Polybius, Histories

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Book 18 - Chapter 28

1
<w lemma="a%29pe%2Fbh">ἀπέβη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos:">τέλος·</w> <w lemma="e%29gw%5C">ἐγὼ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkthn">ἕκτην</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblon">βύβλον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="e%29paggeli%2Fa%7C">ἐπαγγελίᾳ</w> <w lemma="katalipw%5Cn">καταλιπὼν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="labw%5Cn">λαβὼν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%28rmo%2Fzonta">ἁρμόζοντα</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgkrisin">σύγκρισιν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsomai">ποιήσομαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kaqoplismou%3D">καθοπλισμοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnwn">Μακεδόνων</w>, <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sunta%2Fcews">συντάξεως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frwn">ἑκατέρων</w>, <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="diafe%2Frousin">διαφέρουσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flwn">ἀλλήλων</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="xei%3Dron">χεῖρον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="be%2Fltion">βέλτιον</w>, <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcewn">πράξεων</w> <w lemma="peira%2Fsomai">πειράσομαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29paggeli%2Fan">ἐπαγγελίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="a%29gagei%3Dn">ἀγαγεῖν</w>.
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<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnwn">Μακεδόνων</w> <w lemma="su%2Fntacis">σύνταξις</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="didou%3Dsa">διδοῦσα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pei%3Dran">πεῖραν</w>, <w lemma="e%29kra%2Ftei">ἐκράτει</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnikw%3Dn">Ἑλληνικῶν</w> <w lemma="sunta%2Fcewn">συντάξεων</w>, <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fhn">Λιβύην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphn">Εὐρώπην</w> <w lemma="prosesperi%2Fwn">προσεσπερίων</w> <w lemma="e%29qnw%3Dn">ἐθνῶν</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fntwn">ἁπάντων</w>,
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<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpac">ἅπαξ</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="pleona%2Fkis">πλεονάκις</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fgone">γέγονε</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcewn">τάξεων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrw%3Dn">ἀνδρῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fkrisis">διάκρισις</w>,
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<w lemma="xrh%2Fsimon">χρήσιμον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kalo%5Cn">καλὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cn">διαφορὰν</w> <w lemma="e%29reunh%3Dsai">ἐρευνῆσαι</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="e%29pikratei%3Dn">ἐπικρατεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prwtei%3Don">πρωτεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29kfe%2Fresqai">ἐκφέρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%2Fnwn">ἀγώνων</w>,
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<w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxhn">τύχην</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgontes">λέγοντες</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="makari%2Fzwmen">μακαρίζωμεν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kratou%3Dntas">κρατοῦντας</w> <w lemma="a%29lo%2Fgws">ἀλόγως</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Ftaioi">μάταιοι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpwn">ἀνθρώπων</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29do%2Ftes">εἰδότες</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqei%3Ds">ἀληθεῖς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w> <w lemma="e%29painw%3Dmen">ἐπαινῶμεν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fzwmen">θαυμάζωμεν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnous">ἡγουμένους</w>.
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<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Aperi%5C">Περὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fban">Ἀννίβαν</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%2Fnwn">ἀγώνων</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftwn">γεγονότων</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29lattwma%2Ftwn">ἐλαττωμάτων</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="de%2Foi">δέοι</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fw">πλείω</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein:">λέγειν·</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kaqoplismo%5Cn">καθοπλισμὸν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fntacin">σύνταξιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pidecio%2Fthta">ἐπιδεξιότητα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbou">Ἀννίβου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29gxi%2Fnoian">ἀγχίνοιαν</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fpipton">περιέπιπτον</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29lattw%2Fmasi">ἐλαττώμασι</w>.
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<w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="pepoih%2Fkamen">πεποιήκαμεν</w> <w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28podeiknu%2Fontes">ὑποδεικνύοντες</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%2Fnwn">ἀγώνων</w>.
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<w lemma="marturei%3D">μαρτυρεῖ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28mete%2Frois">ἡμετέροις</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgois">λόγοις</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou:">πολέμου·</w> <w lemma="prosgenome%2Fnou">προσγενομένου</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="strathgou%3D">στρατηγοῦ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fan">παραπλησίαν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontos">ἔχοντος</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fba%7C">Ἀννίβᾳ</w>, <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="nika%3Dn">νικᾶν</w> <w lemma="sunechkolou%2Fqhse">συνεξηκολούθησε</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois:">προειρημένοις·</w>
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<w lemma="ei%29%3Dta">εἶτα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="a%29podokima%2Fsas">ἀποδοκιμάσας</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxonta">ὑπάρχοντα</w> <w lemma="kaqoplismo%2Fn">καθοπλισμόν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="nikh%3Dsai">νικῆσαι</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fth%7C">πρώτῃ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="paraxrh%3Dma">παραχρῆμα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fplois">ὅπλοις</w> <w lemma="kaqopli%2Fsas">καθοπλίσας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fas">οἰκείας</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="diete%2Flese">διετέλεσε</w> <w lemma="xrw%2Fmenos">χρώμενος</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w>.
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<w lemma="%2Apu%2Frros">Πύρρος</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fplois">ὅπλοις</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmesin">δυνάμεσιν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29italikai%3Ds">Ἰταλικαῖς</w> <w lemma="sugke%2Fxrhtai">συγκέχρηται</w>, <w lemma="tiqei%5Cs">τιθεὶς</w> <w lemma="e%29nalla%5Cc">ἐναλλὰξ</w> <w lemma="shmai%2Fan">σημαίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="spei%3Dran">σπεῖραν</w> <w lemma="falaggitikh%5Cn">φαλαγγιτικὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dsin">ἀγῶσιν</w>.
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<w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="e%29du%2Fnato">ἐδύνατο</w> <w lemma="nika%3Dn">νικᾶν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%2F">ἀεί</w> <w lemma="pws">πως</w> <w lemma="a%29mfi%2Fdoca">ἀμφίδοξα</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flh">τέλη</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnwn">κινδύνων</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fbaine">ἀπέβαινε</w>.
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<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Aperi%5C">Περὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Don">ἀναγκαῖον</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="proeipei%3Dn">προειπεῖν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mhde%5Cn">μηδὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29ntemfai%2Fnein">ἀντεμφαίνειν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28mete%2Frais">ἡμετέραις</w> <w lemma="a%29pofa%2Fsesin:">ἀποφάσεσιν·</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fneimi">ἐπάνειμι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="prokeime%2Fnhn">προκειμένην</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgkrisin">σύγκρισιν</w>.
<head>Advantages and Disadvantages of the Phalanx</head>In my sixth Book I promised that when a suitable occasion presented itself I would institute a comparison between the Roman and Macedonian equipment and formation, showing how they differ for the better or worse, and I will, now that we see them both in actual practice, endeavour to fulfil this promise.
For since the Macedonian formation in former times was proved by the experience of facts to be superior to other formations in use in Asia and Greece and that of the Romans likewise showed itself superior to those in use in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> and among all the peoples of western Europe,
and since now in our own times not once, but frequently, these two formations and the soldiers of both nations have been matched against each other,
it will prove useful and beneficial to inquire into the difference, and into the reason why on the battle-field the Romans have always had the upper hand and carried off the palm,
so that we may not, like foolish men, talk simply of chance and felicitate the victors without giving any reason for it, but may, knowing the true causes of their success, give them a reasoned tribute of praise and admiration.
It will not be necessary to dilate upon the battles of the Romans with Hannibal and their defeats therein; for there they met with defeat not owing to their equipment and formation but owing to Hannibal's skill and cleverness.
This I made sufficiently clear in dealing with battles in question,
and the best testimony to the justice of what I said was, first of all, the actual end of the war. For very soon when the Romans had the advantage of the services of a general of like capacity with Hannibal then victory was an immediate consequence of this.
And secondly, Hannibal himself, discarding his original armament at once on winning the first battle, armed his own forces with the Roman weapons and continued to employ these up to the end.
As for Pyrrhus he employed not only Italian arms but Italian forces, placing cohorts of these and cohorts composed of men from the phalanx in alternate order in his battles with the Romans.
But still even by this means he could not gain a victory, but the result of all their battles was always more or less doubtful.
It was necessary for me to preface my comparison by these few words in order that my statements may meet with no contradiction. I will now proceed to the comparison itself.