Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 11 - Chapter 16

<w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afilopoi%2Fmhn">Φιλοποίμην</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="parapesei%3Dn">παραπεσεῖν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fwn">ὑπεναντίων</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnwn">χρόνων</w> <w lemma="e%28wrame%2Fnon">ἑωραμένον</w> <w lemma="u%28p%27">ὑπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fn">καιρόν</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsin">πᾶσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fgein">ἐπάγειν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="falaggi%2Ftais">φαλαγγίταις</w> <w lemma="katabalou%3Dsi">καταβαλοῦσι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sari%2Fsas">σαρίσας</w> <w lemma="parh%2Fggeile">παρήγγειλε</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28moqumado%5Cn">ὁμοθυμαδὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="kataplhktikh%3Ds">καταπληκτικῆς</w> <w lemma="kraugh%3Ds">κραυγῆς</w> <w lemma="poihsame%2Fnwn">ποιησαμένων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prodialeluko%2Ftes">προδιαλελυκότες</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fceis">τάξεις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffrou">τάφρου</w> <w lemma="kataba%2Fsei">καταβάσει</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29nabai%2Fnontes">ἀναβαίνοντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="u%28perdeci%2Fous">ὑπερδεξίους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fous">πολεμίους</w> <w lemma="a%29podeilia%2Fsantes">ἀποδειλιάσαντες</w> <w lemma="e%29tre%2Fponto:">ἐτρέποντο·</w>

<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3D%7C">αὐτῇ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffrw%7C">τάφρῳ</w> <w lemma="diefqei%2Freto">διεφθείρετο</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fwn">ἰδίων</w>.

<w lemma="sune%2Fbaine">συνέβαινε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnon">προειρημένον</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="au%29toma%2Ftws">αὐτομάτως</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kairou%3D">καιροῦ</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29gxi%2Fnoian">ἀγχίνοιαν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="proestw%3Dtos">προεστῶτος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cs">ὃς</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="proeba%2Fleto">προεβάλετο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffron">τάφρον</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afilopoi%2Fmhn">Φιλοποίμην</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="fugomaxw%3Dn">φυγομαχῶν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fs">ὥς</w> <w lemma="tines">τινες</w> <w lemma="u%28pela%2Fmbanon">ὑπελάμβανον</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fan">λίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29kribw%3Ds">ἀκριβῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="strathgikw%3Ds">στρατηγικῶς</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkasta">ἕκαστα</w> <w lemma="sullogisa%2Fmenos">συλλογισάμενος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenos">παραγενόμενος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Amaxani%2Fdas">Μαχανίδας</w>, <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prosa%2Fcei">προσάξει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="proi+do%2Fmenos">προϊδόμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffron">τάφρον</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftw">οὕτω</w> <w lemma="sumbh%2Fsetai">συμβήσεται</w> <w lemma="paqei%3Dn">παθεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="fa%2Flagga">φάλαγγα</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnon">προειρημένον</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w>, <w lemma="gino%2Fmenon">γινόμενον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%2Ft%27">τότ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqei%2Fas:">ἀληθείας·</w>

<w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sullogisa%2Fmenos">συλλογισάμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dusxrhsti%2Fan">δυσχρηστίαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffrou">τάφρου</w>, <w lemma="ka%29%2Fpeita">κἄπειτα</w> <w lemma="metamelhqei%5Cs">μεταμεληθεὶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fcas">δόξας</w> <w lemma="a%29podeilia%3Dn">ἀποδειλιᾶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="paratetagme%2Fnwn">παρατεταγμένων</w> <w lemma="a%29polu%2Fsei">ἀπολύσει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="makra%5Cn">μακρὰν</w> <w lemma="au%28to%5Cn">αὑτὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fa%7C">πορείᾳ</w> <w lemma="dido%2Fnai">διδόναι</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllei">μέλλει</w>, <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="xwri%5Cs">χωρὶς</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerou%3Ds">ὁλοσχεροῦς</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dnos">ἀγῶνος</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="nika%3Dn">νικᾶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnw%7C">ἐκείνῳ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%29nanti%2Fa">τἀναντία</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fstai">περιέσται</w>. <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="sumbe%2Fbhken">συμβέβηκεν</w>,

<w lemma="oi%28%2Ftines">οἵτινες</w> <w lemma="parataca%2Fmenoi">παραταξάμενοι</w> <w lemma="me%2Fn">μέν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29cio%2Fxrews">ἀξιόχρεως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fsantes">νομίσαντες</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fois">ὑπεναντίοις</w> <w lemma="a%29gwni%2Fzesqai">ἀγωνίζεσθαι</w>, <w lemma="tine%5Cs">τινὲς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w>,

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllas">ἄλλας</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w>, <w lemma="makra%5Cn">μακρὰν</w> <w lemma="e%28autou%5Cs">ἑαυτοὺς</w> <w lemma="do%2Fntes">δόντες</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fa%7C">πορείᾳ</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2Flusin">ἀπόλυσιν</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ou%29ragou%2Fntwn">οὐραγούντων</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Flpisan">ἤλπισαν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="proterh%2Fsein">προτερήσειν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalw%3Ds">ἀσφαλῶς</w> <w lemma="a%29poluqh%2Fsesqai">ἀπολυθήσεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgista">μέγιστα</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28goume%2Fnous">ἡγουμένους</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>*

When he saw that the chance of smiting the enemy that had so long been present to his mind had at length arrived, Philopoemen ordered the whole phalanx to level their spears and charge.

When the Achaeans, like one man and with a loud cheer that cast terror into their foes, rushed on them, those of the Lacedaemonians who had broken their ranks and descended into the ditch, lost courage as they mounted the bank to meet the enemy above their heads and took to flight.

The greater number of them perished in the ditch itself, killed either by the Achaeans or by each other.

And this result was not due to chance or to momentary luck, but to the sagacity of the commander in at once protecting his men by the ditch.

This he did not with the desire to avoid an encounter as was supposed by some, but calculating everything accurately like the expert general he was and foreseeing that if Machanidas, when he came up, led his force forward without reckoning on the ditch, the phalanx would suffer what I have just described as actually happening to it, whereas if the tyrant took into consideration the difficulty presented by the ditch, and changing his mind, seemed to shirk an encounter, breaking up his formation and exposing himself in long marching order, he would then without a general engagement himself secure victory while Machanidas would suffer defeat.

This has already happened to many, who after drawing up in order of battle, being under the impression that they were not equal to engaging the enemy, either owing to their position

or owing to their inferiority in numbers or for any other reason, have exposed themselves in a long marching column, hoping as they retired to succeed, by the sole aid of their rearguard, either in great the better of the enemy or in making further their escape.

This is a most frequent cause of error on the part of commanders.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

11.7.0 - 11.18.0

The Achaean reforms of Philopoemen: the death of Machanidas This section still forms part of the res Graeciae of Ol. 143, 1 = 208/7 B.C. (in fact 207). 8 deals with the faults of Philopoemen's predecessors in the Achaean <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγία</w>. Philopoemen certainly held his first <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγία</w> in 208/7, for according to 10. 9 the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>, described by P. under Ol. 143, 1, was eight months after Philopoemen began his training of the troops; hence he entered office in autumn 208. This is confirmed by Plut. Philop. 11. 1, which mentions the Nemean games held during his second <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγία</w>, and speaks of him then as <w lang="el-GR">νενικηκότα μὲν οὐ πάλαι τὴν ἐν Μαντινείᾳ μάχην</w>; this must be in 205, as the Nemean games fell in 'odd' years (Julian) (cf. ii. 65–69 n., 70. 4 n., v. 101. 5), and consequently, since re-election was permitted only every other year (Plut. Arat. 24. 5, quoted at ii. 43. 7 n.), the first <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγία</w> must fall in 208/7. See Niese, ii. 498; Nicolini, 286 n. 2; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 443–4; Holleaux, 254 n. 1; CAH, viii. 133 (= tudes, v. 314); Busolt–Swoboda, ii. 1571; Aymard, Assembles, 95.

11.11.1 - 11.18.10

The battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>. (a) Sources. P. can be supplemented from Plut. Philop. 10, which is based on P.'s Life of Philopoemen (cf. x. 21. 5–8); as Nissen, KU, 283, points out, Plutarch's real interest was in the duel with Machanidas, which is treated in greater detail than in P.'s Histories, and his account of previous events is rather careless. Paus. viii. 50. 1–2 is derived from Plutarch. Where P. got his account from is unknown. (b) Numbers. The 4,000 Lacedaemonian casualties (17. 10) are our only figure, but an estimate is possible. In 168 the Achaean League could raise 30,000–40,000 men from the whole <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a> (xxix. 24. 8); in 207 it can hardly have raised above 15,000–20,000, and perhaps 12,000–14,000 citizen troops fought at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>. Thus with perhaps c. 8,000 mercenaries (cf. v. 91. 6) the whole force will not have exceeded c. 20,000. Under Cleomenes the Spartan army was less than 20,000 (cf. ii. 65. 10 n.), and under Nabis 18,000 (Livy, <milestone unit="page" n="282">[282]</milestone> xxxiv. 27. 1, 29. 14). Since Machanidas had more mercenaries than the Achaeans (13. 3 n.), his army was probably much the same, and one can assume that the two forces were roughly equal in size. See Kromayer, AS, i. 289–91; De Sanctis, iii. 2. 428 n. 79. (c) General. The fullest treatment is in Kromayer, AS, i. 281–314; see also the criticisms of Roloff, 116–39; H. Delbrck, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, i <emph rend="superscript">3</emph> (Berlin, 1920), 252–6; Griffith, 104; earlier bibliography in CAH, viii. 746. For Kromayer's reply to Roloff see BPW, 1904, 994–6; cf. 1310–12 (Roloff's answer). P.'s account does not justify as definite a reconstruction of the battle as Kromayer claims; in many respects it seeks to give a more favourable picture of Philopoemen's tactics than they deserve; see the notes. The site of the battle can be identified with certainty; but see 11. 5–7 n. See Pritchett, Battlefields, 37–72, for recent autopsy of the site and discussion of the battles of 418, 362, and 207.

Specifics

11.16.2 - 11.16.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ τῆς τάφρου κατα</w></emph> 〈< <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βάσει πάλιν ἀνα</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βαίνοντες</w>:</emph> this conjecture, a combination of suggestions by Reiske, Schweighaeuser, and Hultsch, may be abandoned since the Berlin papyrus reads <w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ τῆς τάφρου καταβάσει προσβαίνοντες κτλ</w>.

11.16.4 - 11.16.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐκ αὐτομάτως οὐδ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ</w>:</emph> 'not accidental or unpremeditated'; i.e. the Achaean success was not purely fortuitous, nor <milestone unit="page" n="291">[291]</milestone> was it even due to an improvization on Philopoemen's part. It was the culmination of a carefully thought-out plan (cf. Siegfried, 52–53). This plan P. indicates in §§ 5–6, and Kromayer (AS, i. 297–9) dis- cusses it; P. in fact does not consider what Philopoemen would have done had Machanidas attacked only his left wing, but Kromayer argues that in this case too Philopoemen had good hopes of success. But he assumes an Achaean preponderance of mercenaries, which is untrue (13. 3 n.). In fact, had Machanidas wheeled left after routing the Achaean left, and co-ordinated a flank attack on the phalanx with a frontal attack by his own phalanx over the ditch, it seems likely that the Achaeans would have been decisively defeated. To this extent P.'s defence of Philopoemen's strategy is unconvincing. P. is inclined to interpret Philopoemen's successes as the reward of merit, and his ultimate downfall as the work of Tyche (xxiii. 12. 3); here writes the Achaean. For <w lang="el-GR">ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ</w> cf. xviii. 24. 7.

11.16.5 - 11.16.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ φυγομαχῶν, ὥς τινες ὑπελάμβανον</w>:</emph> P. echoes criticism that must clearly have been made of Philopoemen's defensive strategy at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>; Pdech, Mthode, 347 n. 67, thinks it may have been found in the work of Aristocrates the Spartiate (FGH, 591). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐ προϊδόμενος? τὴν τάφρον</w>:</emph> 'without reckoning with the ditch'; <w lang="el-GR">προίδεσθαι</w> does not here imply that Machanidas would not see the ditch, but merely that he would not be deterred by it; cf. Schweighaeuser, 'nil cauens fossam, non ueritus fossam' and his notes on i. 49. 10 and on App. Samn. 5 (p. 52 of his edition). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συμβήσεται παθεῖν αὐτῷ . . . τῆς ἀληθείας</w>:</emph> 'the phalanx would suffer the fate which I have just described, and which on that occasion it did suffer in reality'. The article <w lang="el-GR">τό</w>, added by Casaubon before <w lang="el-GR">προειρημένον</w>, is now confirmed by the Berlin papyrus (which also reads <w lang="el-GR">γενόμενον</w> for <w lang="el-GR">γινόμενον</w> three words later).

11.16.6 - 11.16.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν δυσχρηστίαν</w>:</emph> so Ursinus for FS <w lang="el-GR">τὴν δύσχρηστον</w>; preference must now go to <w lang="el-GR">τὸ δύσχρηστον</w>, conjectured by Casaubon and confirmed by the Berlin papyrus. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ παρατεταγμένων ἀπολύσει</w>:</emph> 'if after having drawn up his line of battle he were to retire'; <w lang="el-GR">ἀπολυθήσεται</w> would be more usual, but the active can perhaps be justified in this intransitive sense: see Schweighaeuser, Lex. Polyb. s.v. <w lang="el-GR">ἀπολύειν</w>, for discussion. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ μακρὰν αὑτὸν ἐν πορείᾳ διδόναι μέλλει</w>:</emph> 'and if he were to expose himself in a long marching column'; cf. § 8. F(S) reads <w lang="el-GR">καὶ μακρὰν αὑτὸν ἐμπορεῖα διαβάλλει</w>, and both <w lang="el-GR">ἐν πορείᾳ</w> and the suggested interpretation derive from Schweighaeuser's interesting note, in which he compares iv. 12. 11 and v. 22. 7 (he reads <w lang="el-GR">ἐμπειρίᾳς</w> in his text, a reading usually ascribed to Casaubon, but, according to Schweighaeuser, 'habet eamdem scripturam etiam Hervagiana editio, cum qua consentit Mediceus'). The Berlin papyrus reads <w lang="el-GR">καὶ μακρὰν αὐτὸν ἐμ πορείαι διαβαλεῖ</w>, which confirms Schweighaeuser's <w lang="el-GR">ἐν πορείᾳ</w>, but <milestone unit="page" n="292">[292]</milestone> shows that the corruption arose early. Madvig, Adv. crit. i. 483, reads <w lang="el-GR">διαβαλεῖ</w>, but Bttner-Wobst's suggestion remains the most acceptable. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διότι . . . περιέσται</w>:</emph> after <w lang="el-GR">συλλογισάμενος</w> in § 5.

11.16.9 - 11.16.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">συμβαίνει</w>:</emph> the sentence is incomplete; an infinitive (e.g. Reiske's <w lang="el-GR">σφάλλεσθαι</w> or <w lang="el-GR">βλάπτεσθαι</w>, or Gronovius' <w lang="el-GR">ἁμαρτάνειν)</w> is required.

Addenda & corrigenda

11.11.1 - 11.18.10

The battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mantinea&groupId=731&placeId=1339">Mantinea</a>: see Pritchett, Battlefields, 37–72, for recent autopsy of the site and discussion of the battles of 418, 362, and 207.

Polybius, Histories

Bibliography

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Walbank Commentary

Commentary