Polybius, Histories

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Book 11 - Chapter 2

1
<w lemma="%2A%29asdrou%2Fbas">Ἀσδρούβας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsxaton">ἔσχατον</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="a%29gaqo%5Cs">ἀγαθὸς</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="xeirw%3Dn">χειρῶν</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmw%7C">νόμῳ</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fstreye">κατέστρεψε</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon:">βίον·</w> <w lemma="o%28%5Cn">ὃν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcion">ἄξιον</w> <w lemma="a%29nepish%2Fmanton">ἀνεπισήμαντον</w> <w lemma="paralipei%3Dn">παραλιπεῖν</w>.
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<w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29delfo%5Cs">ἀδελφὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbou">Ἀννίβου</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsin">φύσιν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="xwrizo%2Fmenos">χωριζόμενος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w> <w lemma="e%29nexei%2Frise">ἐνεχείρισε</w>, <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="dedh%2Flwtai">δεδήλωται</w>
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. <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fws">παραπλησίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="xrhsa%2Fmenos">χρησάμενος</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dsi">ἀγῶσι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w>, <w lemma="pollai%3Ds">πολλαῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiki%2Flais">ποικίλαις</w> <w lemma="perista%2Fsesi">περιστάσεσι</w> <w lemma="palai%2Fsas">παλαίσας</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29papostellome%2Fnous">ἐπαποστελλομένους</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnos">Καρχηδόνος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="strathgou%2Fs">στρατηγούς</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnois">εἰρημένοις</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fws">ἀξίως</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="patro%5Cs">πατρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Aba%2Frka">Βάρκα</w>, <w lemma="kalw%3Ds">καλῶς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gennai%2Fws">γενναίως</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="peripetei%2Fas">περιπετείας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29lattw%2Fseis">ἐλαττώσεις</w> <w lemma="diete%2Flei">διετέλει</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frwn">φέρων</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="sunta%2Fcewn">συντάξεων</w> <w lemma="dedhlw%2Fkamen">δεδηλώκαμεν</w>. <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="teleutai%2Fwn">τελευταίων</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%2Fnwn">ἀγώνων</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="e%29rou%3Dmen">ἐροῦμεν</w>,
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<w lemma="kaqo%5C">καθὸ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="pe%2Ffhnen">πέφηνεν</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcios">ἄξιος</w> <w lemma="e%29pista%2Fsews">ἐπιστάσεως</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="zh%2Flou">ζήλου</w>.
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<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstous">πλείστους</w> <w lemma="i%29dei%3Dn">ἰδεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsti">ἔστι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3Dn">στρατηγῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fwn">βασιλέων</w>, <w lemma="e%29peida%5Cn">ἐπειδὰν</w> <w lemma="sunistw%3Dntai">συνιστῶνται</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dnas">ἀγῶνας</w>, <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="katorqwma%2Ftwn">κατορθωμάτων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fndoca">ἔνδοξα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="lusitelh%3D">λυσιτελῆ</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnontas">λαμβάνοντας</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fyin">ὄψιν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="e%29fista%2Fnontas">ἐφιστάνοντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dialogizome%2Fnous">διαλογιζομένους</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w> <w lemma="xrh%2Fsontai">χρήσονται</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="xwrhsa%2Fntwn">χωρησάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>,
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<w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29poptwma%2Ftwn">ἀποπτωμάτων</w> <w lemma="ou%29ke%2Fti">οὐκέτι</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="o%29fqalmw%3Dn">ὀφθαλμῶν</w> <w lemma="tiqeme%2Fnous">τιθεμένους</w>, <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="nw%3D%7C">νῷ</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnontas">λαμβάνοντας</w> <w lemma="ph%3D%7C">πῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="prakte%2Fon">πρακτέον</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="peripetei%2Fas">περιπετείας</w>. <w lemma="kai%2Ftoi">καίτοι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Ftoimo%2Fn">ἕτοιμόν</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pollh%3Ds">πολλῆς</w> <w lemma="dei%3Dtai">δεῖται</w> <w lemma="pronoi%2Fas">προνοίας</w>.
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<w lemma="toigarou%3Dn">τοιγαροῦν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dstoi">πλεῖστοι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29genni%2Fan">ἀγεννίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="a%29bouli%2Fan">ἀβουλίαν</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxra%5Cs">αἰσχρὰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhsan">ἐποίησαν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fttas">ἥττας</w>, <w lemma="eu%29genw%3Ds">εὐγενῶς</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="h%29gwnisme%2Fnwn">ἠγωνισμένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stratiwtw%3Dn">στρατιωτῶν</w>, <w lemma="kath%2F%7Csxunan">κατῄσχυναν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29ponei%2Fdiston">ἐπονείδιστον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kataleipo%2Fmenon">καταλειπόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhsan">ἐποίησαν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w>.
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<w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnwn">ἡγουμένων</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="sfa%2Fllontai">σφάλλονται</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fsthn">μεγίστην</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cn">διαφορὰν</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="a%29ndro%2Fs">ἀνδρός</w>, <w lemma="eu%29xere%5Cs">εὐχερὲς</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="boulome%2Fnw%7C">βουλομένῳ</w> <w lemma="katamaqei%3Dn:">καταμαθεῖν·</w> <w lemma="polla%5C">πολλὰ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="u%28podei%2Fgmata">ὑποδείγματα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftwn">τοιούτων</w> <w lemma="pepoi%2Fhken">πεποίηκεν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="progegonw%5Cs">προγεγονὼς</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnos">χρόνος</w>.
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<w lemma="%2A%29asdrou%2Fbas">Ἀσδρούβας</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%5Cs">ἐλπὶς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnasqai">δύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttein">πράττειν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcio%2Fn">ἄξιόν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="probebiwme%2Fnwn">προβεβιωμένων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29deno%5Cs">οὐδενὸς</w> <w lemma="ma%3Dllon">μᾶλλον</w> <w lemma="proenoei%3Dto">προενοεῖτο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnous">κινδύνους</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="swthri%2Fas:">σωτηρίας·</w>
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<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsas">πάσας</w> <w lemma="a%29felome%2Fnh">ἀφελομένη</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxh">τύχη</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fkleise">συνέκλεισε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsxaton">ἔσχατον</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fn">καιρόν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="paralipw%5Cn">παραλιπὼν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="paraskeuh%5Cn">παρασκευὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="nika%3Dn">νικᾶν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dtton">ἧττον</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fnoian">πρόνοιαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="sfalei%5Cs">σφαλεὶς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="o%28mo%2Fse">ὁμόσε</w> <w lemma="xwrh%3Dsai">χωρῆσαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="parou%3Dsi">παροῦσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mhde%5Cn">μηδὲν</w> <w lemma="u%28pomei%3Dnai">ὑπομεῖναι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="probebiwme%2Fnwn">προβεβιωμένων</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fcion">ἀνάξιον</w>.
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<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Atau%3Dta">Ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fsqw">εἰρήσθω</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w> <w lemma="a%29nastrefome%2Fnwn">ἀναστρεφομένων</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="propetw%3Ds">προπετῶς</w> <w lemma="kinduneu%2Fontes">κινδυνεύοντες</w> <w lemma="sfa%2Fllwsi">σφάλλωσι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pisteusa%2Fntwn">πιστευσάντων</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="filozwou%3Dntes">φιλοζωοῦντες</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fon">δέον</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxra%5Cs">αἰσχρὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w>
Hasdrubal, who was always a brave man both in former times and at this last hour, fell in the thick of the fight, and it would not be just to take leave of this commander without a word of praise.
I have already stated that he was Hannibal\'s own brother, and that Hannibal on quitting <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> entrusted him with the management of affairs there, and I also told in a previous Book how in his many encounters with the Romans and in his frequent struggles with adverse circumstances, owing to the character of the commanders who were sent to co-operate with him in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>, he constantly bore disaster and defeat with spirit and courage and in a man worthy of his father Barcas. I will now say for what reason in this his final struggle he seems to me to have been worthy of our respect and emulation.
For we see that most generals and kings, when they undertake a critical struggle, constantly keep before their eyes the glory and profit that will accrue from success, and while they devote their attention and consideration to the manner in which they will manage everything if all goes in their favour,
do not envisage the consequences of mischance or consider at all how they should behave and what they should do in the event of disaster, although the one thing is simple enough and the other requires great foresight.
Consequently most of them, owing to their lack of spirit and their helplessness in such a case, make defeat shameful, and although their soldiers have often fought bravely, cast disgrace on their former exploits and make the rest of their life a reproach to them.
Anyone who wishes can easily see that many commanders err in this respect and that there is here the greatest difference between one man and another, as past history affords so many examples of the fact.
But Hasdrubal, as long as there was a reasonable hope of his being able to accomplish something worthy of his past, was more careful of nothing in action than of his own safety,
but when fortune had robbed him of the last shred of hope and forced him to face the last extremity, though he neglected nothing in his preparations for the struggle or in the battle itself that might contribute to victory, nevertheless he took thought how if he met with total defeat he might confront that contingency and suffer nothing unworthy of his past.
What I have said here may serve to warn all who direct public affairs neither by rashly exposing themselves to cheat the hopes of those who trust in them nor by clinging to life when duty forbids it to add to their own disasters disgrace and reproach.