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Book 14 - Chapter 1a

1
<head lang="la">I. Ex Prooemio</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="fhsi%5Cn">φησὶν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Apolu%2Fbios">Πολύβιος</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="e%28autou%3D">ἑαυτοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fblwn">βίβλων</w> <w lemma="u%28poqetikh%3Ds">ὑποθετικῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29chgh%2Fsews:">ἐξηγήσεως·</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fisws">Ἴσως</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsais">πάσαις</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29lumpia%2Fsin">ὀλυμπιάσιν</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="proekqe%2Fseis">προεκθέσεις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcewn">πράξεων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fstasin">ἐπίστασιν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgousi">ἄγουσι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ntugxa%2Fnontas">ἐντυγχάνοντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftwn">γεγονότων</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnoyin">σύνοψιν</w> <w lemma="a%29gome%2Fnwn">ἀγομένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhs">ὅλης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="oi%29koume%2Fnhs">οἰκουμένης</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn:">ἔργων·</w>
2
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29lumpia%2Fda">ὀλυμπιάδα</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fzw">νομίζω</w> <w lemma="sunepisth%2Fsein">συνεπιστήσειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29naginw%2Fskontas">ἀναγινώσκοντας</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fhn">Λιβύην</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmous">πολέμους</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w> <w lemma="ei%29lhfe%2Fnai">εἰληφέναι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="sunte%2Fleian:">συντέλειαν·</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fs">τίς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="i%28storh%3Dsai">ἱστορῆσαι</w> <w lemma="boulhqei%2Fh">βουληθείη</w> <w lemma="poi%2Fa">ποία</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="katastrofh%5C">καταστροφὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29ge%2Fneto">ἐγένετο</w>;
3
<w lemma="fu%2Fsei">φύσει</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnqrwpoi">ἄνθρωποι</w>, <w lemma="ka%29%5Cn">κἂν</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerw%3Ds">ὁλοσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="parade%2Fxwntai">παραδέχωνται</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frga">ἔργα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="i%28mei%2Frousi">ἱμείρουσι</w> <w lemma="maqei%3Dn:">μαθεῖν·</w>
4
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fseis">προαιρέσεις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fwn">βασιλέων</w> <w lemma="e%29kfanesta%2Ftas">ἐκφανεστάτας</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnous:">χρόνους·</w> <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29le%2Fgeto">ἐλέγετο</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29pegnw%2Fsqh">ἐπεγνώσθη</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flws">ὅλως</w> <w lemma="e%29qe%2Flousi">ἐθέλουσι</w> <w lemma="polupragmonei%3Dn">πολυπραγμονεῖν</w>.
5
<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fan">ἀξίαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai">ποιήσασθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%2Fghsin">ἐξήγησιν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="duei%3Dn">δυεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29tw%3Dn">ἐτῶν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w> <w lemma="katateta%2Fxamen">κατατετάχαμεν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblon">βύβλον</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="a%29podedw%2Fkamen">ἀποδεδώκαμεν</w>.
<head>I. Affairs of Greece</head>Perhaps it is true that in all Olympiads the syllabus of events arrests the attention of the reader, owing to their number and importance, the actions of the whole world being brought under one point of view.
But I think the events of this Olympiad (CXLIV) will have a peculiar power of doing this. For in the first place it was during this Olympiad that the wars in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> were brought to an end, wars the final outcome of which who will not be curious to learn?
For everyone naturally, although he may completely accept our account of particular action and speeches, still always longs to know the end.
Besides this, the political tendencies of the kings were clearly revealed during these years. For all that had been hitherto a matter of gossip about them now became clearly known to everyone, even to those who were not at all disposed to be curious.
For this reason, as I wish to give such an account of the facts as their importance deserves, I have not comprised the events of two years in one Book as was my practice in previous cases.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
14.1.0 - 14.10.0
<p rend="Plain Text">Scipio in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a></p> <p rend="Plain Text"> Scipio returned from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> in 206 (xi. 33. 8) and was elected consul for 205 (Livy, xxviii. 38. 6) with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> as his province (Livy, xxviii. 38. 12), to which <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> was subsequently added (Livy, xxviii. 40–45). Scipio went to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> to prepare for the invasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> (Livy, xxix. 1) and C. Laelius raided <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> (Livy, xxix. 1. 14, 3. 6–5. 1). In 204, as proconsul (Livy, xxix. 13. 3), Scipio crossed to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> and gained some successes; he also undertook the siege of Utica (Livy, xxix. 24–36; Val. Max. iii. 7. 1, viii. 3. 3; Frontin. Strat. i. 12. 1, ii. 7. 4; App. Lib. 10–17; Dio. fg. 57, 63–9; Zon. ix. 11–12). The present fragment opens in the winter of 204–3. P.'s source or sources cannot be <milestone unit="page" n="424">[424]</milestone> <figure> <graphic url="14001.gif" scale="100%" /> </figure> </p> <p rend="Plain Text">15. THE AFRICAN CAMPAIGNING AREA</p> <p rend="Plain Text">(Based on Veith, Schlachtfelder, iii, 2, Karte 11 a)</p> <p rend="Plain Text">recovered with any certainty; he draws on good information for Scipio but he is also well informed about the African side, and as De Sanctis (iii. 2. 649) points out, the distances of 30 and 7 stades in 8. 2 point to a Greek source, for they do not represent conversions from milia passuum. Whether Fabius' history extended down to the end of the war is uncertain (cf. Walbank, JRS, 1959, 195; Hoffmann, Historia, 1960, 317 (after 200)).</p>
14.1.0 - 14.5.0
<p rend="Plain Text"> The burning of the camps: Livy, xxx. 3–6, follows P.; Appian, Lib. 17–23 makes the whole thing almost a spontaneous reaction to an attack by <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a> on Masinissa, which is also mentioned by Zon. ix. 12, who connects the burning of the camps with the battle of the Great Plains; see also Frontin. Strat. i. 1. 3, 2. 1, ii. 5. 29; auct. de uir. ill. 49. 13; Sil. It. xvii. 89 ff. <milestone unit="page" n="427">[427]</milestone> </p>
Specifics
14.1.1 - 14.1.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">αἱ προεκθέσεις τῶν πράξεων</w>:</emph> 'the introductory surveys of events'. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς ἐπίστασιν ἄγουσι</w>:</emph> 'arouse the attention of the reader'; cf. xi. 1 a 2. </p>
14.1.2 - 14.1.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν καὶ Λιβύην πολέμους</w>?:</emph> the plural is curious, for these are both aspects of the same war against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ποία τις ἡ καταστροφὴ καὶ τί τὸ τέλος</w>:</emph> 'what was the final outcome': there is no clear distinction between the two nouns; cf. vi. 8. 6, <w lang="el-GR">τὸ τέλος αὐτῶν . . . τῆς καταστροφῆς</w>. </p>
14.1.3 - 14.1.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ . . . ἔργα καὶ λόγους</w>:</emph> the two conventional parts of historywriting; cf. Thuc. i. 22; Plato, Tim. 19 c; Ephorus, FGH, 70 F 9; Dion. Hal. Imit. 3. 3; ad Pomp. 3. 20; Thuc. 25, 55; Quint. x. 1. 101. </p>
14.1.4 - 14.1.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς προαιρέσεις τῶν βασιλέων</w>:</emph> P. refers to Philip V and Antiochus, and probably has in mind the pact against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Egypt&groupId=556&placeId=368">Egypt</a> (xv. 20. 1 f.), and the events leading up to the Second Macedonian War, which brings the Romans decisively into the Balkan peninsula. <w lang="el-GR">προαίρεσις</w> includes both character (cf. 12. 5) and policy. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἃ γὰρ πρότερον ἐλέγετο περὶ αὐτῶν</w>:</emph> 'what was hitherto only rumoured about them'. </p>
14.1.5 - 14.1.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ τὰς ἐκ τῶν δυεῖν ἐτῶν πράξεις κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. ix. 1. 1, <w lang="el-GR">ἐν δυσὶ βυβλίοις . . . τὴν ἐξήγησιν</w>. </p>
14.1.1 - 14.1.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ μὲν οὖν ὕπατοι</w>:</emph> this will refer to the res Italiae of 203, which would precede the res Africae; hence the consuls are those of A.U.C. 551 = 203 B.C., Cn. Servilius Cn.f. Cn.n. Caepio and C. Servilius C.f. P.n. Geminus (Livy, xxix. 38. 3). Caepio had received the surrender of several Bruttian towns (Livy, xxix. 38. 1; above, xiii. 10. 1–3 n.); Geminus was in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a>, and advanced thence into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> to rescue his father and Lutatius Catulus from captivity (Livy, xxx. 19. 6–8). </p>
14.1.2 - 14.1.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ κατὰ τὴν παραχειμασίαν</w>:</emph> for Scipio's winter quarters see 6. 7; the Castra <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cornelia&groupId=495&placeId=930">Cornelia</a> was placed towards the north end of the ridge, which runs south-west to north-east, a little to the east of Utica; at this period it projected into the sea at the site of Galaat el Andeliss, and the camp was probably on the highest point, at the base of the actual promontory, with the naval station on the <milestone unit="page" n="425">[425]</milestone> west; cf. Livy, xxix. 35. 13–14; Caesar, BC, ii. 24. 2; Veith, AS, iii. 2. 583–6; Gsell, iii. 220 n. 2; Scullard, Scip. 196–7 n. 2. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πυνθανόμενος ἐξαρτύειν στόλον</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxx. 3. 4, 'classem paratam instructamque ad commeatus intercipiendos habebant'. On the Punic failure to use their fleet see Thiel, 160. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐγίνετο . . . περὶ ταύτην τὴν παρασκευήν</w>:</emph> 'he busied himself with similar preparations'; cf. 2. 1–2. Scipio's war-fleet at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> amounted to only forty ships (Livy, xxix. 25. 10, 26. 3; see Thiel, 156 n. 422). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ τὴν τῆς Ἰτύκης πολιορκίαν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxx. 3. 3, 'neque Scipio ullo tempore hiemis belli opera remiserat . . . Uticam obsidebat'. But P. probably means simply 'he was concerned with the siege'; cf. v. 36. 1, <w lang="el-GR">ἐγίνοντο περὶ τὴν ἀναίρεσιν τοῦ Μάγα</w>. This is the meaning of the phrase in 7. 1, where it occurs before he has marched out the following spring to besiege the city, cf. De Sanctis, iii. 2. 649. Clearly Scipio could not carry on the siege of Utica through the winter, shut up in his camp; elsewhere Livy (xxix. 35. 12) has the facts: 'ut Scipio, cum quadraginta ferme dies nequiquam omnia experiens obsedisset Uticam, abscederet inde irrito incepto.' See Gsell, iii. 221 n. 7; Scullard, Scip. 196 n. 1. On Utica see i. 70. 9 n.; G. Ville, RE, Suppl.-B. ix, 'Utica', cols. 1869–94 (with plan at cols. 1871–2). </p>
14.1.3 - 14.1.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς κατὰ τὸν Σόφακα . . . ἐλπίδος</w>:</emph> on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a>, king of the Masaesyli, see xi. 24 a 4, where Scipio visited him in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διεπέμπετο δὲ συνεχῶς</w>:</emph> according to Appian (Lib. 17) and Dio (fg. 57. 72; cf. Zon. ix. 12), <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a> began the negotiations; and Valerius Antias (Livy, xxx. 3. 6) spoke of a visit of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a> to the Roman camp. </p>
14.1.4 - 14.1.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς παιδίσκης</w>:</emph> cf. 7. 6; Sophonisba, the daughter of Hasdrubal, whom her father gave in marriage to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a> to win his support (Livy, xxix. 23. 4; Diod. xxvii. 7; Dio, fg. 57. 51; Zon. ix. 11); the form of the name in the best Livian MSS. is Sophoniba (Livy, xxx. 12. 11); but the Punic form is Saphanbaal (Gsell, iii. 197 n. 3; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 532 n. 137). The story of her suicide to avoid imprisonment is romanticized in the tradition, probably including P.; De Sanctis, loc. cit., attributes this to Ennius. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἁψικορίαν</w>:</emph> 'quickness to tire', and so 'fickleness'. </p>
14.1.5 - 14.1.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὢν δὲ περὶ πολλὰ κτλ</w>.:</emph> 'since his mind was much distracted'. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν ἔξω κίνδυνον</w>:</emph> 'a battle in the open country'. </p>
14.1.7 - 14.1.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς</w></emph> 'those who first arrived'. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἐ</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πι</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συναγομένους</w>:</emph> 'those who kept joining'. </p>
14.1.8 - 14.1.8
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ταύτην τὴν κατασκευήν</w>:</emph> 'the following trick'. </p>
14.1.10 - 14.1.10
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς ἐπιβολῆς . . . ἧς ἐπιβάλλεται</w>:</emph> 'the course he wished to see adopted' (Shuckburgh). </p>
14.1.13 - 14.1.13
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν πραγματικῶν . . . καὶ στρατιωτικῶν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxx. 4. 1, 'primos ordines spectatae uirtutis atque prudentiae'; but P. seems <milestone unit="page" n="426">[426]</milestone> to mean 'men of tried experience' contrasted with 'men of military skill'. Paton translates 'expert observers' and 'certain of his officers'; the two categories are partially but not wholly exclusive. </p>
14.1.14 - 14.1.14
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">δύο . . . στρατοπεδεῖαι</w>:</emph> not identifiable with certainty, but Veith's proposed site has great plausibility. Scipio was encamped for the winter at the so-called Castra <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cornelia&groupId=495&placeId=930">Cornelia</a> (6. 7; Livy, xxix. 35. 13; Caesar, BC, ii. 24. 2) on a rocky peninsula about 3 km. east of Utica (above, 1. 2 n.). Veith (AS, iii. 2. 586–9 and map 13 a) places Hasdrubal's camp on the site of the village Douar Touba, which lies on the south-east side of the eminence Koudiat Touba, the southern end of the ridge running south-south-east from Castra <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cornelia&groupId=495&placeId=930">Cornelia</a>, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a>'s camp on Koudiat el Mabtouka, which lies to the west of Douar Touba: the distance between the two camps as shown on Veith's map is 2 km., and this is considerably more than the 10 stades (1 km.) mentioned by P. Scullard (Scip. 199 n. 1) suggests that the camps were perhaps on Koudiat Touba and on the hill to the north-east (54 m.: not named on Veith's map), which are exactly 10 stades apart; Veith thinks P. gave the distance to the nearest 10 stades. Either site fits the distance of 60 stades from Castra <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cornelia&groupId=495&placeId=930">Cornelia</a> (4. 1). At this time the Bagradas (Wadi Medjerda) flowed well to the south-east of Koudiat Touba (i. 75. 5 n.), not between this hill and Koudiat el Mabtouka, as at present. Against the position for the two camps suggested by Tissot, Gographie compare de la province romaine d'Afrique, i. (Paris, 1884), 554, on the south slope of Djebel Menzel Roul (Djebel Menzel-el-Ghoul), immediately southwest of Utica, see the arguments of Veith, AS, iii. 2. 588–9. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">Carthaginian numbers. P. here gives Hasdrubal 30,000 foot and 3,000 horse and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syphax&groupId=993&placeId=1751">Syphax</a> 50,000 foot and 10,000 horse, a total of 93,000. According to Appian, Lib. 9, Hasdrubal at the beginning of the campaign had armed 13,200 men (a more reliable figure than the 27,000 given in App. Lib. 13 from a different source; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 583; Scullard, Scip. 319–20). Clearly the figures given now for the two camps are too large: they are larger than any army <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> ever assembled, and Hasdrubal can hardly have doubled his force since Scipio landed. It is likely that at some stage the figures have been inflated to the glory of Scipio, and De Sanctis (iii. 2. 584; cf. Scullard, Scip. 320) plausibly suggests 30,000 infantry plus 3,000– 5,000 cavalry for the combined force.</p>

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