Polybius, Histories

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Book 2 - Chapter 1

1
<w lemma="%2A%29en">Ἐν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblw%7C">βύβλῳ</w> <w lemma="diesafh%2Fsamen">διεσαφήσαμεν</w> <w lemma="po%2Fte">πότε</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="susthsa%2Fmenoi">συστησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%5Cs">ἐκτὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeirei%3Dn">ἐγχειρεῖν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Frcanto">ἤρξαντο</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fan">Σικελίαν</w> <w lemma="die%2Fbhsan">διέβησαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnhs">προειρημένης</w> <w lemma="nh%2Fsou">νήσου</w> <w lemma="sunesth%2Fsanto">συνεστήσαντο</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w>,
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<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="po%2Fte">πότε</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="suni%2Fstasqai">συνίστασθαι</w> <w lemma="nautika%5Cs">ναυτικὰς</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Frcanto">ἤρξαντο</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="sumba%2Fnta">συμβάντα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frois">ἑκατέροις</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flous">τέλους</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29cexw%2Frhsan">ἐξεχώρησαν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="%2Asikeli%2Fas">Σικελίας</w>, <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pekra%2Fthsan">ἐπεκράτησαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhs">ὅλης</w> <w lemma="nh%2Fsou">νήσου</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ie%2Frwni">Ἱέρωνι</w> <w lemma="tattome%2Fnwn">ταττομένων</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w>.
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<w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29pebalo%2Fmeqa">ἐπεβαλόμεθα</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein">λέγειν</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="stasia%2Fsantes">στασιάσαντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Froi">μισθοφόροι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="prosagoreuqe%2Fnta">προσαγορευθέντα</w> <w lemma="%2Alibuko%5Cn">Λιβυκὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="e%29ce%2Fkausan">ἐξέκαυσαν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="sumba%2Fnta">συμβάντα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="a%29sebh%2Fmata">ἀσεβήματα</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fnos">τίνος</w> <w lemma="prou%2Fbh">προύβη</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fna">τίνα</w> <w lemma="die%2Fcodon">διέξοδον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Flaben">ἔλαβεν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="para%2Floga">παράλογα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flous">τέλους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w> <w lemma="e%29pikratei%2Fas">ἐπικρατείας</w>.
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<w lemma="nuni%5C">νυνὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="sunexh%3D">συνεχῆ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="peiraso%2Fmeqa">πειρασόμεθα</w> <w lemma="dhlou%3Dn">δηλοῦν</w>, <w lemma="kefalaiwdw%3Ds">κεφαλαιωδῶς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="e%29piyau%2Fontes">ἐπιψαύοντες</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fqesin">πρόθεσιν</w>.
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<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="qa%3Dtton">θᾶττον</w> <w lemma="katesth%2Fsanto">κατεστήσαντο</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fhn">Λιβύην</w>, <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ami%2Flkan">Ἀμίλκαν</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fstellon">ἐξαπέστελλον</w>, <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w> <w lemma="susth%2Fsantes">συστήσαντες</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w>.
6
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nalabw%5Cn">ἀναλαβὼν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpeda">στρατόπεδα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ui%28o%5Cn">υἱὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fban">Ἀννίβαν</w>, <w lemma="o%29%2Fnta">ὄντα</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fan">ἡλικίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29tw%3Dn">ἐτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nne%2Fa">ἐννέα</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diaba%5Cs">διαβὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hrakle%2Fous">Ἡρακλέους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w> <w lemma="a%29nekta%3Dto">ἀνεκτᾶτο</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmata">πράγματα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w>.
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<w lemma="diatri%2Fyas">διατρίψας</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpois">τόποις</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fth">ἔτη</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29nne%2Fa">ἐννέα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmw%7C">πολέμῳ</w>, <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peiqoi%3D">πειθοῖ</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsas">ποιήσας</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibh%2Frwn">Ἰβήρων</w> <w lemma="u%28phko%2Fous">ὑπηκόους</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fni">Καρχηδόνι</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fstreye">κατέστρεψε</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fws">ἀξίως</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="progegenhme%2Fnwn">προγεγενημένων</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcewn">πράξεων</w>.
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<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrwdesta%2Ftous">ἀνδρωδεστάτους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fsthn">μεγίστην</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontas">ἔχοντας</w> <w lemma="paratatto%2Fmenos">παραταττόμενος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xrw%2Fmenos">χρώμενος</w> <w lemma="tolmhrw%3Ds">τολμηρῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parabo%2Flws">παραβόλως</w> <w lemma="e%28autw%3D%7C">ἑαυτῷ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnou">κινδύνου</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29rrwme%2Fnws">ἐρρωμένως</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w> <w lemma="meth%2Fllacen">μετήλλαξεν</w>.
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<w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="strathgi%2Fan">στρατηγίαν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="pare%2Fdosan">παρέδοσαν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asdrou%2Fba%7C">Ἀσδρούβᾳ</w>, <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> '<w lemma="kei%2Fnou">κείνου</w> <w lemma="khdesth%3D%7C">κηδεστῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trihra%2Frxw%7C">τριηράρχῳ</w>.
In the preceding book I stated in the first place at what date the Romans having subjected <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> began to concern themselves in enterprises outside the peninsula; next I narrated how they crossed to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> and what were their reasons for undertaking the war with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> for the possession of that island.
After relating when and how they first built naval forces, I pursued the history of the war on both sides until its end, at which the Carthaginians evacuated all <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a>, and the Romans acquired the whole island except the parts which were Hiero\'s dominions.
In the next place I set myself to describe how the mercenaries mutinied against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> and set ablaze the so‑called Libyan war; I described all the terrible atrocities committed in this war, all its dramatic surprises, and their issues, until it ended in the final triumph of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>.
I will now attempt to give a summary view, according to my original project, of the events immediately following.
The Carthaginians, as soon as they had set the affairs of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Libya&groupId=686&placeId=427">Libya</a> in order, dispatched Hamilcar to the land of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> entrusting him with an adequate force.
Taking with him his army and his son Hannibal now nine years of age, he crossed the straits of Gibraltar and applied himself to subjugating <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> to the Carthaginians.
In this country he spent about nine years during which he reduced many Iberian tribes to obedience either by force of arms or by diplomacy, and finally met with an end worthy of his high achievements,
dying bravely in a battle against one of the most warlike and powerful tribes, after freely exposing his person to danger on the field.
The Carthaginians handed over the command of the army to Hasdrubal his son-in‑law and chief naval officer.