

When this treaty had been concluded Postumius sent legates to the Aetolian and Achaean leagues. On their arrival they first explained the causes of the war and their reason for crossing the Adriatic, and next gave an account of what they had accomplished, reading the treaty they had made with the Illyrians.

After meeting with all due courtesy from both the leagues, they returned by sea to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corcyra&groupId=491&placeId=923">Corcyra</a>,

having by the communication of this treaty, delivered the Greeks from no inconsiderable dread; for the Illyrians were not then the enemies of this people or that, but the common enemies of all.

were the circumstances and causes of the Romans crossing for the first time with an army to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> and those parts of Europe, and of their first coming into relations through an embassy with Greece.

But having thus begun, the Romans immediately afterwards sent other envoys to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>, on which occasion the Corinthians first admitted them to participation in the Isthmian games.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

2.1.0 - 2.12.0

The First Illyrian War (229–8) This war is important to P.'s main theme (2. 2), as it first brought the Romans east of the Adriatic. For the greater part (2–6. 8, 9–10) his source is apparently Greek, and the narrative is strongly prejudiced against Aetolia (cf. 2. 6–4. 5); but 8 and 11–12 represent a Roman tradition, which may well be Fabius (so most historians, e.g. Tubler, Beloch, Gelzer, Holleaux). Bung, 184–6, while accepting Fabius as a possible source for 11–12, is impressed by Bauer, who (AEM, 1895, 136–47) rather improbably associates the pro-Roman version of 8 with the propagandist account of the affair given by Roman legati in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (12. 4). There are secondary accounts in Dio, fg. 49 (cf. Zon. viii. 19), very unreliable, and App. Ill. 7–8 (wellinformed on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a>, but contaminated by annalistic inventions); see Holleaux, 78 n. 2 (worthlessness of Dio); Fluss, RE, 'Teuta', cols. 1140–2; Zippel, 46 ff. On the war in general see Holleaux, tudes, iv. 9–25 (= REG, 1930, 243–61), for chronology; CAH, vii. 822 ff. (with bibliography, 931–3); E. Badian, BSA, 1952, 72–93 with bibliography; G. Walser, Historia, ii, 1954, 308–18 (preferring Appian to P.); Thiel, Hist. 344 ff. (arguing against Holleaux that the Senate was seeking a chance to intervene). The article by E. Badian mentioned here and passim is BSR, 1952, 72–93.

2.12.4 - 2.12.8

Roman embassies to Greece. The results and importance of these have been exaggerated by both ancient and modern historians. The annalistic account of these embassies and of honours voted at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> and of Roman participation in the Isthmian games and admission to the Eleusinian mysteries is defended by Bengtson, S.-B. Mnchen, 1971, 3, 33–37. <milestone unit="page" n="165">[165]</milestone> Zonaras (viii. 19) records how at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> <w lang="el-GR">τῆς πολιτείας σφῶν τῶν τε μυστηρίων μετέσχον</w>. De Sanctis (iii. 2. 438 n. 98) would reduce this to a grant of <w lang="el-GR">προξενία</w>; but it should probably be rejected outright (cf. Niese, ii. 285 n. 4; Tubler, i. 216; Ferguson, 210 n. 3, 256 n. 2; Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 117 n. 1). There is no reason to regard these embassies as anti-Macedonian. Those to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> and Aetolia were a purely formal exchange of courtesies, without any political sequel (Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 113 ff.); and those to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> (an Achaean city, not competent to engage in independent political exchanges) and to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> will have been motivated by the prestige and perhaps the commercial power of these two cities (Beloch, iv. 1. 667). Moreover, there was little to fear from Macedon in 228, when the regent Doson (guardian to Philip since Demetrius II's death in spring 229 (44. 2 n.)) was facing a Dardanian invasion and the Aetolian seizure of much of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> (cf. Walbank, Philip, 10–11). In fact, our sources have no reference to Macedon in this context.

2.12.0 - 2.12.0

Hasdrubal in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (229–221) The source remains pro-Barcine (cf. Gelzer, Hermes, 1933, 158–9). The reference to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> Treaty (§ 7) makes an artistic transition to the Gallic Wars (14–35), but leaves Hasdrubal's death and Hannibal's succession to the command for 36. 1–2. On Hasdrubal's achievements see also Diod. xxv. 11. 1, 12; App. Hisp. 6; Zon. viii. 19; below, iii. 13. 2 n.

Specifics

2.12.1 - 2.12.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φόλουιος? εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἀπέπλευσε</w>:</emph> because Fulvius celebrated a naval triumph pro cos. ex Illurieis on 21 June 228, De Sanctis (iii. 1. 297 n. 89) suggested that P. has confused the two consuls, and that it was Postumius who returned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> in 229. But Holleaux, who was first inclined to reject the reference in the act. tr. (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 102 n. 6), and later accepted De Sanctis's thesis (CAH, vii. 835 n. 2), has shown (tudes, iv. 1. 22 ff. = REG, 1930, 258 ff.) that postponed triumphs are relatively common, and may spring from a variety of causesillness, political opposition, etc.; <milestone unit="page" n="164">[164]</milestone> in such cases there was a precedent for the late consul's taking a purely formal proconsulship for his triumph, like L. Scipio in 189 (Livy, xxxvii. 59. 6; A. M. Colini, Bull. comm. Rom., 1928, 269–74). Postumius received no triumph at all, though P. gives him the greater credit. Had his losses been too heavy? So Mnzer (RE, 'Postumius (40)', col. 913); but there is no evidence that he rather than Fulvius was responsible for the losses in 11. 13.

2.12.3 - 2.12.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διαπρεσβευσαμέ?νη πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους</w>:</emph> i.e. to Postumius at Epidamnus (§ 4). Peace terms with Teuta. P.'s source was assumed by Valeton (206) and von Scala (268) to be the Achaean record office; Schulte (40) thought it was the Roman records. It is indeed possible, though not very likely, that the Achaeans filed the report made to them by Postumius (§ 4; Bauer, AEM, 1895, 137). But it is improbable that P. carried out detailed research for these introductory books, and in any case he is unlikely to have had access to the Achaean record office when he was writing them. His most probable source is Fabius Pictor. (1) <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">φόρους . . . οἴσειν</w>:</emph> probably an indemnity, payable in instalments, like that imposed on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> after the First Punic War (i. 62. 9); cf. Beloch, iv. 1. 666 n. 1; Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 105 n. 5. The amount is not recorded. Livy, xxii. 33. 5 probably refers to a new, but similar, indemnity imposed in 219. (2) <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πάσης τ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἀναχωρήσειν τῆς Ἰλλυρίδος πλὴν ὀλίγων τόπων</w>:</emph> according to Appian, Ill. 7, the Romans permitted Pinnes <w lang="el-GR">τὴν ἄλλην Ἄγρωνος ἀρχὴν ἔχειν</w>, and Teuta accepted these terms. Probably this means that Teuta agreed to surrender the regency (to Demetrius) and withdraw to a <w lang="el-GR">δυναστεία</w> (as P. here implies). Cf. Dio, fg. 49. 7, <w lang="el-GR">παντελῶς κατέδεισε καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀφῆκεν</w>. Badian (BSA, 1952, 80) suggests plausibly that her <w lang="el-GR">δυναστεία</w> was around <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhizon&groupId=930&placeId=1664">Rhizon</a>. On the peace terms granted to Teuta see Schmitt, SV A, iii. no. 500. (3) <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μὴ πλεύσειν πλέον ἢ δυσὶ λέμβοις ἔξω τοῦ Λίσσου</w>:</emph> cf. iii. 16. 3. Lissus, modern Lesh or Alessio (cf. Fluss, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lissos&groupId=694&placeId=1271">Lissos</a> (2)', cols. 731–3; J. M. F. May, JRS, 1946, 54) lay on a fortified hill near the mouth of the Drilo (Drin). It is generally assumed that Illyrian land forces were required to respect the same frontier (cf. Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 105 n. 4); but this is not certain, as Badian (BSR, 1952, 79; cf. Oost, 12) showsthough with the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a> and Atintanes both included in the Roman protectorate, Illyrian access to lands south of the Genusus must have been very restricted. This clause secured the freedom of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ionian Sea&groupId=650&placeId=1190">Ionian Sea</a> for Italian and Greek shipping. P. mentions the latter especially in the general 'philhellenic' context of the sending of envoys to the Greek states (§§ 4–8); it will have been stressed by Fabius, and in any case most of the Italian traders were Greeks from southern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>.

2.12.4 - 2.12.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρός τε τοὺς Αἰτωλοὺς καὶ τὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἔθνος</w>:</emph> who had sent help to the Corcyraeans at Paxos (9. 8 ff.). Since the death of Demetrius II their alliance had been dissolved de facto, if not openly denounced (below, 45–46 nn.). The purpose of the Roman visit was partly formal, partly propagandist; Roman policy in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> was portrayed as defending the ius gentium against Illyrian <w lang="el-GR">παρανομία</w> (11. 5). Cf. Gelzer, Hermes, 1933, 132.

2.12.7 - 2.12.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔτι δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιπλοκὴ μετὰ πρεσβείας</w>:</emph> this statement contradicts Iustinus' account (xxviii. 1. 5 ff.) of an Acarnanian appeal to the Senate, and a Roman dmarche in Aetolia, c. 239, which was brusquely rejected. Iustinus' story is accepted by De Sanctis (iii. 1. 278 n. 1), Meyer (Kl. Schr. ii. 382 n. 1), Kolbe (S.-B. Heidelberg, 1933/4, 4, 26), and Beloch (iv. 1. 634 n. 3, 'P. kann seine Grnde gehabt haben, den diplomatischen Mierfolg der Römer zu verschweigen'). Gelzer (Hermes, 1933, 144) suggests that Fabius, P.'s source, was reluctant to spoil his picture of the First Illyrian War with an earlier story of Roman interference and failure; but Iustinus' account is vague and inaccurate, and the arguments against its authenticity are strong; cf. Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 5–22; Treves, Rend. Linc., 1932, 196–7. P. is thinking of political contacts, and this passage does not bear on the authenticity of the tradition of a fifthcentury embassy to Greece to gather materials for the Twelve Tables (Livy, iii. 31 ff.; Dion. Hal. x. 52, 54). The Acarnanian 'appeal to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>' is regarded as authentic by E. Manni, La parola del passato, 1956, 179–90.

2.12.8 - 2.12.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς Κορινθίους καὶ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους</w>:</emph> here ' <w lang="el-GR">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> means 'the Senate'; Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 114 n. 2. On the purpose of the visit see 12. 4–8 n. That the Romans made a formal proclamation at the Isthmian Games (De Sanctis, iii. 1. 303) is an assumption not warranted either by this passage or by Zon. viii. 19 (which merely confirms the admission of the Romans to the festival, adding that <milestone unit="page" n="166">[166]</milestone> <w lang="el-GR">καὶ στάδιον ἐν αὐτῷ ὁ Πλαῦτος ἐνίκησε)</w>. This recognition by the Greeks is naturally stressed in P. since it was tantamount to accepting the Romans into the comity of civilized (Greek) peoples; cf. Wilamowitz, Staat und Gesellschaft der Griechen und Römer <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> (Berlin, 1923), 150; Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 129. Reference to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Isthmia&groupId=1078&placeId=1895">Isthmia</a> dates this embassy to the spring of an 'even' year, and probably to 228 <w lang="el-GR">(εὐθέως)</w>, when <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> was concerned with her freedom (44. 2 n.); but the failure of the Senate to follow up the embassy shows that it had no political background. On the admission of the Romans to the Isthmian Games see H. H. Schmitt, Hellenen, 9–11, who regards it as a sign of relaxed exclusiveness, not as evidence that the Romans were being accounted 'Greeks'.

Addenda & corrigenda

2.2.0 - 2.12.0

the article by E. Badian mentioned here and passim is BSR, 1952, 72–93.

2.12.7 - 2.12.7

the Acarnanian 'appeal to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>' is regarded as authentic by E. Manni, La parola del passato, 1956, 179–90.

2.12.8 - 2.12.8

on the admission of the Romans to the Isthmian Games see H. H. Schmitt, Hellenen, 9–11, who regards it as a sign of relaxed exclusiveness, not as evidence that the Romans were being accounted 'Greeks'.

2.2.0 - 2.12.0

in the sub-title, for '(231–228)' read '(229–8)'.

2.12.3 - 2.12.3

on the peace terms granted to Teuta see Schmitt, SV A, iii. no. 500.

2.12.4 - 2.12.8

<emph rend="bold">12. 4–8.</emph> Roman embassies: the annalistic account of these embassies <milestone unit="page" n="759">[759]</milestone> and of honours voted at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> and of Roman participation in the Isthmian games and admission to the Eleusinian mysteries is defended by Bengtson, S.-B. Mnchen, 1971, 3, 33–37.

Polybius, Histories

Bibliography

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Walbank Commentary

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